创建生态、活力、文化的居住小区——以丽都国际小区景观规划设计为例

以丽都国际小区景观规划设计为例,从户外空间组织、绿化环境景观设计等方面来探讨如何科学地创建一个生态和谐、充满活力、体现文化的小区环境。     

浅议文化造园

首先分析当前文化造园存在的一些问题,包括漠视园林文化和歪曲传统文化的现象,继而指出文化造园需要了解场地、尊重历史,其发展与丰富依赖于人与风景在时间长轴上的共同作用、不断积淀；最后以南宁孔庙植物景观和贵港龙蝠山庄假山的设计为例,简明阐释了在园林设计过程中如何结合实际、因地制宜,有效传承、发扬中国传统园林植物文化和山水文化.     

现代庭院环境设计的生态美表现

通过对生态美学领域中生态美的分析和研究,深入揭示了现代庭院环境的美的规律,将呼吁与大自然和谐共生的生态美作为现代庭院环境的审美追求,并寻求设计过程中创造和谐而有机的生态美的具体方法———协调各种环境关系、营造生命自然的意境和生机盎然的氛围、遵循深层的生态理念,力图创造出更加亲近自然并富有艺术魅力的现代庭院环境。     

A “magic teleportation machine”: Ethnically diverse green space users derive similar cultural ecosystem benefits from urban nature

Green spaces are vital to the wellbeing of urban communities, largely due to the many Cultural Ecosystem Benefits (CEB) that nature contributes to outdoor recreation experiences (e.g., relaxation, inspiration, spiritual enrichment). To ensure equity in the distribution of CEB, however, we require a better understanding of how they relate to ethnicity. Through 100 in-situ semi-structured interviews with green space users in the Lee Valley Regional Park, London, UK, this research explored variation in outdoor recreational CEB based on i) ethnicity and ii) green space activity and attribute preferences. We compared green space preferences and CEB of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) and white users of two distinct types of urban green space: parks and more biodiverse Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). Both white and BAME visitors to parks prioritized games/sports and built features whereas visitors to SSSIs more often undertook wildlife viewing and prioritized natural features. However, we found that white and BAME users of both types of urban green space derived similar CEB. Peace and relaxation were primary among these benefits, a result of both nature interaction and its contrast to the urban environment. These results demonstrate that nature does not have to be the focal point of outdoor recreation to contribute to wellbeing; rather, even as a backdrop to sports and cultural activities, nature provides similar benefits to green space users. To promote use of green space and foster intercultural understanding, we recommend integrating these shared benefits obtained from nature within marketing and engagement strategies. Future research is needed to explore CEB variation within and among distinct ethnic communities to fully capture the diversity of lived experiences.     

Outdoor environments at three nursing homes-qualitative interviews with residents and next of kin

The present study aimed at describing older persons’ experiences of outdoor environments at nursing homes in Sweden in terms of what factors are important and in what way they are important. Twelve residents and seven next of kin from three nursing homes participated in 16 interviews. Two main themes were identified. The first theme, access to nature and surrounding life, describes the outdoor environment as a means for change and as promoting a feeling of freedom. This theme calls for an inspiring design. The second theme, being comfortable in the outdoor environment, describes how important it is that going outdoors can be something easy and natural, and it calls for a comfortable design. The results are intended to facilitate practical knowledge that is useful to planners, decision-makers and care workers striving to create attractive and useable environments that are part of the daily life of nursing home residents. The themes also exemplify how the outdoor environment at nursing homes can serve as a resource in promoting restoration, a feeling of being at home and positive development late in life.     

传统造园手法在现代景观设计中的应用——以上海静安雕塑公园现代梅园为例

中国传统园林精妙绝伦的造景手法及所蕴含的崇尚自然的精神为世人所称道,但在当代景观设计潮流中却充满盲目照搬西方园林的各种案例。文章通过对中国传统造园手法的分析,并结合具体实践案例的应用,对如何将中国传统造园手法结合现代景观设计建设进行探索。     

“景和天下”居住区景观规划设计

通过对国内新中式居住区景观趋势的调查、优势分析及现状调查,综合论述如何在现代景观风潮中创造具有中华民族风韵的景观作品：将中式景观特色整合并加以提炼出的＂新中式＂建筑风格、小品、铺装等景观元素应用于居住区景观设计当中,因地制宜地布置在居住区的各个功能分区中并赋予实用功能,坚持以绿色生态思想为根本、低碳设计等设计原则,通过构思和合理布局,将文化内涵、历史文脉及意境设计融入其中。     

园艺植物在居室环境中的运用

居室环境是指人们生活、工作和休憩的室外庭院和室内环境。随着工业化的发展,大量使用人造建材进行美化和装饰工作、生活环境,使人们的居室环境污染也成为值得关注的重要议题。尤其对城市居民来讲,每天平均大约80%～90%以上的时间是在各种室内环境中度过的,居室环境成为直接影响人们生活的关键。园艺植物在居室中的各种运用,不仅美化居室环境、净化空气、减轻污染、改善居室理化条件,还能使生活环境增添生命的气息,增进身心健康。     

古典皇家园林庭院空间艺术及植物配置分析

以颐和园乐寿堂院落为例,对清代皇家园林的造园艺术、庭院空间、植物配置艺术等进行研究,分析了该院落的植物品种、栽种位置、配植方法和文化内涵。结果表明:植物配置、露天陈设等构成的庭院空间与建筑的主题是相一致、相协调的,表现出传统建筑庭院和谐的空间观念与整体性,以期为颐和园保护规划中的历史景观修复提供参考依据。     

园林假山工程基础施工的关键点

现代都市的人们都喜欢住在如公园般有山有水的环境中,但是由于地理环境的限制不是每一个地方都有真山真水,因此,在现代的园林景观营造中,如何根据环境条件叠山理水,将大自然的奇异的山水美景浓缩在我们的生活环境中,是园林建设者的追求。人造假山,由于采用石材不同,其设计和施工方法各异,因此在园林工程中,假山是一项造景技艺的精细工程,假山工程的施工也像其他建筑一样,必须要有坚固耐久的基础。本文主要对假山基础的土建部分做详细介绍,供广大同行借鉴学习。     

Associations between use,activities and characteristics of the outdoor environment at workplaces

Today, office work in western societies is more sedentary and more mentally demanding than ever before. This way of working plays a role in the increase in lifestyle diseases related to sedentary routines and stress. Green outdoor environments have been found to motivate physical activity and reduce stress levels. In this study, we therefore considered these environments to have a positive affect on work force health and wellbeing. However, research on the workplace outdoor environment is still limited. To investigate how and why the workplace outdoor environment is used by office workers and the impact of these environments on office workers’ health and wellbeing, five research questions were formulated. The questions addressed the use of the outdoor environments; the outdoor activities; encouragement and impediments for going outdoors; characteristics of the outdoor environment, and the impact of workplace outdoor environments on employees’ health, job satisfaction and work performance. In order to answer these research questions, we conducted a web-based questionnaire, completed by (N) 402 office workers from six Danish companies. The results show that 37.8% of the respondents spent time outdoors during their working day, and that the proportion of men spending time outdoors was higher than the proportion of women. Eight outdoor activities were identified, and significant relationships between the outdoor activities and perceived sensory dimensions (PSD) of the outdoor environment were found, indicating that the presence of the dimension ‘serene’ increased the odds for respondents going outdoors and that five of the eight activities would be performed. Only few significant relationships between outdoor environment use and employee health, job satisfaction and work performance were identified.     

Bringing nature to work: Preferences and perceptions of constructed indoor and natural outdoor workspaces

From the mere presence of plants to window views of nearby nature, contact with nature in the workplace has been associated with increased productivity and creativity, as well as positive emotional and physical health outcomes. Nevertheless, if nature is to be incorporated within or near workplaces effectively, it is important that workers perceive natural spaces to be conducive, and not detrimental, to performance on activities that they may engage in at work or else these changes to the physical environment may not be fully embraced by workers. Thus, in the current research we examine workers’ preferences and perceptions of different natural and constructed (built) environments for different workplace activities. In Study 1, 64 knowledge workers were exposed to images of natural outdoor and constructed indoor workspaces. They selected where they thought they would best and least be able to perform different workplace activities. Natural outdoor spaces were overrepresented as the best spaces for around 75% of the workplace activities, and were underrepresented as the worst spaces across all workplace activities. In Study 2 (N = 33), wherein participants evaluated various spatial qualities of the natural outdoor and constructed indoor space types that were included in Study 1, the natural outdoor spaces were rated as more fascinating, relaxing, open, bright, and quiet. The results of this research project suggest that natural outdoor workspaces are viewed as highly flexible, multi-use spaces that are appropriate for diverse workplace activities. Furthermore, access to diverse workspace types with different spatial qualities appears to be highly valued.     

How do urban park features affect cultural ecosystem services: Quantified evidence for design practices

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) in urban parks are associated with nature contact willingness and health outcomes of urban residents. However, practical knowledge on how to manage urban park features to enhance CES is still lacking, especially on more detailed scales. This study developed a practice-oriented workflow for exploring design-related indicators that affect CES by considering four aspects of urban park features, including distance to elements, density of elements, land cover proportion, and landscape diversity. Then the workflow was implemented in a case study by taking six urban parks in Beijing as study areas. Three CES types were identified with outdoor social media images, including recreation value, aesthetic value, and social interaction value. Statistical analyses indicated that a combination of the four aspects of urban park features within a specific service radius was the most significant factor in explaining CES. The importance of design-related indicators for enhancing different CES types was also identified. Density of facilities, proportion of tree canopy-shaded ground, and richness of land cover types were proved important for all the three CES types and therefore could be concerned in urban park design practices. Based on these findings, this study further proposed landscape site design strategies and three adaptive design cases for enhancing different CES types, which could provide evidence-based and practical solutions for managers and landscape architects.     

Healing gardens in children’s hospitals: Reflections on benefits,preferences and design from visitors’ books

There is increasing interest in the use of healing gardens in healthcare settings to provide therapeutic benefits. However it is not yet well understood how people who spend time in these gardens use these spaces, and whether the intended benefits are experienced. This paper evaluates visitor feedback about healing gardens at the Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, to gain insight into end-user experiences compared with existing literature about experiences of healing gardens and natural contexts. We have coded and analysed unsolicited comments left in visitors’ books over a period of four weeks immediately after the hospital was opened. Several themes have been identified relating to reasons for which people access the healing gardens; benefits they perceive from spending time in these spaces; and features and aspects of the gardens that are most appreciated. We conclude that the gardens at the Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital provide emotional respite to visitors, through appreciation of the views, being able to have time out, being in nature, restorative experiences, and access to outdoor air. The visitor feedback suggests that the original intention of the garden design has been largely successful, and provides insight into particular aspects of the garden design that are critical to enhancing visitor benefits.     

Playground planning and management: An evaluation of standard-influenced provision through user needs

In previous playground planning models, standards, customs and different ideas about needs have commonly had great influence, while actual users have had little. As public play provision is changing and new approaches are developed, it is necessary to evaluate how well existing standard-influenced provision suits the needs and preferences of users. A comparative case study was carried out in two Swedish towns with different site-specific characteristics as regards the surrounding landscape and social connections. The empirical data obtained were used to (i) identify factors affecting playground use for different user groups, (ii) compare the two local contexts and (iii) evaluate how well existing standard-influenced playground provision matches needs and preferences. Users were studied through interviews with school children, questionnaire surveys of preschools and parents, interviews with park workers and GIS mapping of children’s homes, while play provision was evaluated through observations of playgrounds and private gardens with play equipment. Differences were found between user groups, as children look for activities and variation, parents for practical and social functions and preschool groups for activities for many children. Between users in the two towns, the social function and the importance of playgrounds appeared to depend on the context, in terms of site-specific physical and social conditions. The differences appeared to affect use and should be given greater consideration in playground planning and management. Adherence to planning standards has resulted in the construction of many playgrounds, but more variation between units and particular qualities are important in attracting users.     

The role of green spaces and their management in a child-friendly urban village

Environmental child-friendliness is affected by how built environments and green spaces are planned and designed, but also by their ongoing management, including both development and maintenance. This study examined children’s perspectives on their local environments with focus on green spaces and their management in an urban village. Five groups totalling 16 children aged 10–11 were interviewed through child-led walks. Both the qualities of the village as a whole and of specific places within it added to the child-friendliness of the local environment. The children showed planned and managed spaces including playgrounds and parks, and unmanaged places such as abandoned gardens. They found many qualities in multifunctional planned places with a varied, rich content. In unmanaged areas the lack of management was seen as positive for exploration, play possibilities and for the place to be children’s own. The findings suggest that children’s perspectives can play an important role not only in planning and design, but also in the ongoing process of landscape management, including the provision of more variation in local green spaces.     

Managing the potential for outdoor recreation: Adequate mapping and measuring of accessibility to urban recreational landscapes

Following the increasing public health concerns related to physical inactivity in the population, the relationship between outdoor recreation and public health has been increasingly acknowledged over the last decades. To improve public health, planners and policy-makers aim to provide good accessibility to recreational landscapes to facilitate outdoor recreational activity. At the same time, they are facing development pressure due to urban growth. In order for planners and policy-makers to secure people access to urban and near urban recreational areas, there is a need to map and measure access in a way that is adequate as a basis for decision-making in planning and design processes. Access is often defined as distance, or proximity, from residents’ homes to recreational areas. This paper explores different ways to map and measure distance to recreational areas, and aims to provide better decision support for planners and decision-makers. Moss municipality in Norway serves as a case study. We begin by addressing the meaning of the term ‘recreational landscape’ and how the choice of definition affects the results when mapping recreational areas. We also discuss who we are measuring distance for, and how different user groups will have different thresholds or critical distances affecting their frequency of visits to a recreational area. Last, we explore different methods for measuring distance within a GIS environment. The paper shows how the purpose of the analysis must be decisive when defining recreational landscapes and choosing methods for measuring access to recreational landscape, in order to provide valuable input to planners and policy-makers aiming at enhancing the possibility for outdoor recreation for people.     

我国屋顶花园的发展现状与趋势

文章论述了屋顶花园的定义，描述了国内屋顶花园的发展历程，指出设计、施工等方面存在的不足，为屋顶花园的理论研究和实际操作提供依据。     

Outdoor recreation in forest policy and legislation: A European comparison

The benefits of outdoor recreation and the need for recreation inventories and monitoring are described in various policy and legislation documents at the European level. The objective of this paper is to analyse how these recreational aspects are reflected at the national level in core forest policy and legislation documents as well as related domains. The COST Action E33 network was used to extract information about national policies and monitoring practices for international comparison, using the Delphi method. The results provide insights into national policy setting and legislation in the field of outdoor recreation, and reveal similarities, differences, gaps and future needs. Among the main findings is a contradiction between the expressed political importance of outdoor recreation at the national level, and the absence of binding commitments for action. The majority of the countries surveyed recognise and express outdoor recreation in some form of political and/or legislative way. However, recreation monitoring or measurements are rarely mentioned in relevant policies or acts at the national, regional or local level, perhaps due to a lack of political will or resources. The analysis indicates that a consistent forest recreation monitoring system, linked to sustainable forest management, as described for example in the Helsinki process, should be better transferred into national policy and legislation. Comparable data across Europe could then provide a sound base for making decisions on outdoor recreation policy, planning and management, and furthermore provide a basis for the detection of societal changes and demands over time.     

浅析热带城市儿童户外游戏活动空间设计

针对目前热带城市儿童户外游戏活动空间设计的现状和存在问题进行分析,提出了热带城市儿童户外游戏活动空间设计原则,阐明了热带城市儿童户外游戏活动空间的设计要素。