犬急性肾衰竭诊断中阻力指数的价值

评估阻力指数在犬急性肾衰竭中的诊断价值。从临床中选择8例急性肾衰竭患犬评估肾脏叶间动脉的阻力指数并与8只健康犬做对比。急性肾衰竭犬阻力指数明显高于健康犬,表现出明显的血流灌注下降,血管阻力增强。阻力指数在评价犬急性肾衰竭中是一个敏感的指标。     

一例犬急性肾功能衰竭的诊疗体会

急性肾功能衰竭是指各种致病因素造成的肾实质急性损伤,是一种危重的急性综合症。临床上以少尿或无尿、氮血症,水、电解质代谢失调等为特征。经过适当的治疗护理后,如果患犬肾脏组织没有完全损伤,受损肾脏通过代偿作用恢复功能,患犬得以康复[1]。本院2012年2月份收治12例犬急性中毒性肾衰竭病例,因治疗措施适当,全部     

1例疑似雄黄中毒导致犬急性肾功能衰竭病例的诊治

急性肾衰竭是指各种原因引起的肾功能短时间内快速衰退,导致水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱,代谢废物在体内滞留的一种综合征。临床上主要表现为少尿或无尿,并伴有氮血症、水和电解质代谢失调,特别是血钾含量升高。本文分享1例疑似雄黄中毒导致急性肾功能衰竭的病例。患犬通过血检、影像学检查初步诊断为急性肾功能衰竭,采用补液、利尿、护肾等方法治疗有所缓解,但最终因多器官衰竭死亡。     

一例犬急性肾衰竭的诊治体会

急性肾衰竭是由各种致病因素导致肾功能的严重受损,发病急,死亡率高。笔者在合肥某宠物医院企业顶岗实习期间遇到的一例因误食庆大霉素造成呕吐、少尿的患犬,经临床检查、实验室检查,确诊为急性肾衰竭。在利尿、维持内环境稳定、抗菌消炎的原则下进行治疗,临床症状逐步消除,该犬最终痊愈出院。     

一例犬急性肾衰竭的诊疗体会

正犬急性肾功能衰竭是指肾组织发生的急性肾功能不全或肾单位绝对数减少所致的临床综合征。肾衰竭是犬常见的疾病,临床上主要以发病急、少尿或无尿、代谢紊乱及尿毒症等为特征,本文就一例犬急性肾衰竭的临床检查、实验室检查及实际治疗方案进行了简单论述,并对治疗后的结果进行分析,针对治疗方法及临床用药提出合理性的建议,希望对小动物肾功能衰竭的诊疗提供一些参考。急性肾衰竭是由各种致病原因造成两肾排泄功能在     

一例犬急性肾衰的诊治

近年来,犬急性肾衰发病率逐渐增多,治疗不及时易引发犬死亡.通过对一例因偷吃葡萄,临床表现为废食、呕吐、少尿、体温降低的患犬进行临床检查、血液检查和影像学检查,确诊为偷吃葡萄引起的急性肾衰.在保肾、利尿、维持内环境稳定的原则下进行治疗,临床症状逐步消除,该犬最终痊愈出院.就患犬的临床诊断、实验室诊断及相关治疗进行叙述,并针对治疗方法及临床用药提出建议,希望对犬急性肾衰的诊疗提供一些参考.     

77例犬急性肾损伤的临床病例调查分析

为了了解当前犬急性肾损伤发病和诊疗情况,回顾性调查分析2019年1—12月份江苏南部地区15家宠物医院诊治的77例犬急性肾损伤病例,分析病例的发病年龄、性别、发病时间、临床症状、病因、血常规、血液生化指标、血气及电解质、尿液、影像学、肾脏损伤分级和治疗结果等。结果表明:大多数患犬年龄为2～10岁,雄性犬发病率较高,10—12月份为高发时间;在进入无尿期之前,该病无特有临床症状;该病发病原因复杂,多数病例病因不明,常并发其他疾病;仅37.33%的患犬有贫血症状;患犬大多表现为肌酐和尿素氮含量升高,且初诊病例肾脏损伤Ⅲ级以上的中度至重度病例较多;66.67%患犬血液pH值下降,表现酸血症;进行尿液分析的病例和进行腹部B型超声波检查的病例占比不高;病例以传统输液治疗为主,总体治愈率为50.65%,且该病分级和并发症对治愈率影响较大。说明该地区犬急性肾损伤诊断主要依靠血液生化指标检查,诊断具有一定的滞后性,且治疗手段以传统输液疗法为主,总体治愈率不高,因此一定要做到早发现、早治疗。     

犬急性胰腺炎并发急性肾衰竭临床分析

为探讨犬急性胰腺炎并发急性肾衰竭的发病因素、临床特点及防治措施,调查分析了本动物医院2012年9月-2014年10月84例犬急性胰腺炎中41例并发急性肾衰竭病例的临床资料。结果显示,该调查中犬急性胰腺炎并发急性肾衰竭的发病率为48.81%;发病与性别、年龄、品种有一定关系,主要表现为青年犬、雄性犬多发,贵宾犬、博美犬和雪纳瑞犬发病率较高;犬急性胰腺炎并发急性肾衰竭组与未并发组的病死率分别为51.2%和30.2%,并发组的病死率显著高于未并发组P0.05)。     

库兴氏综合征并发糖尿病、急性肾衰竭、胰腺炎的诊治

作者在临床上遇到一例肾上腺皮质机能亢进、糖尿病、急性胰腺炎、急性肾衰竭、白内障、胆汁淤积病例。给予补液、利尿、降糖、消炎、止吐、止痛等一系列疗法。最终患犬脱离危险、暂时恢复健康出院。     

对一例犬肾脏功能衰竭病例的诊断报告

犬肾功能衰竭是指犬双侧肾脏3/4的肾单位功能丧失时所发生的疾病.临床中根据发病机理和肾脏受损程度,可将肾衰竭分为急性肾衰和慢性肾衰竭2种[1].急性肾衰竭是指由于肾脏局部缺血或机体毒素危害等原因导致的肾小球滤过率降低的综合征;慢性肾衰竭是指由于各种原因导致肾单位严重损害,致使肾脏不能充分排除代谢产物和维持犬机体内环境的状态[2].慢性肾衰竭的病程相对较长,并且可以引起犬只死亡.本文针对动物医院1例犬肾脏功能衰竭病例进行诊断处理与分析,为临床病例提供诊治思路.     

Water deprivation test in the dog: maximal normal values.

Studies were undertaken to determine maximal urine osmolality and urine specific gravity following water deprivation for 20 dogs with normal renal function. In addition, the reliability of body weight, skin pliability, total plasma protein concentration, and packed cell volume as indices of negative water balance was assessed. Following water deprivation for periods sufficient to induce dehydration, the mean maximal urine osmolality was 2,289 mOsm/kg. The corresponding mean maximal urine specific gravity was 1.062 and ranged from 1.050 to 1.076. The ratio of mean maximal urine osmolality to mean serum osmolality at the time of peak urine concentration was 7.3. There was no detectable difference in urine concentration indices between males and females. Changes in skin pliability and packed cell volume proved unreliable as estimates of dehydration. Weight loss and increases in total plasma protein concentration proved to be more consistent indicators of hydration status. Abnormal increases in serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations occurred rarely, even though some dogs had water withheld for periods of up to 96 hours.     

Evaluation of clinical status, renal function, and hematopoietic variables after unilateral nephrectomy in canine kidney donors

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical status and renal and hematopoietic function after kidney donation and identify risks associated with kidney donation in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 14 dogs that underwent unilateral nephrectomy for kidney donation. PROCEDURES: Records were reviewed retrospectively to collect data regarding prenephrectomy clinicopathologic variables. Dogs were reexamined prospectively at various times after nephrectomy, and pre- and postnephrectomy CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, and urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio were compared. Six dogs had postnephrectomy renal volume determined ultrasonographically, and 4 of those dogs also underwent scintigraphic determination of glomerular filtration rate and renal biopsy. RESULTS: All dogs were clinically normal at the time of reevaluation. There were no significant differences between prenephrectomy and postnephrectomy values for BUN concentration or urine specific gravity. Mean postnephrectomy serum creatinine concentration was significantly greater than prenephrectomy concentration. Mean serum phosphorus concentration was significantly decreased after nephrectomy, and mean Hct, corpuscular volume, and corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly increased after nephrectomy. Postnephrectomy renal volume was greatest in dogs < 12 months old at the time of surgery. Mean postnephrectomy glomerular filtration rate was 2.82 +/- 1.12 mL/kg/ min (1.28 +/- 0.51 mL/lb/min). Renal biopsy specimens obtained during and after nephrectomy were histologically normal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Renal and hematopoietic variables were within reference ranges in dogs examined up to 2.5 years after unilateral nephrectomy. Compensatory renal hypertrophy was greatest in dogs < 1 year of age at donation. Donor age, along with histocompatability, may be an important factor in selecting dogs for kidney donation.     

Renal dysfunction in dogs with pyometra

Renal function and pathologic changes in 27 dogs with pyometra were studied. Evaluation included CBC; serum biochemical evaluation; urinalysis; urine and uterine bacteriologic culture; uterine morphologic features; and light, electron, and immunofluorescent microscopic evaluation of renal tissues. Measurements of 24-hour creatinine clearance, protein excretion, Na excretion, and urine volume were made in 12 dogs without azotemia. Of 27 dogs, 26% were azotemic and 89% had a urine sp gr less than 1.035. Glomerular filtration rate was reduced in 75% of 12 dogs without azotemia. None of these 12 dogs was proteinuric. Examination of renal biopsy specimens revealed a high prevalence of mild tubulointerstitial nephritis, but few specific glomerular lesions. Minimal immunofluorescence was detected within the mesangium in 18% of the dogs. Immunofluorescence was not associated with the interstitium or tubules. Urinary tract infection was detected in 22% of the dogs. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were recovered from the uterus in 59 and 15% of the dogs, respectively. Low urine specific gravity values were obtained from dogs without azotemia and from dogs with uterine cultures considered negative for E coli and other gram-negative bacteria. The reduction in glomerular filtration rate was a functional abnormality not correlated with structural damage in the glomerulus.     

Absence of urinary tract infection in dogs with experimentally induced hyperadrenocorticism

Objectives of this study were to determine occurrence of urinary tract infection and describe results of urine analysis and urine culture in dogs with experimentally induced hyperadrenocorticism. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either hydrocortisone (nine dogs) or placebo (eight dogs) for 49 consecutive days. Before and on day 49 of treatment, evaluation of dogs included physical examination, abdominal ultrasound, urine culture, urinalysis, adrenal function testing, and measurement of urine protein and creatinine and activity of serum alkaline phosphatase. All dogs in the experimental group had clinical and laboratory findings of hyperadrenocorticism. Urine specific gravity was significantly decreased and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio was significantly increased in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Urinary tract infection did not occur in any dogs. We conclude that administration of hydrocortisone created a model of hyperadrenocorticism; however, urinary tract infection did not occur. Additional evaluation is needed to determine association between urinary tract infection and hyperadrenocorticism.     

Urine specific gravity values in clinically healthy young pet ferrets (Mustela furo)

Objectives : To determine urine specific gravity values in clinically healthy pet ferrets and explore possible associations with sex, sampling techniques, hydration status and urine analytes. Methods : Sixty‐nine entire ferrets of both sexes, under one year of age, were included in this study. Physical examination, complete blood count, blood biochemistry, urine microscopy, urine dipstick and urine specific gravity were performed on all ferrets. Urine specific gravity was determined using a handheld urine refractometer. Statistical analysis was performed to determine urine specific gravity value intervals and to test for associations with sex, sample collection method, packed cell volume, plasma total protein concentrations and urine analytes. Results : Urine specific gravity differed by sex in ferrets as females exhibited a lower urine specific gravity (P<0·001). There was no significant correlation between urine specific gravity, sampling method, packed cell volume/total protein and urine dipstick analytes. Mean urine specific gravity reported in this study was 1·051 for entire males (sd ±9; range 1·034 to 1·070) and 1·042 for entire females (sd ±8; range 1·026 to 1·060). Clinical Significance : Results of this study may allow clinicians to have a more accurate evaluation of the ability of those animals to concentrate urine by comparing their urine specific gravity results to those obtained from this cohort of clinically healthy animals.     

Effect of administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before surgery on renal function in clinically normal dogs

OBJECTIVES: To investigate renal function in clinically normal dogs undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomies that received nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) before surgery. ANIMALS: 40 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: After induction of anesthesia, dogs were given an analgesic. Renal function was assessed before surgery and 24 and 48 hours after surgery by means of serum urea and creatinine concentrations, fractional clearance of sodium (FC(Na)), urine gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and urine analysis. Ten dogs in each of 4 groups received ketorolac tromethamine (0.5 mg/kg of body weight), ketoprofen (1 mg/kg), carprofen (4 mg/kg), or morphine (0.1 mg/kg; control group). RESULTS: Duration of general anesthesia ranged from 1.75 to 5 hours, with a mean of 3 hours. Two ketorolac- and 2 ketoprofen-treated dogs had transient azotemia. A significant decrease in the FC(Na) between before surgery and 24 hours after surgery, and between before surgery and 48 hours after surgery, was found in ketoprofen- and carprofen-treated dogs. Ketorolac-, ketoprofen-, and morphine-treated dogs had a decrease in urine specific gravity. Two ketorolac, 1 ketoprofen-, 1 carprofen-, and 4 morphine-treated dogs had increases in renal tubular epithelial cells on urine sediment examination 24 hours after surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In clinically normal dogs undergoing general anesthesia and elective surgery, the use of NSAID as analgesics is not contraindicated. Compared with ketorolac or ketoprofen, carprofen had the least effect on renal function and integrity.     

Renal effects of carprofen and etodolac in euvolemic and volume-depleted dogs

Objective-To determine the effects of carprofen and etodolac on renal function in euvolemic dogs and dogs with extracellular fluid volume depletion induced via administration of furosemide. Animals-12 female Beagles. Procedures-Dogs received a placebo, furosemide, carprofen, etodolac, furosemide and carprofen, and furosemide and etodolac. The order in which dogs received treatments was determined via a randomization procedure. Values of urine specific gravity, various plasma biochemical variables, glomerular filtration rate (GFR [urinary clearance of creatinine]), and renal plasma flow (urinary clearance of para-aminohippuric acid) were determined before and after 8 days of drug administration. A washout time of approximately 12 days was allowed between treatment periods. Results-Administration of furosemide, furosemide and carprofen, and furosemide and etodolac caused changes in urine specific gravity and values of plasma biochemical variables. Administration of carprofen or etodolac alone did not have a significant effect on renal plasma flow or GFR. Concurrent administration of furosemide and carprofen or furosemide and etodolac caused a significant decrease in GFR. After 12-day washout periods, mean values of GFR were similar to values before drug administration for all treatments. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results indicated GFR decreased after 8 days of concurrent administration of furosemide and carprofen or furosemide and etodolac to dogs. Administration of preferential cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors to dogs with extracellular fluid volume depletion or to dogs treated with diuretics may transiently impair renal function.     

Renal concentrating ability in dehydrated hyponatremic dogs

Eleven hyponatremic dogs were unable to concentrate their urine during periods of severe dehydration and azotemia. When normonatremia was reestablished in eight of the dogs, their renal concentrating ability returned. Six dogs, including the 3 dogs in which normonatremia was not reestablished, died or were euthanatized; renal lesions were not found during postmortem examination. Two dogs had hypoadrenocorticism, which has been documented as a cause of hyponatremia and impaired renal concentrating ability. Two dogs had gastrointestinal disease, which has been documented as a cause of hyponatremia, but not of impairment of renal concentrating ability. All dogs without hypoadrenocorticism had clinical and clinicopathologic indications of blood loss, which has not been documented as a cause of hyponatremia or impairment of renal concentrating ability. Hyponatremia (less than 120 mEq/L) was induced by chronic blood removal in a dog maintained on a low-sodium diet. During the period of hyponatremia, the dog became azotemic, hypotensive, and severely dehydrated; renal concentrating ability was impaired. We conclude that hyponatremia may be caused by hemorrhage, but irrespective of the cause, hyponatremia impairs renal concentrating ability.     

Familial glomerulonephropathy in a litter of beagles

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy was diagnosed in 5 of 7 adult Beagles from the same litter. Dogs were raised in more than 1 area of the United States. One died without evidence of renal disease when it was 3 years old. At 8 years of age, 2 dogs developed signs of uremia, including polyuria, polydipsia, and infrequent episodes of anorexia and vomiting. Serum biochemical variables and urine specific gravity values were consistent with renal azotemia. Both dogs had proteinuria. Although healthy, 3 of the 4 remaining Beagles had proteinuria. Of these 3, only 1 was azotemic. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was diagnosed on the basis of results of histologic examination of renal biopsy specimens from 4 of the dogs. Electron microscopy performed on 3 of the renal biopsy specimens revealed identical lesions, consisting of an extremely thickened glomerular basement membrane with multilaminar splitting. Immunoglobulin or amyloid deposits were not detected. On the basis of similar clinicopathologic abnormalities, common genetic background, and identical histopathologic and electron microscopic findings, familial renal disease was diagnosed. Additional studies involving other related Beagles are needed to identify the hereditary nature of membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy in Beagles.     

Renal amyloidosis in a family of beagles.

Renal amyloidosis was confirmed in 6 related male and female Beagles, ranging in age from 5 to 11 years. The most commonly reported signs of illness included lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss. Common clinicopathologic abnormalities were normocytic, normochromic anemia; hypoalbuminemia; azotemia; hypercholesterolemia; proteinuria; and urine specific gravity values below the normal range. Histologic examination of renal tissue from the 6 Beagles revealed moderate to severe glomerular amyloidosis with inconsistently observed mild medullary interstitial amyloidosis. Congo red-stained kidney sections from 4 of 4 affected dogs were potassium permanganate-sensitive, suggestive of reactive amyloidosis. Hereditary predisposition for renal amyloidosis was suspected in these Beagles.