Research on Poplar Canker (Aplanobacter populi) in the Netherlands

In this paper bacterial canker research of poplar in the Netherlands has been reviewed. A scale representing six stages in the development of canker for rating susceptibility of new clones; the culture of the pathogen in vitro, and finally inoculation techniques, have been described in detail.     

Research on poplar canker (Xanthomonas populi subsp. populi) in the Netherlands. Part III

A new inoculation method for testing the resistance of poplars to bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas populi subsp. populi (Ridé) Ridé & Ridé is discussed. The procedure is based on a more natural infection method and involves spraying plants in spring with bacterial suspensions.     

Resistance of new Belgian poplar clones to British isolates of the bacterial canker pathogen,Xanthomonas populi

Forty-nine new poplar clones, bred in Belgium and screened there for resistance to bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas populi, were additionally screened in southern England, using British isolates of the bacterium. Thirty-five of the test clones ranked better than the clone ‘Boelare’, which is already registered in the UK as an approved clone, and is regarded as having acceptable resistance. The registered clone ‘Ghoy’ was more susceptible, and outranked only four test clones. Preliminary measurements of canker length and stem girdling index showed differences between five bacterial isolates.     

Impact of poplar water status on leaf-beetle (Chrysomela populi) survival and feeding

? The aim of this study is to assess the impact of drought on insect-tree relationships. Survival and feeding performances of leaf-beetles, Chrysomela populi put in cages with leaves of host-plants submitted to different levels of water stress were compared.

? Ninety 1-year-old poplar (Populus × euramericana) cuttings were grown in a greenhouse, and distributed into 3 groups submitted to different water treatments during six weeks. Adult C. populi were then encaged for four days with these cuttings, together with the five terminal leaves of a twig. Beetle survival and consumed leaf areas were then determined.

? Predawn leaf water potential values indicated that the drought treatments induced different levels of plant water stress. Plant height growth and total leaf numbers were reduced by plant stress. Beetle survival and leaf areas eaten were also reduced proportionally to plant water deficit.

? In conclusion, this experiment suggests that drought has a negative impact on C. populi survival and feeding.

     

杨树对溃疡病的抗病性研究综述

叙述了杨树对溃疡病的抗病性研究进展情况,指出了各个学者所做的实验和各自的观点,并说明了在杨树栽植过程中应该注意的问题。     

欧美杨细菌性溃疡病发生与危害林间观察

由Lonsdalea quercina subsp.populi引起的欧美杨细菌性溃疡病是2006年菏泽市新发现的一种危害杨树枝干部的毁灭性病害。林间调查发现,该病害在菏泽地区分布广泛,危害严重,病害症状表现溃疡腐烂和肿胀溃疡两种类型,每年4—10月发生,7—8月高温高湿季节是发病盛期。病害发生与林间的生态环境,传媒昆虫的种类、数量,杨树品种等因素关系密切。建议在发病初期采取刮皮涂抹多抗霉素、农用链霉素及杀虫剂,加强抚育管理等综合防控措施。     

洞庭湖区杨树苗木溃疡病调查研究

通过对洞庭湖区56块杨树苗圃地的两次实地调查,发现洞庭湖区杨树苗木溃疡病发生普遍,室内培养检测为水泡型溃疡病。两次调查发现第二次调查危害较第一次调查轻,一年生苗圃地较二、三年生苗圃地轻。分析了洞庭湖区杨树苗木溃疡病的危害情况及其原因,并为育苗和造林用苗选择提供依据和防治建议。     

山东杨树主要品种对溃疡病抗性的研究

在山东营建杨树主要品种抗溃疡病 Dothiorella gregaira Sacc试验林 ,田间测定自然发病率和感病程度 ,同时室内测定杨树树皮含水量、两种同功酶活性和主要酚类化合物含量 ,探讨上述三项指标与溃疡病发生的关系 ,明确主要杨树品种的抗病性。结果表明 ,杨树树皮含水量、过氧化物酶和酯酶同功酶活性、对羟基苯甲酸和邻苯二酚含量与杨树对溃疡病的抗性有着密切关系。田间表现抗病的品种 ,如 I-69/5 5、I-72 /5 8和毛白杨 ,其上述三项指标高 ;感病品种 80 3杨 ,三项指标低 ;中林 2 3、2 8、46杨和 2 88-3 79杨的上述指标介于两种情况之间 ,属于中抗品种。田间和室内测定结果基本吻合。     

几种杀菌剂对杨树腐烂病的治疗效果试验

为了筛选治疗杨树腐烂病的杀菌剂,对农业生产上使用的几种杀菌剂新品种进行了田间药效试验。通过试验发现氟硅唑、丙环唑和苯醚甲环唑3种药剂对杨树腐烂病的治疗效果明显,在治疗方法中刮治法优于割治法。     

杨树冰核细菌溃疡病发生主导因素的研究

通过对杨树感病寄主美×青Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｐｙｒａｍｉｄａｌｉｓ×Ｐ．ｃａｔｈａｙａｎａ分离培养冰核细菌，初步确定其优势种为欧文氏菌Ｅｒｗｉｎｉａｓｐ．１个菌株，假单孢菌Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｐ．３个菌株，室外杨树幼苗接种试验结果表明，冰核细菌引起杨树冻害，诱发肿茎溃疡病，是病害发生的主导因素。     

STUDY ON THE HOST BIOLOGICAL INDUCED RESISTANCE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

ThefirstrePortabouttheprotectiveeffeetofless-aggrssivestrainswerethatSalamaninoculatedtheless-aggrssivcstrainsofI`tfnchingIobaccoontobaccoandIeaditob-tainpartresistance.ANerthen,thcexistofinducedresistancehavebeenrcPortonseveralkindsofplantssuchasPnIms,(*cstnut.Ma-hl.v.,1tcumis.lIlmus.lI'4'5'7.8.9.l().14.l5.16.I7.l8.1'J2lj.21=4.2s.2f'.=7.2x.3()IThei11ducedresistanceofplantsisassocl-atcdt`,iththeincrcaseofthelc17clofthepllellem*tl1eprocesscsofphellemaredcpcndonthcactivelevcloftheperoxidas…     

苏北杨树新造林地溃疡病防治技术初探

采用多菌灵、咪鲜胺、十三吗啉、戊唑酮、百菌清等5种药剂对杨树新造林地溃疡病的病原菌——杜仲生拟茎点霉菌进行室内药效测定,结果咪鲜胺锰盐和多菌灵对病菌菌丝都有较好的抑制效果,同一种药剂对病原菌的抑制作用随供试药剂配比度增大而增强。在野外田间防治试验中,采用退菌特、咪鲜胺、福美双、多菌灵等4种药剂进行防治试验,结果表明,咪鲜胺、福美双、多菌灵对杜仲生拟茎点霉菌均有较好的防效,其防治效果分别为94．1％,94．1％,88．2％,退菌特防治效果较差,为58．8％。     

红线蛱蝶生物学特性初步研究

本文对红线蛱蝶从卵到成虫各虫态的生物学特性进行了详细研究。该虫在内蒙古自治区大兴安岭牙克石地区一年发生一代 ,以三龄幼虫做鞘在杨树枝上越冬。翌年 6月上、中旬越冬幼虫开始破鞘而出 ,幼虫共六龄。各虫态历期分别为卵期 4～ 7d,幼虫期活动期为 3 5～ 5 0 d,越冬期为 9个月 ,蛹期为 1 0～ 1 5 d,成虫期约为3 0 d。     

Comparison of two methods to measure the susceptibility of poplar clones to Xanthomonas populi

The conventional method of testing susceptibility to Xanthomonas populi by means of leaf-scar inoculation in September is compared with stipule-scar inoculation in spring. A method for evaluating the resulting disease expression is presented.     

苏北杨树新造林地溃疡病发生规律观察

杨树新造林地溃疡病的发生时间为冬末初春,一般在2月底或3月初,4~5月为发病高峰期,秋季较少有病斑出现。杨树新造林地溃疡病的发生与气候条件、育苗技术、造林技术等密切相关。在春旱、夏旱、暖冬等气候异常年份、育苗密度过大、施氮肥过多过晚、造林技术不规范等情况下,杨树新造林地溃疡病发生严重,造林成活率低。     

BACTERIAL SWOLLEN STEM CANKER ON POPLAR:THE DISEASE AND ITS CAUSES

The bacterial swollen stem canker of poplar is prevalent in planted poplars ofnortheast China.Serious damage occurs in the form of necrosis,putridity,cankers,swollen stemsand discolored wood of trunks and branches of young and mature trees.Tests of allergic reaction,pathogenicity,culture characteristic,Gram stain and anaerobic culture revealed that the pathogen isErwinia sp.Its occurrence depends mainly on the predisposing factors of the disease among whichthe susceptibility of poplars is the most important one.The disease becomes widespread in associa-tion with low-lying and high-humidity terrain,frost injury,node wounds,insect damage,and prun-ing and other mechanical wounds.Harmful factors promote the disease.     

杨树溃疡病及松材线虫病对树体干部电指标的影响

对杨树溃疡病及松材线虫病对树木电指标的影响进行研究.结果表明:杨树溃疡病胁迫下,毛白杨扦插苗POD酶活性先增大后减小,PPO酶活性持续增大,树木干部电容和单位电容呈减小趋势,而树木干部阻抗呈增大趋势,最先表现出统计学差异性的指标是POD酶活性,其次为树木干部电容,之后为树体干部阻抗,最后是PPO酶活性;树木干部电容和单位电容与马尾松枯针率均有显著的正相关关系,同时利用树体干部电容0.5 nF为阈值,判断马尾松是否感染松材线虫的准确率可达89.26%.     

New parasitoids of Paraphytomyza populi (Kltb.) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Bulgaria

The parasitoid complex of Paraphytomyza populi (Kltb.) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) was studied in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1997. Poplar leaves with P. populi larvae and pupae were collected from poplar stump shoots and examined in a laboratory. As a result, eleven parasitoid species were established: Chorebus albipes (Haliday) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Pediobius metallicus (Nees), Danuviella subplana Erdos, Chrysocharis nephereus (Walker), Chrysocharis pubicornis (Zetterstedt), Diglyphus crassinervis Erdos, Diglyphus isaea (Walker), Diglyphus albiscapus Erdos, Cirrospilus diallus Walker, Cirrospilus pictus (Nees) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and Elasmus sp. (Hymenoptera, Elasmidae). Six species (D. crassinervis, D. isaea, D. albiscapus, C. diallus, C. pictus and Elasmus sp.) have been recorded as new parasitoids of P. populi. The genus Danuviella was found for the first time in Bulgaria. Five species (C. albipes, P. metallicus, D. subplana, D. crassinervis and D. albiscapus) are new records for the fauna of the country. The total mortality of P. populi caused by parasitoids was 19.1?% and 49.0?% for the overwintering and the summer generations, respectively. P. metallicus was the most important in reducing the pest number.     

江苏杨树烂皮病发生状况调查及化学防治试验

通过对江苏省杨树烂皮病发生状况调查发现,在新沂,六合和仪征3个地区有杨树烂皮病发生。在调查的4 417株杨树中,平均发病率占11.32%;杨树烂皮病的发生与树种、树龄、地形、土壤、坡向以及虫害的关系均较密切。苗圃内不同药剂、配比度对杨树苗刮皮后的涂药试验发现,吡唑醚菌酯500,1 000,1 500倍液3种配比度的防治效果均在88%以上,嘧菌酯500倍液的防治效果高于80%。说明在苗圃用吡唑醚菌酯1 000倍和1 500倍液防治杨树烂皮病,可以取得良好的防治效果。