青藏高原东南部天然草地主要有毒有害植物数据库及其信息管理系统的研发

对青藏高原东南部天然草地有毒有害植物进行了野外调查、资料收集及室内研究的基础上,建立了青藏高原东南部天然草地有毒有害植物数据库。本数据库信息系统采用Visual Basic 6.0中文版设计,整个信息系统分为系统管理模块和数据查询模块两部分。系统管理模块下设数据管理模块,可对数据进行录入、修改和删除操作;数据查询模块提供一个可视化、人性化界面,设置查询窗体、显示数据窗体和详细信息窗体,并具有浏览功能。在今后对青藏高原有毒有害植物的研究中,该数据库可方便、有效地管理有毒有害植物的知识和资料并实现数据的搜集、查询、保存和处理。本文首次对青藏高原东南部天然草地有毒有害植物数据库的研制成果进行了报道。     

甘肃天然草地饲用植物资源信息数据库的设计与建立

通过野外调查、室内鉴定和资料收集,对甘肃天然草地饲用植物资源进行了整理分析,建立了甘肃天然草地饲用植物资源信息数据库。本数据库共收集甘肃草地常见饲用植物48科、262属、共884种。系统采用ASP+SQLServer2000+ⅡS6.0设计,整个信息系统分为系统管理模块和数据查询模块两部分。系统管理模块下设数据管理模块,可对数据进行录入、修改和删除操作;数据查询模块提供一个可视化界面,设置查询窗体、显示数据窗体和详细信息窗体,并具有浏览功能。     

草地有毒植物数据库的基本构建

随着畜牧业的发展,草地有毒植物对于生态环境和畜牧生产造成的危害越来越受到人们的重视。建立中国草地有毒植物数据库（The Database of Poisonous Plants on Grassland of China）是为了方便科研工作者在草地有毒植物研究过程中能快速从繁多的资料中查找到相关信息,数据库采用Visual C++ 6.0和SQL server 2000进行设计,包含系统管理和数据查询两大模块,主要实现用户管理和数据的录入、修改和删除操作,以及数据查询、查询结果显示和详细信息等功能。该数据的建立将为我国开展草地有毒植物中毒病预防与诊断治疗提供有价值的资料数据,也为我国开展动物中毒咨询服务研究奠定基础。     

Establishment of the primary Database of Poisonous Plants on Grasslands in China

随着畜牧业的发展,草地有毒植物对于生态环境和畜牧生产造成的危害越来越受到人们的重视。建立中国草地有毒植物数据库（The Database of Poisonous Plantson Grassland of China）是为了方便科研工作者在草地有毒植物研究过程中能快速从繁多的资料中查找到相关信息,数据库采用VisualC＋＋6．0和SQL server2000进行设计,包含系统管理和数据查询两大模块,主要实现用户管理和数据的录入、修改和删除操作,以及数据查询、查询结果显示和详细信息等功能。该数据的建立将为我国开展草地有毒植物中毒病预防与诊断治疗提供有价值的资料数据,也为我国开展动物中毒咨询服务研究奠定基础。     

博尔塔拉蒙古自治州天然草地主要有毒有害植物的种类与防除

本文通过对博州天然草地主要有毒有害植物介绍,指出了有毒有害植物的种类,提出了对博州主要有毒有害植物的科学合理防除措施。     

四川省甘孜州天然草地有毒有害植物种类及分布调查

1997～1999年对甘孜州天然草地有毒有害植物种类及分布进行了调查,主要有毒有害植物共计33科、81属、239种。通过调查,掌握了有毒有害植物的种类、分布、以及发生规律,可为有毒有害植物防除提供依据。     

四川省甘孜州天然草地有毒有害植物种类及分布调查

1997～1999年对甘孜州天然草地有毒有害植物种类及分布进行了调查,主要有毒有害植物共计33科、81属、239种.通过调查,掌握了有毒有害植物的种类、分布、以及发生规律,可为有毒有害植物防除提供依据.     

宁夏天然草地的有毒有害植物

据不完全统计，宁夏天然草地中对家畜有毒或有害的植物约有１２９种，分属３１科，７８属。其中有毒植物可根据家畜采食和中毒情况，划分为家畜经常误食的主要有毒植物、家畜能辨认不食的主要有毒植物、次要的有毒植物、既是可食饲草又在一定生育期有毒的植物等４类；有害植物则可根据对家畜危害情况的不同，划分为果实具特殊构造，放牧时能伤及畜体或危害畜产品的、花序具柔毛，家畜采食后能造成消化障碍的、含有某些化学物质，能影响产乳品质的等３类。文中分别列举了分属各类的种，并简述了针对不同情况的防除方法。     

宁夏天然草地有毒有害植物分类、防除及利用的探讨

天然草地上有毒有害植物的存在,严重威胁着草地畜牧业的发展,查清其种类、分布、对家畜危害机理和危害时期,并制定出相应的防除及利用措施,才能够保证草地畜牧业健康发展和草场资源的充分利用。本文主要对宁夏天然草地上存在的有毒有害植物的种类、分布、危害、防除及利用等方面进行了详细阐述。     

宁夏天然草地有毒有害植物分类、防除及利用的探讨

天然草地上有毒有害植物的存在,严重威胁着草地畜牧业的发展,查清其种类、分布、对家畜危害机理和危害时期,并制定出相应的防除及利用措施,才能够保证草地畜牧业健康发展和草场资源的充分利用.本文主要对宁夏天然草地上存在的有毒有害植物的种类、分布、危害、防除及利用等方面进行了详细阐述.     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

精氨酸在畜禽营养生理中的应用进展

精氨酸在动物体内参不仅参与多种营养物质的合成分解代谢,同时通过精氨酸酶、一氧化氮两条代谢途径,参与机体内的免疫调节。由于断奶仔猪与哺乳母猪自身不能合成足量的精氨酸以满足代谢需要,因此需要从外源摄取以满足需求;另外,家禽体内也缺乏可以合成精氨酸的氨甲酰磷酸酶,其整个生长阶段更是需要补充外源性精氨酸。     

兰州地区苜蓿和红豆草根际溶磷菌筛选及菌株部分特性研究

利用溶磷圈法对苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷细菌进行了分离,共获得分离物386个,其中137个具有溶磷能力.苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷菌数量分布有差异.其数量为RS>RP>NRS>HP.对筛选获得的12株溶磷圈较大的菌株进行菌落形态特征观察发现,大多数菌落呈灰白色或乳白色、不规则、半透明、边缘不整齐、突起、无光泽、无色素.进一步利用钼蓝比色法对菌株分解磷矿粉能力测定显示,各菌株分解磷矿粉能力差异较大,溶磷量最大为338.4mg/ml,最小为25.9mg/ml,这与其自身溶磷机制有关.溶磷量与菌株培养液pH值之间存在显著相关性.12株菌株大部分具有分泌IAA的能力,其中LM6和LH9分泌IAA能力较强.