水产品中磺胺二甲嘧啶间接竞争ELISA检测法的建立

将磺胺二甲嘧啶（Sulfamethazine,SM2）与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）、人血清白蛋白（HSA）偶联,分别作为免疫原及包被原,建立了水产品中磺胺二甲嘧啶间接竞争ELISA检测方法。实验结果表明,理想的磺胺二甲嘧啶人血清白蛋白（SM2-HSA）包被抗原浓度为1mg／L,酶标二抗（羊抗兔IgG-HRP）工作浓度为1／1000,多抗（SM2-PcAb）工作浓度为1／3 200,最适检测范围为10～200μg／L,最低检测限为1．89μg／L,本实验所建立间接竞争ELISA检测方法的孔间差异为2．56％,板间差异为5．14％,实验重复性好。在实验浓度范围内,磺胺二甲嘧啶（Sulfamethazine）的抗血清与磺胺嘧啶（Sulfadiazine）、磺胺甲嗯唑（Sulfamethoxazole）、氯霉素（Chloramphenicol）、恩诺沙星（Enrofloxacin）、甲氧苄啶（Trimethoprim）、呋喃唑酮（Furazolidone）等可能会因同时使用而导致共同残留的抗菌药物未显示免疫交叉反应性,与结构相近的磺胺类药物磺胺嘧啶的交叉反应性为11．0％。所建立的方法有较高特异性和灵敏度,适合磺胺二甲嘧啶的快速筛选。整个测定时间为5～6h。     

磺胺甲基异噁唑在大菱鲆体内的代谢动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆、肌肉和肝脏中的磺胺甲基异噁唑含量,通过3P97药动学软件对磺胺甲基异噁唑在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学规律进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,在（11±1）℃水温条件下,单次口灌100mg／kg磺胺甲基异噁唑（SMZ）,SMZ在大菱鲆肌肉、肝脏和血浆中的代谢过程均符合一级吸收一室模型。大菱鲆肌肉、肝脏和血浆中药物浓度分别在给药后11．89、10．53和4.87h达到最大值,Cmax分别为21．52、5．35和44．07mg／kg,给药后5、6d和72h含量低于最大残留限量（0．1mg／kg）,18、24和10d后SMZ未检出（〈0．01mg／kg）。     

两种抗生素在甲鱼组织中的残留研究

在(25.5±1)℃水温条件下,用土霉素和诺氟沙星分别以不同剂量连续5天注射甲鱼(中华鳖,Trionyx sinensis)后腿肌肉,每天一次.停药后24,72,144,240h分别取肌肉、肝脏和肾脏测定两种药物残留量.结果表明:诺氟沙星只在停药后72h、144h的肝脏和肾脏中检出,其它样品都未检出残留.肝脏中土霉素的含量最高,肾脏其次,肌肉最低.给药后的第72h,土霉索的量在肌肉和肾脏中达到最高含量;而肝脏足144h.在达到最高含量之后的一段时间内,肾脏中土霉素含量随着时间的推移急剧下降,而在肌肉中,土霉素含量随着时间的推移缓慢下降,第240hl时,土霉素在肝脏和肌肉中己下降到很低水平,分别为0.35 mg/kg和0.25mg/kg但肾脏中土霉素量还很高,为2.18mg/kg.由此得知:在所有的组织中,肌肉中土霉素的残留量是最低的;最后一次给药后的第10d后,甲鱼肉是安全的.     

诺氟沙星在牙鲆体内的残留及消除规律研究

首次报道了诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin，NFLX)在牙鲆体内的残留及消除规律并建立了组织中NFLX的分离提取及检测方法。以30mg／kg剂量连续5d口服灌胃给药，取血液、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、鳃5种组织，组织中药物先加入pH7．4磷酸盐缓冲液匀浆，再用乙腈振荡提取，反相高效液相色谱法测定其中诺氟沙星的残留浓度，此方法平均回收率71．37％～82．13％，最低检测限达0．005μg/ml。残留研究结果表明，诺氟沙星在5种组织中消除速率快慢不一，肾脏及鳃等非食用组织为诺氟沙星残留的靶组织。若规定可食用组织中的诺氟沙星最大残留限量为50μg／kg，在本实验条件下，建议临床休药期为10d。     

液相色谱-柱后衍生法测定水产品中磺胺类药物检测条件优化

在水产品中八种磺胺类药物测定的高效液相色谱-柱后衍生法方法标准的基础上,对检测条件进行优化和改进,实现了水产品中八种磺胺类(磺胺嘧啶、磺胺噻唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺多辛、磺胺异噁唑、磺胺喹噁啉)药物残留的高灵敏检测.磺胺嘧啶、磺胺噻唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺二甲基嘧啶线性范围:0.025 ～0.5 μg/mL;磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺多辛、磺胺异噁唑线性范围:0.05 ～ 1.0 μg/mL;磺胺喹噁啉线性范围:0.1～ 2.0 μg/mL.线性相关系数均大于0.9990.对鲈鱼空白样品进行八种磺胺类药物的加标实验,加标量为5 μg/kg ～ 100 μg/kg时,回收率在84.2％ ～109％之间,相对标准偏差为1.64％～10.6％.     

上海市售鳜渔药残留现状的调查研究

为了解上海市场销售鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)渔药残留现状,于2018年4月-2019年3月,对上海市批发市场销售的72份鳜肌肉样,采用高效液相色谱法,分别测定孔雀石绿(MG)、硝基呋喃(NFs)、喹诺酮(4-Qs)以及亚甲基蓝(MB)四大类共10种药物。结果显示:孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿以及呋喃唑酮、呋喃它酮无检出,呋喃西林、呋喃妥因检出样占样本量的50%,喹诺酮类占76.39%,亚甲基蓝占15.3%;呋喃西林的检出浓度为(0.49±0.03)μg/kg、呋喃妥因(3.51±2.27)μg/kg,诺氟沙星(25.52±10.36)μg/kg、环丙沙星(20.98±6.85)μg/kg、恩诺沙星(27.95±4.17)μg/kg、亚甲基蓝(120±14)μg/kg;呋喃唑酮类主要集中在10月份到次年4月份之间,喹诺酮类与亚甲基蓝则主要集中在4月份到10月份之间,环丙沙星全年可检出。结果表明:市售鳜肌肉中仍有部分禁用药物和限用渔药的残留,且不同药物残留表现出一定的季节性差异。     

土霉素在红鳍东方鲀体内的残留及休药期研究

在14±2℃水温条件下,连续5d对红鳍东方鲍口灌剂量为100mg／kg的土霉素,采用高效液相色谱法测定了停药后血清、肌肉、肝脏组织中的药物含量、消除速率常数和消除半衰期,提出了该温度下的休药期。研究表明,在停药2d后红鳍东方鲍血清和肌肉中的药物浓度达到峰值,分别为1．092μg／ml和0．806μg／g;停药3d后肝脏内土霉素浓度达到峰值1．229μg／g,土霉素在血清、肌肉和肝脏中的消除半衰期分别为23．8、22．4和26．8d;土霉素在红鳍东方纯肌肉组织中降到0．1μg／g残留限量的时间为58d,降到0．05μg／g残留限量的时间为81d。     

单次和连续药饵投喂方式下复方磺胺嘧啶在吉富罗非鱼体内的代谢消除规律

在120 mg/kg单次药饵投喂和首剂量投喂复方磺胺嘧啶(磺胺嘧啶∶甲氧苄啶=5∶1)120 mg/kg后,再按60 mg/kg的剂量连续5 d投喂条件下,采用HPLC法研究了复方磺胺嘧啶在吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)体内的代谢消除规律。结果显示,单次给药下磺胺嘧啶和甲氧苄啶在罗非鱼血浆、肌肉、肾脏和肝脏中的消除半衰期(t1/2ke)分别为16.82和5.99,23.40和13.49,13.43和6.53,15.9和11.02 h,甲氧苄啶在各组织中的消除均快于磺胺嘧啶。给药24 h内,药物在各组织中的比值(SD∶TMP)均在1~40∶1(除了肾脏4 h采样点为0.71)的理想抑菌浓度范围内,提示5∶1给药比例在罗非鱼上使用能够达到理想的体内抑菌效果。血浆较组织中具有更高的比值,这与甲氧苄啶在体内的快速分布特性一致。连续给药情况下,磺胺嘧啶的浓度较单次给药情况下显著提高,甲氧苄啶的浓度较单次给药并未显著提高,这可能与甲氧苄啶较快的代谢速率及体内快速分布有关。参考中华人民共和国农业部NY5070—2002号公告中对水产品中磺胺类药物总量最大残留限量(MRL)为0.1 mg/kg,甲氧苄啶MRL为0.05 mg/kg的规定,单次给药和连续给药情况下,计算的休药期结果一致,建议本实验条件下的休药期不低于12 d。     

诺氟沙星在西伯利亚鲟体内蓄积规律及其对组织的病理损伤

为了确定诺氟沙星在鲟养殖中的科学使用方法,对不同剂量、不同给药次数情况下诺氟沙星在西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)体内蓄积规律及毒性进行了研究。分别以0、30 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg的剂量对西伯利亚鲟连续口灌诺氟沙星3~5 d,每天1次,并于停药后24 h及240 h采集实验鱼血、肝、肾及软骨组织,对4种组织中药物蓄积量进行测定,并对肝、肾和软骨组织进行切片观察。实验结果表明:随着给药剂量增加、给药次数增多,实验鱼4种组织中诺氟沙星浓度逐渐升高,浓度由高到低依次为为:肾、软骨、肝、血清,且血清中药物浓度远远低于另外3种组织。相同给药剂量、不同给药次数时血清中药物浓度无显著差异;而肝、肾和软骨中均差异显著,停药240 h后,显著性消失。切片结果表明,50 mg/kg剂量连续给药5 d后,实验鲟肝、肾组织开始结构损伤变化,100 mg/kg剂量连续给药3~5 d后,损伤情况持续加重,停药240 h后,肝组织损伤情况有逐渐恢复趋势,而肾组织未见明显恢复趋势;而100 mg/kg连续给药3~5 d后,软骨组织出现软骨膜内层细胞减少;停药240 h后有恢复趋势。研究结果表明,诺氟沙星在鲟中使用剂量应小于50 mg/kg,连续给药次数低于5次,以避免对鲟肝组织造成损伤,引起肾不可逆损伤及影响软骨细胞发育和再生,对软骨组织造成潜在影响。     

单次投喂乳酸诺氟沙星在鳜鱼体内的代谢消除规律

水温(28±2)℃时,按20mg/kg的剂量给平均体质量(500±10)g的鳜鱼单次口服乳酸诺氟沙星,服药后0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、12、24、48、72、96h,分别测定鳜鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的药物含量,采用非房室模型分析药物在鳜鱼体内的代谢消除规律。结果显示,乳酸诺氟沙星在鳜鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的达峰时间分别为4.333、6、3、5h,达峰质量浓度分别为3.625、2.39、33.089、19.375mg/L,各组织中肝脏吸收的药物含量最高,其次是肾脏、血浆和肌肉;乳酸诺氟沙星在鳜鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的消除半衰期分别为42.589、131.652、16.830、30.558h,药物在肝脏中消除速度最快,而在肌肉中消除最慢。以肌肉中药物残留限量为50μg/kg计,建议单次投喂乳酸诺氟沙星的休药期不低于24d。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

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Reproductive condition of the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata, Röding, in Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia

In an investigation of the potential for pearl production in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, changes in the physical and reproductive condition of the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata, were monitored for over 2 years. Using wild oysters gathered from close to the southern extent of the species' range in Port Stephens, NSW, a series of macroscopic and histological observations were made. Reproductive activity in P. imbricata was greatest from late spring to early autumn with oysters in poor reproductive condition during winter. Peaks in reproductive indices occurred in November 1998, March 1999, December 1999 and April 2000. Four indices of physiological condition were used: shell growth, byssal attachment, mantle thickness and mucoprotien layer. With the exception of the thickness and extent of the mucoprotein layer, these indices either showed little variation or the variation that occurred was not related to seasonal or reproductive changes. Changes in the mucoprotein layer were correlated with water temperature and suggest that this layer is metabolized during periods of high demand such as during gonadogenesis. Collectors deployed at two sites in Port Stephens demonstrated that spatfall occurs largely in the months of December and January following the spring and early summer peaks in reproductive activity (November 1998 and December 1999). Spatfall was not observed following the autumnal peaks (March 1999 and April 2000) in reproductive activity. Overall, reproductive patterns in P. imbricata are poorly suited to spat supply in Port Stephens. Farmers require spat in early spring (September) to allow maximum use of the ‘growing’ season (September–May). Reproductively capable oysters are not available from the wild until September and quantity of natural spatfall is too variable and occurs too late in the season (December–January). As a result, oysters are being conditioned in the hatchery in July, spawned in August and spat are supplied to farmers in mid September.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.