Beziehungen zwischen der Ausbreitung künstlicher Fomes annosus-Infektionen in den Stämmchen zweier Fichtenklone und einigen holzchemischen Eigenschaften

The spread of Fomes annosus from artificial infections of stems, in relation to the chemical characteristics of timber of two spruce clones . Differences in the spread of Fomes annosus in two spruce clones (Picea abies Karst.), which were found by DIMITRI, may be attributed to differences in the properties of the wood from the two clones, detected in laboratory tests. Wood meal from the more resistant clone R inhibited Fomes annosus in bioassays more than wood meal from the more susceptible clone A. Wood from clne A-trees showed a higher nitrogen content than wood from clone R-trees.     

Zum Vorkommen von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Karst. im Boden von Fichtenbeständen (Picea abies Karst.)1

Occurrence of Fomes annosus in the soil of spruce stands (Picea abies Karst) . In stands of spruce Fomes annosus was found to occur in a viable state in the litter and soil to a depth of 25 cm. Successful isolations were obtained from 153 samples out of a total of 216. In ca. 40% of the 153 samples Fomes annosus could be isolated from 9 mg of soil; in the remaining samples it was found either in 90 mg, 230 mg or in 900 mg. The results raise the possibility of direct infection of the roots of spruce by Fomes annosus from the soil.     

Fichten-Mykorrhizen auf Standorten der Schwäbischen Alb und ihre Beziehung zum Befall durch Fomes annosus

Spruce mycorrhizac and heart rot incidence caused by Fomes annosus in southwestern Germany. Naturally occurring spruce mycorrhizac on calcareous soils of southwestern Germany were investigated and classified. These soils are characterized by a relatively high incidence of heart rot caused by Fomes annosus. On comparable sites stand history (former woodlands versus former sheep pastures), though influencing heart rot incidence, had no effect on the overall distribution of mycorrhizal types. The occurrence of rare types, however, varied between sites with different stand history. For all mycorrhizal types found, isolation of the fungal symbiont was attempted. Where isolation was successful, the isolates showed no antibiotic activity against Fomes annosus.     

Genetic variation in Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. shown by growth of the fungus on wood dust

Growth of Fomes annosus is studied by a test based on growth of previously starved hyphae on sawdust of heartwood of Picea abies as the only nutrition. Our observations show that the method can be used to distinguish beween different spruce individuals or clones, between different Fomes annosus strains and between different growing sites of the trees.     

Über die Infektion von Fichtenwurzeln (Picea abies Karst.) durch Forties annosus (Fr.) Cke.

Infection of roots of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) by Fomes annosus present in the soil. 108 roots of spruce were severed at approximately 50 cm from the base of the tree. The resulting wounds were invaded by Fomes annosus originating as mycelium or basidiospores in the soil. Infection rate on limestone soils was 41 %, on other soils 10 %. Odontia bicolor also grew into spruce roots from the soil.     

Méthode ?estimation de la hauteur de pourriture dans le tronc des épicéas sur pieds attaqués par le Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke

Estimating the height of decay in standing Norway spruce attacked by Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke. A method is given for estimating the height of decay due to Fomes annosus in standing Norway spruce. A good correlation is provided by the height of the decay and, at the 1,30m level, the diameter and stage of the decay. The data were obtained using Pressler borings.     

Die Wirkung von Monoterpenen auf das Mycelwachstum von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke

The effect of monoterpenes on the mycelial growth of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. Four monoterpenes, singly and in mixture, were tested for their effect on the mycelial growth of Fomes annosus. Inhibition was caused by all the substances, the severity depending on material and concentration. The inhibition was not maintained over the entire study period.     

Les hôtes du Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. en France

Hosts of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke in France. Records of Fomes annosus in France since 1875 are listed. They include several examples not given in Sinclair 's 1964 account and also include seven new hosts.     

Fomannoxin,a phytotoxic metabolite of Fomes annosus: in vitro production,host toxicity and isolation from naturally infected Sitka spruce heartwood

The effect of different culture conditions on growth and production of fomannoxin and the sesquiterpene phytotoxin fomannosin by a single isolate of Fomes annosus was studied. Whereas fomannoxin was produced by actively growing hyphae, fomannosin production was associated with the declinning growth phase of the fungus. The presence of fomannoxin in chloroform extracts from the stained stein heartwood zone of Fomes annosus diseased Sitka spruce trees was established. Fomannosin however was not detected. Toxicity of fomannoxin to germinating seeds and young seedlings of Sitka spruce was demonstrated.     

Infektion und abbau der Wurzelrinde von Fichte durch Fomes annaus1

Infection and Deterioration of Spruce Root Bark by Fomes Annosus . The paper describes the mode of infection and consequent deterioration of spruce root bark by the root rot fungus, Fomes annosus using light and electron microscope observations. Spread of fungal hyphae occurs through bore holes produced by enzymatic activity. Although a definte loss of wall substance occurs, the bark tissues primarily represent merely a pathway for the fungus before it colonieses the xylem.     

Chemical resistance of Pinus densiflora to Fomes annosus

One compound isolated from the stem wood of Pinus densiflora Sieb. Zucc. is responsible for its resistance to Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. From thin layer chromatography and microanalytical evidence, the inhibitory compound is nitrogenous and may be an alkaloid.     

Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. und andere Stammfäulepilze in einem Douglasienbestand,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco1

Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. and other decay fungi in a Douglas fir stand, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. 40% of the trees in a 40 years old Pseudotsuga menziesii stand showed butt rot. 85 trees were analysed for decay fungi. Fomes annosus, the most frequent fungus, also invaded the sap wood. Factors of the soil favourable to the rot and the possibility of transmission of the most frequent decay fungus, Fomes annosus, from (a) neighbouring spruce stands, (b) from the roots of Scots pine from the previous crop arc discussed. Caniophora puteana was isolated from about 10% of the butt rots. The importance of Calocera viscosa which grew out of the central decay of twelve trees as a decay fungus is still under investigation.     

Stamm- und Wurzelfäulen in Douglasien,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco1

Stem and root rot of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. In 20 year old Douglas fir most of the butt rot was caused by Fomes annosus. Stem decay was central as well as eccentric reaching the sap wood in either case. The side roots of 20 year old Douglas fir were compared with those of a 40 year old stand with butt rot. In individual trees with decay there were less roots with Fomes annosus decay in the younger stand. Calocera viscosa was more abundant in the older stand. Soil conditions which might have favoured root rot in the young stand are discussed.     

Eine Methode zur Prüfung der Anfälligkeit und Ausbreitungsresistenz der Fichte (Picea abies Karst.) gegenüber dem Wurzelschwamm Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke1

A method for examining Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) for susceptibility and resistance to the spread of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke . An easily applied method is described for determining the results of infections and the reactions of young Norway spruce to Fomes annosus. By the use of genetically homogeneous material, e. g. clonal plants, the importance of environmental factors such as nutrient supply and also the varying virulence of different fungal strains can be studied.     

Die Wirkung wäßriger Streuextrakte verschiedener Waldbäume auf Mycelwachstum und Konidiosporenkeimung von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke.

The effect of water extracts of leaf and needle litter from different forest trees on the mycelial growth and the germination rate of conidia of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. Litter extracts from various forest trees and stands have distinct effects on mycelial growth and germination rate of conidia of Fomes annosus. The effects depend on concentration of the extract, period of extraction and on date of collecting the litter samples.     

Induction of morphogenesis,branching and conidiogenesis in Fomes annosus

In Fomes annosus the addition of L-threonine induces specifically branching and septum formation in the leading hyphae of the mycelium. The formation of conidia is stimulated by the combination of light and dark phases and starvation.     

Fomannoxin production by different spruce isolates of Fomes annosus

In vitro production by five isolates of Fomes annosus obtained from diseased spruce trees in Irish Forestry plantations is compared. Identification of these isolates as five distinct strains is based on quantitative differences in fomannoxin production, differences in linear growth rate and mycelial interaction between isolates in paired culture.     

The influence of chemical factors on the selectivity of Pinus resinosa stumps for Fomes annosus

Compounds such as resins or phenols produced by the host in response to wounding or fungal penetration may play an important role as factors of resistance against Fomes annosus. By extracting stem sections, that were kept for different intervals in a closed chamber, with different organic solvents chloroform produced the most inhibitory extractives against F. annosus. This may explain at least partially the decreasing stump selectivity for F. annosus. Three compounds were isolated from the neutral fractions of chloroform extractives from 24 days wounded wood discs which were found to be different from the compounds in normal and 12 days fractions. Spectrophotometric analyses reveal some characteristics of these isolated compounds, whereas their chemical formula and structure need further investigation.     

Some observations on the longevity of Fomes annosus in conifer stumps.

The longevity of Fomes annosus in conifer stumps was assessed in 3 investigations, which showed that the fungus could remain active in stumps for periods of 16 to 62 years.     

The influence of chemical factors on the selectivity of Pinus resinosa stumps for Fomes annosus

Fresh pine stump surfaces act selectively for primary invaders such as Fomes annosus that competes successfully against other microorganisms. However, a series of chemical reactions on the stump surface due to aeriation and the hosts response to wounding may be implicated in the selectivity of the host for certain microorganisms. The theory of stump selectivity of coniferous trees for F. annosus as well as the theory of wound reaction and protection wood are discussed. The sequence of events after wounding is complicated and the present investigation concentrates on the processes associated with the host response to wounding.