鸡新城疫－传染性支气管炎－传染性法氏囊病三联灭活疫苗对不同日龄雏鸡的免疫效力研究

为评估鸡新城疫（ND）-传染性支气管炎（IB）-传染性法氏囊病（IBD）三联灭活疫苗对不同日龄和不同水平母源抗体雏鸡的免疫效力和持续期,本试验用该疫苗免疫7、14、21日龄SPF雏鸡和有母源抗体的普通雏鸡,免疫后采血测定ND血凝抑制抗体（HI Ab）、IB血凝抑制抗体（HI Ab）及IBD中和抗体（NA）,并用传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）强毒攻击。结果显示,7日龄SPF雏鸡免疫后21 d ND HI抗体、IB HI抗体及IBD中和抗体效价分别为7.9log2、6.9log2和14.1log2,SPF鸡日龄越大,抗体水平越高;28日龄SPF鸡免疫后3个月,0.3 mL免疫剂量组试验鸡ND HI、IB HI及IBD中和抗体效价分别达6.5log2、6.1log2和13.6log2,IBDV攻毒保护率均为100%（10/10）;不同日龄普通雏鸡免疫效果与SPF鸡试验一致,抗体水平随鸡日龄增大而升高,IBD攻毒保护率也都达到100%（10/10）。试验结果证实,鸡新城疫-传染性支气管炎-传染性法氏囊病三联灭活疫苗可使7、14及21日龄SPF雏鸡和普通雏鸡产生良好的免疫力,对雏鸡的免疫期至少为3个月。     

Determination of minimum hemagglutinin units in an inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccine for clinical protection of chickens from exotic Newcastle disease virus challenge

The potency of inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines in the United States is currently determined using vaccination and challenge of experimental animals against a velogenic strain of NDV. Because velogenic strains of NDV are now classified as select agents in the United States, all vaccine potency testing must be performed in live animals under biosafety level 3 agriculture conditions. If the minimum amount of inactivated viral antigen required for clinical protection can be determined using other methods, vaccines meeting these criteria might be considered of adequate potency. The linearity of correlation between the hemagglutination (HA) assay measurement and the 50% embryo infectious dose titer ofNDV Hitchner B1 vaccine virus was determined. Correlation between hemagglutinin units (HAU) per vaccine dose, clinical protection, and antibody response was then determined using a vaccinate-and-challenge model similar to Chapter 9 of the U.S. code of federal regulations approved method for vaccine potency testing. The dose providing 50% protection of an in-house water-in-oil emulsion vaccine formulated with inactivated NDV B1 was determined to be between 400 and 600 HAU from two separate trials. A positive correlation (R2 = 0.97) was observed between antibody response and HAU per vaccine dose. Serum antibody responses from vaccinated birds indicate HA inhibition titers >2(5) log2 would provide 100% protection from morbidity and mortality and require a minimum protective dose of 1000 HAU per bird. These are the first studies to examine establishing both a minimum protective HAU content for inactivated ND vaccines and a minimum serologic response necessary to ensure potency.     

鸡新城疫病毒分离株与La Sota株灭活疫苗效力比较试验

用NDV分离株及La Sota株为抗源液，经福尔马林灭活后，与油佐剂混合，分别制成分离株灭活苗、La Sota株灭活苗及分离株与La Sota株二价灭活苗。将这三种灭活疫苗分别免疫SPF鸡后，均获得100%抵抗NDV分离株及F48株强毒攻击的保护力；而用这3种灭活苗与La Sota活苗单独或联合使用，免疫带有ND母源抗体的普通鸡后，3种灭活苗的免疫效力不同，分离株灭活苗与价灭活苗对NDV分离株攻击的免疫保护效力明显优于La Sota灭活苗；灭活苗与活苗同时使用，其免疫效力明显优于单独使用灭活苗或活苗。     

Protection of chickens after live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus PA/Wolgemuth/98

Protection provided by live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with the virulent nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) strain PA/Wolgemuth/98 was assessed. Vaccinations with combinations of live attenuated strains Massachusetts (Mass) + Connecticut (Conn) or Mass + Arkansas (Ark) were given by eyedrop to 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens. After live infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination, some chickens at 6 wk of age received an injection of either an oil emulsion vaccine containing inactivated IBV strains Mass + Ark or an autogenous vaccine prepared from NIBV PA/Wolgemuth/98. Challenge with PA/Wolgemuth/98 was given via eyedrop at 10 wk of age. Serum IBV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) after vaccination with the combinations of live attenuated strains were low, ranging from 184 to 1,354, prior to NIBV challenge at 10 wk of age. Both inactivated vaccines induced an anamnestic response of similar magnitudes with serum GMTs of 6,232-12,241. Assessment of protection following NIBV challenge was based on several criteria virus reisolation from trachea and kidney and renal microscopic pathology and IBV-specific antigen immunohistochemistry (IHC). Live attenuated virus vaccination alone with combinations of strains Mass + Conn or Mass + Ark did not protect the respiratory tract and kidney of chickens after PA/Wolgemuth/98 challenge. Chickens given a live combination vaccination of Mass + Conn and boosted with an inactivated Mass + Ark vaccine were also susceptible to NIBV challenge on the basis of virus isolation from trachea and kidney butshowed protection on the basis of renal microscopic pathology and IHC. Live IBV-primed chickens vaccinated with an autogenous inactivated PA/Wolgemuth/98 vaccine had the highest protection against homologous virulent NIBV challenge on the basis of virus isolation.     

Immunisation of fancy chickens against Newcastle disease]

The German Regulation on Fowl plague which is in force since 1994 laid down that any chicken of all races and all hybrids must be vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) in a mode that an adequate immunity is achieved. Onset, duration, and resistance to challenge of immunity induced by vaccination is well documented in the scientific literature for hybrid chicken of the layer and meat types. These data prove also innocuity and efficacy of the registered vaccines. In contrast, only a few and incomplete data exist on the development of ND directed immunity in fancy chickens. The present study describes vaccinations of chickens of 14 different hobby breeds with live LaSota vaccine (conjunctival application of 10(6) embryo-infective dose50 per bird) and with an inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine (intramuscular application of 0.5 ml per bird) and subsequent intramuscular challenge infections using the highly virulent NDV strain Herts 33/66. Chickens of all 14 breeds tolerated the application of both vaccines. All fancy chickens reacted with the production of serum antibodies which were measured in the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralisation (VN) tests. According to the scientific literature, maximal antibody levels are reached in hybrid chickens between day 10 and 20 post vaccination. In contrast, in fancy chickens the antibody maxima are delayed to the seventh to eighth week post vaccination. All fancy chickens vaccinated either once with live LaSota virus or with live and inactivated vaccines resisted challenge with the highly virulent Herts 33/66 strain of NDV and did not develop any signs of disease. There are indications for gradual differences in susceptibility of different breeds of fancy chickens. The levels of non-specific neutralisation as measured in the virus neutralisation test differ between breed. Also, the viral content in tissues obtained from non-vaccinated but challenged birds differ markedly. It is concluded from the results of this study that fancy chickens can also successfully protected against Newcastle disease by using live and inactivated vaccines which are licensed for hybrid chickens. However, the optimal time for the detection of maximal antibody levels in fancy chickens is reached seven to eight weeks post vaccination.     

Long-term immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated trivalent vaccine.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate duration of immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), and feline calicivirus (FCV). ANIMALS: 17 cats. PROCEDURE: Immunity of 9 vaccinated and 8 unvaccinated cats (of an original 15 vaccinated and 17 unvaccinated cats) was challenged 7.5 years after vaccination. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats were vaccinated at 8 and 12 weeks old and housed in isolation facilities. Offspring of vaccinated cats served as unvaccinated contact control cats. Virus neutralization tests were used to determine antibody titers yearly. Clinical responses were recorded, and titers were determined weekly after viral challenge. RESULTS: Control cats remained free of antibodies against FPV, FHV, and FCV and did not have infection before viral challenge. Vaccinated cats had high FPV titers throughout the study and solid protection against virulent FPV 7.5 years after vaccination. Vaccinated cats were seropositive against FHV and FCV for 3 to 4 years after vaccination, with gradually declining titers. Vaccinated cats were protected partially against viral challenge with virulent FHV. Relative efficacy of the vaccine, on the basis of reduction of clinical signs of disease, was 52%. Results were similar after FCV challenge, with relative efficacy of 63%. Vaccination did not prevent local mild infection or shedding of FHV or FCV. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of immunity after vaccination with an inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine was > 7 years. Protection against FPV was better than for FHV and FCV. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Persistence of antibody titers against all 3 viruses for > 3 years supports recommendations that cats may be revaccinated against FPV-FHV-FCV at 3-year intervals.     

Experimental trials with a thermostable Newcastle disease virus (strain I2) in commercial and village chickens in Tanzania

Antibody responses in indigenous village and commercial chickens vaccinated with 12 thermostable Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine and protection levels against challenge with a virulent field isolate were determined. The antibody response of village chickens vaccinated by eye drop revealed that 30, 60 and 90 days after primary vaccination, the mean log2 HI titres were 6.1, 5.4 and 3.6, respectively, whereas for commercial chickens, the antibody response after 14, 30 and 90 days were 8.2, 5.1 and 4.2, respectively. Village chickens vaccinated orally via drinking water had mean log2 HI titres of 3.4 after 30 days. After booster vaccination, the mean HI titre was 5.4 and 3.3 after 30 and 60 days post-secondary vaccination (i.e. 60 and 90 days after primary vaccination). Antibody response of mean log2 HI titres of 2.6 was recorded 30 days after primary vaccination orally through food; 30 and 60 days after secondary vaccination (i.e. 60 and 90 days after primary vaccination), mean log2 HI titres were 5.3 and 3.2, respectively. All commercial and village chickens vaccinated by eye drop survived the challenge trial whereas village chickens vaccinated through drinking water and food had protection levels of 80% and 60% 30 days after primary vaccination, respectively. However, 30 days after booster vaccination, the protection level was 100%. At 60 days after secondary vaccination, the protection level dropped again to 80% for chickens vaccinated orally. All control chickens used in the challenge trials developed clinical ND and died 3-5 days after inoculation with the virulent virus. Supported by laboratory findings, I2 strain of NDV seemed to be avirulent, immunogenic and highly protective against virulent isolates of NDV. It may be a suitable vaccine to use in village chickens to vaccinate them against ND in rural areas.     

Safety and efficacy of an experimental reovirus vaccine for in ovo administration

A commercial reovirus vaccine alone or experimental reovirus vaccine plus antibody complex were inoculated into 18-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) broiler embryos at 0.1 of the recommended chick dose. The following groups were used: group 1A was not vaccinated or challenged; group 1B was not vaccinated, but was challenged with virulent reovirus; group 2 received the vaccine complexed with 1/4 dilution of antiserum; group 3 received the vaccine with 1/8 dilution of antiserum; group 4 received the vaccine with 1/16 dilution of antiserum, and group 5 received vaccine alone. At 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of age, serum was collected and antibody against avian reovirus was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the same times, spleens were collected and vaccine virus detected by inoculating chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and examining for cytopathic effect. At 15 days of age, chickens in groups 2-5 were challenged with reovirus. At 22 days of age, birds were euthanatized and weighed. Efficacy of the vaccines was based on safety, percent protection, and antibody response. In ovo vaccination with the commercial or experimental vaccines did not adversely affect hatchability of SPF chickens. The vaccine complexed with antibody resulted in significantly less posthatch mortality (3.7%) when compared to mortality of chickens that received vaccine alone (17%). Both vaccine virus recovery and antibody response were delayed at least 3 days in birds receiving the experimental vaccines. In evo administration of reovirus antibody complex vaccines provided at least 70% protection. The experimental reovirus-antibody complex vaccines were safe and efficacious when given in ovo to SPF broiler embryos.     

Efficacy of live virus vaccines against infectious laryngotracheitis assessed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism

The efficacy of four different commercial live vaccines (vaccines A, B, C, and D) against the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) was assessed in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. SPF chickens were vaccinated intraocularly at 6 wk old with ILTV live vaccines and were challenged intratracheally with the N91B01 strain of virulent Korean ILTV 2 wk after vaccination. The immunity against ILTV live vaccines was assessed by the incidence of latent infection by the challenge virus in the chickens' tracheas and trigeminal ganglia, the reisolation rate of the challenge virus, and the clinical signs in the chickens challenged with the N91B01 strain of ILTV. The latent infection in chickens was assessed by nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Our data showed that the clinical signs and challenge virus isolation were negative in all chickens receiving four difference commercial ILTV live vaccines. The viral DNA of the vaccine strain, but not that of the challenge virus, was detected in chickens vaccinated with vaccine A by nested PCR-RFLP. The viral DNAs of both the vaccine and challenge strains were detected from chickens vaccinated with vaccines B, C, and D. This study showed that only vaccine A can protect chickens from latent infection with the field virulent ILTV. We speculate that the efficacy of infectious laryngotracheitis live vaccines to protect chickens from latent infection with virulent ILTVs can be assessed by nested PCR-RFLP analysis.     

鸡新城疫、禽流感二联灭活疫苗与同类产品的免疫效力比较

将鸡新城疫、禽流感（H9亚型,SY株）二联灭活疫苗与市售同类对照苗分不同剂量皮下注射接种30日龄SPF鸡,免疫后定期采血,分离血清,通过检测血清中ND和AI的HI抗体水平比较各组鸡抗体产生期、抗体高峰及免疫持续期,并进行不同血凝抗原检测HI抗体结果的对比。试验鸡血清样品检测结果显示,免疫鸡抗体产生期为免后2周内,免后8周和5周ND和AI的HI抗体滴度分别达到峰值,抗体至少可持续28周以上,两种灭活苗之间免疫效果基本相当。     

新城疫La Sota疫苗对山东分离株的免疫保护试验

用标准疫苗株La Sota活疫苗在隔离器中接种SPF鸡,进行免疫保护试验.免疫后,每7 d采血监测NDV抗体,免疫后2周,利用经过鉴定的新城疫病毒(NDV)潍坊毒SGM01、昌乐毒SCL03、东营毒HY、日照毒SRZ03、莘县毒SSX03和标准强度F48E9分别进行攻毒试验,同时设SPF鸡对照.每天观察,及时剖检发病鸡,检查鸡群病变,确定疫苗的保护性.结果表明,La Sota疫苗能对除SGM01和HY以外的病毒攻击的SPF鸡提供较好的保护.     

几种法氏囊活疫苗对鸡法氏囊损伤及免疫抑制作用的比较

探讨了鸡传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）活疫苗对鸡新城疫活苗免疫的影响。将四种ＩＢＤ活苗分别接种３０日龄ＳＰＦ公雏,４天后再免疫鸡新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ系活疫苗,同时法氏囊损伤情况。试验结果表明,所选ＩＢＤ活疫苗对雏鸡法氏囊均有不同程度地损伤,并且诱导产生ＮＤ－ＨＩ抗体的时间被推迟。     

鸡产蛋下降综合症油乳剂灭活苗的免疫及攻毒保护试验

对应用当地分离病毒株研制的鸡产蛋下降综合症系列油乳剂灭活苗进行了免疫试验。结果表明,免疫后,鸡产蛋下降综合症（ＥＤＳ７６）油乳剂灭活苗、鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）－产蛋下降综合症二联油乳剂灭活苗及鸡新城疫－鸡传染性支气管炎（ＩＢ）－产蛋下降综合症三联油乳剂灭活苗免疫组的血清ＥＤＳ７６ＨＩ抗体迅速上升,维持４个月后仍在６．８－８（ｌｏｇ２）以上,并且能够抵抗强毒的攻击。证明所研制的ＥＤＳ７６油苗、ＮＤ－ＥＤＳ７６二联油苗、ＮＤ－ＩＢ－ＥＤＳ７６三联油苗对ＥＤＳ７６具有良好的免疫作用,能够抵抗ＥＤＳ７６强毒的攻击并产生高而持久的血清ＨＩ抗体。此外,对ＮＤ－ＥＤＳ７６二联苗、ＮＤ－ＩＢ－ＥＤＳ７６三联苗免疫组的血清ＮＤＨＩ抗体测定结果表明,上述二联苗、三联苗能产生与接种ＮＤ油苗一样良好的ＮＤ免疫效果,在免疫后１３０天时,其血清ＨＩ抗体仍高达９－１１（ｌｏｇ２）以上,与对照组有极显著的差异     

Efficacy of coarse-spray administration of a reovirus vaccine in young chickens.

Coarse-spray (CS) administration of a commercial S1133 reovirus vaccine in chickens for prevention of clinical viral tenosynovitis (VT) infection was evaluated. In Expt. 1, one-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorns were vaccinated with a combination of reovirus, Newcastle disease (ND), and infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccines by CS and infectious bursal disease vaccine by the subcutaneous (SQ) route. In Expt. 2, one-day-old commercial broilers were vaccinated by CS with reovirus vaccine and Marek's disease (MD) vaccine by SQ. In Expt. 3, one-day-old commercial broilers received reovirus vaccine in combination with ND-IB vaccines at 1 day of age by CS and MD vaccine by SQ. Some birds received an initial or second vaccination at 7 days of age by CS or the drinking-water (DW) route. Birds vaccinated by CS at 1 day of age with reovirus vaccine did not produce circulating virus-neutralizing antibody against reovirus, although they had resistance to VT infection. In contrast, initial or booster vaccination at 7 days of age by CS or DW resulted in an antibody response and greater resistance to challenge than did CS vaccination at 1 day of age. There was no difference in efficacy between CS and DW routes at 7 days of age. The reovirus vaccine did not interfere with other vaccines as measured by serologic (ND-IB-IBD) or challenge (MD) studies.     

Antigen quantification as in vitro alternative for potency testing of inactivated viral poultry vaccines

Abstract

Routine batch control of licensed inactivated viral vaccines for poultry usually includes a potency assay as a measure of vaccine efficacy. Potency assays often consist of vaccination‐challenge experiments in the target species or in laboratory animals. Instead of measuring the protection of vaccinated animals against virulent pathogens, the serological response after vaccination can be quantified for some vaccines. In vitro antigen quantification assays would be attractive alternatives for the current potency assays because the time and costs involved could be greatly reduced and animal use could be avoided. Such in vitro assays will only be acceptable when the correlation between results and efficacy or potency has been demonstrated convincingly.

The results of our studies on antigen quantification assays indicate that, in principle, quantification of viral antigens from inactivated oil‐adjuvanted vaccines is feasible and reproducible using specially developed antigen capture ELISAs in combination with specific software for statistical analysis of the ELISA data. We have developed methods to quantify the haemagglutination‐neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the viral protein 3 (VP3) of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), and the spike‐1 (S1) protein of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Vaccination experiments with inactivated ND vaccines indicate that the in vitro quantified HN‐ or F‐proteins of NDV are reliable indicators of the serological response after vaccination.     

新城疫分离株疫苗免疫保护试验

用经过鉴定的新城疫病毒分离株按国家兽医生物制品质量标准制备油乳剂灭活疫苗，与标准的La Sota疫苗分别免疫带有新城疫母源抗体的白来航鸡，免疫后每7d采血监测新城疫抗体，并于免疫后21，28，35d用鸡新城疫分离毒和F48E9分别进行人工感染试验。结果显示，分离株灭活苗对鸡新城疫分离株的免疫保护效力优于La Sota灭活苗。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒流行毒株交叉免疫攻毒保护试验

采用1998-2009年在河北、河南及山东分离的3株禽流感H9亚型流行毒株,分别制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d,采血测定HI抗体,然后用从上述3个地区及北京分离的共5株禽流感H9亚型流行毒株进行攻击,观察不同时期及地点分离的H9亚型流行毒株的交叉免疫攻毒保护效果。结果显示,用不同时期及地点的3个分离毒株所制备出的灭活疫苗免疫鸡后,各免疫组试验鸡H9亚型禽流感的HI抗体效价均明显上升,不同毒株灭活疫苗所诱导产生的HI抗体效价存在着不同程度的差异,用同源毒株作为抗原测定免疫组鸡的血清样品,可获得较高的HI抗体效价。攻毒试验结果证明,对不同时期及地点分离的禽流感H9亚型流行毒株间产生了较好的交叉保护力。用1998年分离的WD98株制备出的灭活疫苗对目前的流行毒株仍具有较好的保护效力。     

Derivation,safety and efficacy of a Marek's disease vaccine developed from an Australian isolate of very virulent Marek's disease virus

OBJECTIVE: To develop a serotype 1 Marek's disease (MD) vaccine from a very virulent MDV (vvMDV) pathotype and demonstrate safety and efficacy against early challenge with very virulent field strains in the presence of maternal antibody. STUDY DESIGN: Strain BH 16 was isolated and attenuated by serial cell culture passage. One of two cloned passages was selected for vaccine development following early laboratory-scale protection trials in commercial birds. Comparative protection trials were carded out on the BH 16 vaccine and on a CVI 988 Rispens vaccine using commercial and SPF chickens. Challenge viruses used were either a low passage strain BH 16 virus, the Woodlands No. 1 strain or MPF 57 strain of MDV. The BH 16 vaccine was back-passaged in SPF chickens six times and virus recovered from the final passage and the original vaccine virus were tested for safety. The immunosuppressive potential of the BH 16 and Rispens vaccines was also assessed in parallel. RESULTS: The BH 16 and Rispens vaccines induced comparable levels of protection when used as monovalent or multivalent vaccines, although protection achieved with the monovalent vaccines was lower. No gross tumour formation was evident in any birds receiving the BH 16 vaccine or bird-passaged virus, although microscopic lesions were present in 2/12 birds that received the bird-passaged virus. In tests for immunosuppression, there was no histological evidence of damage to either the bursa of Fabricius or the thymus. CONCLUSION: The BH 16 vaccine was shown to be safe and at least as protective as the Rispens vaccine against three highly virulent MD challenge viruses.     

Derivation, safety and efficacy of a Marek's disease vaccine developed from an Australian isolate of very virulent Marek's disease virus

Objective To develop a serotype 1 Marek's disease (MD) vaccine from a very virulent MDV (vvMDV) pathotype and demonstrate safety and efficacy against early challenge with very virulent field strains in the presence of maternal antibody.
Study design Strain BH 16 was isolated and attenuated by serial cell culture passage. One of two cloned passages was selected for vaccine development following early laboratory-scale protection trials in commercial birds. Comparative protection trials were carried out on the BH 16 vaccine and on a CVI 988 Rispens vaccine using commercial and SPF chickens. Challenge viruses used were either a low passage strain BH 16 virus, the Woodlands No. 1 strain or MPF 57 strain of MDV. The BH 16 vaccine was back-passaged in SPF chickens six times and virus recovered from the final passage and the original vaccine virus were tested for safety. The immunosuppressive potential of the BH 16 and Rispens vaccines was also assessed in parallel.
Results The BH 16 and Rispens vaccines induced comparable levels of protection when used as monovalent or multi-valent vaccines, although protection achieved with the mono-valent vaccines was lower. No gross tumour formation was evident in any birds receiving the BH 16 vaccine or bird-passaged virus, although microscopic lesions were present in 2/12 birds that received the bird-passaged virus. In tests for immunosuppression, there was no histological evidence of damage to either the bursa of Fabricius or the thymus.
Conclusion The BH 16 vaccine was shown to be safe and at least as protective as the Rispens vaccine against three highly virulent MD challenge viruses.     

禽流感油乳剂灭活疫苗的研究

将6种不同亚型的禽流感病毒（AIVH2N9、H3N8、H5N1、H5N2、H7N1、H9N2）分别接种鸡胚,收获尿囊液,经甲醛灭活,以矿物油为佐剂制成油乳剂灭活疫苗。疫苗接种4和8周龄SPF鸡,注苗后均无不良反应。每种亚型疫苗免疫后14天和21天攻毒保护率均达90％-100％。分别用H5N1和H9N2亚型灭活疫苗免疫8周龄SPF鸡、25和28周龄健康商品蛋鸡,免疫后7天产生免疫力,14天保护率达100％,21天后抗体达高峰,仔鸡接苗后最高血凝抑制（HI）几何平均滴度（GMT）为7.3-8.0log2,蛋鸡为8.0-10.5log2。免疫后180天,抗体效价不低于6.5log2。免疫后180天分别以AIV攻击,H5亚型疫苗组,用强毒攻击无一发病和死亡,对照鸡全部发病死亡;H9亚型疫苗组,对照鸡在攻毒后72小时停产,免疫鸡无一发病且产蛋正常,对同源攻毒的保护率达100％。