Relationship between branch-scar parameters and knot features of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Libsky)

The classification of roundwood is inextricably linked to the measurement of a particular single wood defect. The appearance, location, and number of defects are important in the quality evaluation of logs and sawn timber, and the most important defects are knots. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the appearance of branch scars and features of the related knot inside oriental beech logs, and to model the relationship between well-defined branch-scar and knot parameters. One hundred and fifty knots in 15 stems of oriental beech trees were studied. Image analysis software was used to measure the branch-scar and knot features. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the branch-scar parameter “moustache length” and the knot length. The ratio of branch-seal length to width was found to be a good estimator of the stem diameter at the time of knot occlusion and the amount of clear wood between the knot occlusion and the bark. The relationship obtained for the oriental beech stem radius at time of knot occlusion confirms relationship reported for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).     

Developments in Swedish forest policy and administration – from a “policy of restriction” toward a “policy of cooperation”

Abstract

New tools and forms of cooperation at the landscape level are needed in order for forestry and environmental conservation to co-exist in areas with many land owners. Awareness has existed for several years in Sweden that cooperation at the landscape level is essential for protecting areas of high environmental value. This awareness has come to expression in several projects and initiatives. One of these projects is the Östra Vätterbranterna Partnership, a successful example of the new orientation toward environmental management as formulated in the government bill Sustainable protection of nature areas: new working methods with a focus on collaboration and increased dialog by involving more actors and utilizing a greater combination of steering instruments. This development resonates with the growing trend toward deregulation and less state intervention in environmental management, implying a stronger emphasis on new governance structures and market-driven processes. This paper examines the preconditions for a development toward governance-oriented forms of steering in the area of environmental policy and law, with specific emphasis on the protection of forestry areas with high environmental value. Paralleling this development, the transformation of environmental public administration is analyzed, using a model representing three different perspectives on administration's role, values and meaning, showing state action's progressive transition from “rowing” to “steering” to “serving” and facilitating.     

Cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by Seiridium cardinale,agent of the cypress canker

Polygalacturonase, Xylanase and Cellulase in Seiridium cardinale grown on cypress cell walls and on infected cypress shoots were detected. Isoenzymes were resolved by isoelectric focusing and differences were found between “in vivo” and “in vitro” patterns.     

贵州省竹产业高质量发展进展

竹产业是贵州省农村产业革命及现代山地高效特色农业发展的引导产业之一。文章以贵州省特色林业产业专班相关竹产业资料为主,系统分析了2020年度贵州省竹产业发展的主要进展。在2019年提出“1+2345”产业链推进模式的基础上,2020年度提出了“1+1111”产业链推进模式,并以竹笋产业引领贵州省竹产业高质量发展,竹产业取得了长足进步,主要表现在产业链的“建链”“补链”“延链”和“强链”、产业综合体建设、科技创新和宣传推介助力产业发展等方面,并对竹产业链建设高质化和竹笋产业建设提出具体建议。     

“Uradome” treatment for prevention of snow damage and terrain parameters of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest in Tsuruoka,Yamagata Prefecture

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is cultivated for edible bamboo shoot production in Japan. Yamagata Prefecture is located in a heavy-snowfall region at the northern limit of the cultivated area. However, snow damage to bamboo culms occurs every year and decreases bamboo shoot production. “Uradome” is a treatment that involves cutting off the upper portion of the new culms when the bamboo shoot is almost fully grown. We studied the effect of “Uradome” implementation on incidence of snow damage to bamboo culms. In addition, we investigated terrain characteristics of bamboo forest at sites where snow damage occurred. As a result, the higher the degree of “Uradome” was, the lower the damage rate was. Furthermore, the results revealed that implementation of “Uradome” prevents snow damage to culms. It is considered that snow damage may be prevented by rendering the culm shape straight as a result of “Uradome”. The results also indicated that snow damage is more likely to occur on steep slopes. Factors that influence the incidence and severity of snow damage are considered to differ between Japan and other countries. Therefore, it is desirable to adopt preventative measures against snow damage, such as the “Uradome” method, irrespective of the local climate and terrain.     

祥丰牡丹经济效益评价

【目的】对祥丰牡丹的价值、市场需求和前景发展进行分析,为引种推广该新品种提供参考,以促进祥丰牡丹与油用牡丹企业健康发展,保障油用牡丹产业可持续发展。【方法】在借鉴油茶、土地整理等领域经济效益评价研究的基础上,基于频度分析法和专家咨询法构建油用牡丹品种经济效益评价指标体系,包括单位面积产量、单位面积收益、田间管理费用、投资回收年限和种植农户人均收入增加率5个评价指标。利用AHP(层次分析法)结合Yaahp11.1软件确定指标权重,运用模糊综合评价法建立评价模型。以凤丹牡丹为对照,对祥丰牡丹和凤丹牡丹的经济效益进行对比分析。【结果】祥丰牡丹经济效益评价结果为"好",凤丹牡丹经济效益评价结果为"一般"。单位面积产量上,祥丰牡丹比凤丹牡丹产量提高近750 kg·hm^-2,提升126.84%;单位面积收益上,祥丰牡丹因产量提升,平均收益提高约22 500元·hm^-2;田间管理费用上,祥丰牡丹的表现略低于凤丹牡丹;投资回收年限上,祥丰牡丹可在种植后第3年实现收支平衡,早于凤丹牡丹1年。祥丰牡丹新品种在经济效益方面优于凤丹牡丹。【结论】相较于凤丹牡丹,祥丰牡丹新品种具有较好的经济效益,对种植农户收入提升、地区经济发展等方面具有积极推动作用,其未来发展趋势较好,发展潜力较大,会形成较高的经济收益和利润,祥丰牡丹新品种具备被农户和企业大范围推广引种的价值和潜力。     

Disturbance ecology benchmarks for Schima–Castanopsis forests in the central Himalayas

Roughly 2.8 billion people burn wood for basic energy needs, and traditional wood-fuel represents ~55% of global wood harvest. With increasing anthropogenic disturbance of natural forests, the “stability/fragility” paradigm of forest ecology is gradually being replaced by a “disturbance/recovery” paradigm. In order to understand effects of human-induced disturbances on natural forest ecosystems, and to plan for recovery of disturbed forests, appropriate metrics become necessary. Such metrics will aid in assessment and management of forests for carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem health, and sustainability of natural resources. Such metrics are especially needed in “wood-fuel hotspots” of the world where over 275 million people live and harvest wood-fuel unsustainably. In this article, I provide metrics of human-induced disturbance in Nepal’s Schima–Castanopsis dominated forests and show relationships of disturbance intensity with forest structure and composition, site productivity potential, natural regeneration, and tree species diversity. Benchmark data were collected from survey of two protected reference forests and compared against three other forests representing a disturbance gradient. The Schima–Castanopsis association is a common dominant forest type in the warm temperate zone of the central Himalayas, and the findings from this study should have wider application.     

Relative susceptibility of selected pure and hybrid pines to Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke.

Eight strains of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. were grown on malt and potato dextrose agar to determine their growth rates. Pine wood from several locations in P. resinosa trees was tested to ascertain which sample area was best-suited for fungal growth studies. Fifteen pines were ranked according to relativc susceptibility to two strains of F. annosns. Pinus densiflora Sieb. and Zucc. and P. rigida × radiata were most “resistant” and “susceptible” respectively.     

Electron microscope observations of Ceratocystis ulmi-induced tylosis development in Ulmus1

Electron microscope observations of Ceratocystis ulmi-induced tylosis development in 3 species of elm were made during the first 2 weeks after artificial inoculation. Tylosis forming from both ray and vasicentric parenchyma occluded vessels adjacent to those containing the fungus conidia within one day after inoculation. The expanding protoplast forced the intact vessel-parenchyma “pit membrane” and protective layer through the pit into the vessel lumen. Cell organization during this expansion is discussed. The observations on tylosis development for the 3 elms used were identical.     

The first record of Botryodiplodia canker in Poland

This study describes the first observation of Botryodiplodia canker in the Western Carpathians in south‐eastern Poland caused by Botryodiplodia hypodermia (Sacc.) Petr. (syn. Sphaeropsis hypodermia, S. ulmicola). The canker occurred on an approximately 17‐year‐old Ulmus glabra sapling in a mixed conifer/deciduous stand with elm trees severely damaged by Dutch elm disease. This paper describes disease symptoms and provides information on the macro‐ and micromorphology of the fungus isolated from the cankered tissues. The results of BLAST search using DNA sequences obtained for our cultures and subsequent phylogenetic positioning of the fungus among closely related Botryosphaeriaceae indicate that the species is much more closely related to Phaeobotryon than to the other Botryodiplodia or Sphaeropsis species. Moreover, a total of 16 polymorphisms within the ITS region were detected between S. ulmicola associated with Botryodiplodia canker in North America and B. hypodermia associated with the canker observed in Poland. Thus, the “European” variant of “Sphaeropsis” ulmicola can now be easily identified with our barcode sequences. The Botryodiplodia canker is much less prevalent in Europe than in North America. Differences in virulence of “American” and “European” linages and differences in susceptibility of various elm species may be the reason for the higher prevalence of the disease in North America.     

风景园林创作中“立意”与“营境”互构机制研究

通过梳理中国文艺创作中的意境理论体系,"意"与"境"因契合程度不一而出现"物境""情境""意境"3种艺术境界,阐明风景园林中意境思维与方法在当代风景园林创作中的价值与意义,论述意境理论体系下风景园林创作逻辑。同时着重研究了立意与营境在风景园林创作中互构机制及其实践价值,并提出发展营境理论,只有回到东方文化源头探寻风景园林发展的驱动力,才能够在当代中国风景园林创作实践与理论建构中找到一条适合的道路。     

“Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” associated with Eucalyptus witches’ broom in Iran

During summer of 2015, Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants showing witches’ broom, little leaf and general yellowing of the foliage were observed in west of Fars and Khozestan province of Iran. DNA from samples of 22 symptomatic and two asymptomatic trees was extracted and subjected to molecular analyses. Nested‐PCR test using R16F2n/R16R2 primers confirmed phytoplasma presence in 63% of symptomatic Eucalyptus plants. Sequence analysis along with virtual RFLP of the 16S ribosomal DNA allowed to classify three Eucalyptus witches’ broom strains into the “stolbur” (“Candidatus phytoplasma solani”) 16SrXII‐A subgroup. Comparison of the secA and secY gene sequences with sequences deposited in GenBank confirmed the phytoplasma identity. Real and virtual RFLPs of the amplified secY gene using HaeIII, MseI and RsaI restriction enzymes showed profiles indistinguishable from each other. This is the first study reporting E. camaldulensis as a new host species for “Ca. P. solani.”     

A typology of small-scale private forest owners in Sweden

Abstract

Planning instruments have to be consistent with the underlying values of the forest owners to have an influence on their management activities. The aims of the present study were to identify different types of Swedish forest owners, to quantify their objectives and to validate a previous, qualitative study of the objectives of the small-scale forest owners. A survey was conducted and forest owners were classified by means of cluster analysis into five types: the “economist”, the “conservationist”, the “traditionalist”, the “multiobjective owner” and finally the “passive owner”. Significant factors characterizing these owners are presented and discussed. The results showed that clear subgroups of forest owners can be differentiated by their objectives and confirm recent studies suggesting that a sole emphasis on economic benefits is not desirable from the forest owners’ point of view. The findings should give a better understanding of the behaviour of the small-scale forest owners and provide a basis for further research, counselling and development of forest policy.     

Pathogenicity of canadian isolates of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pinewood nematode) to provenances of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus contorta as grown in Finland: A greenhouse study

Seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and lodgepole pine (P. contorta Dougl.) provenances, as grown in Finland, were inoculated with “m”; and “r”; “forms”; of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) from Canada, an m form isolate from France and an r form isolate from Missouri, USA. Scots pine was highly susceptible to an Alberta r form and a British Columbia m form isolate and moderately susceptible to two Quebec m form isolates. Lodgepole pine was higly susceptible to the two r form (Alberta and Missouri) isolates and moderately susceptible to the British Columbia m form and the two Quebec m form isolates. Mortality of both pines after inoculation with the French isolate was inconsistent. Mortality of both pines occurred more rapidly following inoculation with r form than with m form nematodes. Large numbers of nematodes were generally found in the tissues of both pines. Our results with seedlings need to be corroborated by inoculating larger field‐grown trees.     

New types of damage to forest trees typical of the Mediterranean region

Since 1984 a new type of damage to the typical tree species growing in the mediterranean area has been observed. The pathological picture includes the typical features of “Waldsterben”. The new symptoms occurring in Pinus pinea, P. pinaster, P. halepensis and Qnercus ilex are described.     

明月山风景区月文化景观特征剖析

分析月文化的内涵,主要包括“神性”、“人性”和“物性”3方面。对明月山景观资源进行调查和分析,认为明月山月文化的景观主要体现在“神性”月文化和“人性”月文化景观2方面,“物性”月文化景观几乎处于空白。基于此,对月文化景观的不足和进一步开发方案提出了建议。     

Cleavage in the understanding of sustainability: Sustainable pulp industry versus sustained local livelihood

Abstract

“Sustainability” is used as a catchword, with different meanings depending on the actor. This paper examines how the term “sustainability” is used by the Brazilian pulp maker Veracel Cellulose, and other major cellulose pulp producers in South America, and the cleavage between the companies and the local communities in their understanding of the term sustainability. The analysis was based on annual or sustainability reports from companies in Brazil (Aracruz, Fibria, Suzano and Veracel) and Chile (Arauco and CPMC), and Nordic Stora Enso and UPM. The main emphasis is on Veracel for 2008 and 2009, which is contrasted with a letter to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) from the local Bahian NGO, CEPEDES. Although the companies use “sustainability” as a catchword, in the actual reporting the wording “environmental and social responsibility” is preferred. A new reporting standard, GRI, encourages a narrower focus on selected business-related indicators, rather than a broader view in accordance with the Brundtland and Rio definitions. The cleavage between business- and a livelihood-oriented understanding of “sustainability” reflects a difference in understanding of the underlying concept of “development”. To ensure long-term sustainability of company operations, sustainable business development of the pulp and paper industry should include local livelihood perspectives to a greater extent than at present.     

Ethylene production and premature senescence of needles from fir trees (Abies alba)

Measurements of ethylene production, free and conjugated ACC concentrations, chlorophyll content, and length of needles from fir trees (Abies alba Mill.) growing in stands affected by “Waldsterben” showed that during the development of the disease two consecutive stages can be distinguished: a. long-term, low ethylene production and accumulation of conjugated ACC (MACC) in response to chronic stress, associated with reduced needle growth, and b. high ethylene production associated with chlorophyll breakdown, followed by premature abscission of the needles.     

Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Our aim was to perform a qualitative review and a meta-analysis with 57 scientific articles (108 assays) published from 1 January 2000 to 31 June 2021 dealing with fumigant toxicity of essential oils (EOs) against Sitophilus zeamais. The studies were obtained from four electronic databases: Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The survey comprised 107 plant species belonging to 26 different families. Lethal concentration values (LC₅₀) of EOs were included in a random-effect model, and two subgroups were defined: “until 24 h” and “more than 24 h”. The EOs more frequently evaluated were those belonging to Lamiaceae (20.18%), Asteraceae (17.43%), Apiaceae (9.17%), and Rutaceae (6.42%). The global mean value was 21.37 (CI₉₅ 16.84–27.12), while the summary mean values of the subgroups were 41.45 (CI₉₅ 31.10–55.26) for “until 24 h” and 8.45 (CI₉₅ 5.72–12.48) for “more than 24 h”. Most species belonging to Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Schisandraceae reported the highest insecticidal effects with mean values that ranged from 1.31 to 27.39 for “until 24 h” and from 0.57 to 5.31 for “more than 24 h”. Additionally, the toxicity of the most effective EOs was discussed by addressing their chemical composition and their major pure compounds chemical features.