益生素对雏鸡肠道黏膜体液免疫与细胞免疫的影响

为了观察益生素对雏鸡肠道黏膜免疫的影响,将60只雏鸡随机分为益生素组和对照组,分别在灌服益生素后1,4,7,10和18 d,采集肠液、十二指肠派伊尔结和盲肠扁桃体,观测肠道黏膜抗体生成细胞数量、T细胞数量和肠液免疫球蛋白相对含量的变化,并在服用益生素后4 d对盲肠扁桃体的超微结构进行了常规透射电镜及扫描电镜观察。结果表明,在服用益生素后7 d,雏鸡肠液的IgA高于未服用益生素的对照雏鸡(P<0.01),十二指肠派伊尔结的IgG生成细胞数量在10 d、Ig M生成细胞数量在7 d明显高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05),盲肠扁桃体弥散区的IgA生成细胞数量在7~10 d、IgG生成细胞数量在7 d、Ig M生成细胞数量在4~7 d明显高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05);盲肠扁桃体的T淋巴细胞在雏鸡服用益生素后7 d明显高于对照组(P<0.01);盲肠扁桃体绒毛表面的微绒毛密度和长度在服用益生素后3 d也明显提高;随着雏鸡日龄增加,益生素的影响逐渐减弱。可见,益生素能够提高雏鸡生长初期的肠道黏膜免疫。     

Organogenic elements and compounds in surface samples from the sea of tranquillity

Organogenic elements, mainly carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are present in the particulate material and in a breccia rock from Tranquillity Base in amounts ranging from 5 to 4200 parts per million. The major compounds of carbon released by heating are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; the former predominates. Small amounts of other compounds of carbon have also been observed. Sulfur can be released as hydrogen sulfide by treatment with acid. The carbon isotopic delta(13L)C values are definitely nonterrestrial (+ 13 to + 18.5 per mil).     

银杏叶提取物对肉仔鸡十二指肠黏膜免疫的调节作用

【目的】研究银杏叶提取物(EGB)对肉仔鸡十二指肠黏膜的免疫调节作用。【方法】将360只1日龄健康AA肉用母雏鸡随机分成5组,每组6个重复,其中1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;其余4组分别饲喂添加质量分数0.009%金霉素及0.15%,0.20%和0.25%EGB的日粮,试验期为42d。分别于21和42d取样,测定各组肉仔鸡十二指肠黏膜免疫球蛋白含量、黏膜免疫相关细胞数量和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量。【结果】日粮中添加质量分数0.20%,0.25%EGB可显著提高42日龄肉仔鸡十二指肠黏膜IgA、IgG、IgM含量(P<0.05),提高十二指肠上皮内淋巴细胞、肥大细胞、杯状细胞数量和IL-2含量(P<0.05),并且作用效果优于金霉素组(P<0.05)。【结论】日粮中添加质量分数0.20%或0.25%EGB,可增强肉仔鸡十二指肠黏膜免疫功能。     

A direct role for dual oxidase in Drosophila gut immunity

Because the mucosal epithelia are in constant contact with large numbers of microorganisms, these surfaces must be armed with efficient microbial control systems. Here, we show that the Drosophila nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzyme, dual oxidase (dDuox), is indispensable for gut antimicrobial activities. Adult flies in which dDuox expression is silenced showed a marked increase in mortality rate even after a minor infection through ingestion of microbe-contaminated food. This could be restored by the specific reintroduction of dDuox, demonstrating that this oxidase generates a unique epithelial oxidative burst that limits microbial proliferation in the gut. Thus, oxidant-mediated antimicrobial responses are not restricted to the phagocytes, but rather are used more broadly, including in mucosal barrier epithelia.     

Tumor immunity: tumor suppression in vivo initiated by soluble products of specifically stimulated lymphocytes

Supernatant fluids of specifically stimulated lymphocyte cultures were purified. Fractions containing migration inhibition factor when injected intra-dermally into strain-2 guinea pigs produced a reaction similar in appearance to delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. There was an accumulation of mononuclear cells at the injection sites and the growth of syngeneic tumor grafts at the sites was suppressed.     

发酵五味子药渣对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜的形态及免疫的影响

选用90头DLY(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪(28日龄),随机分为5组:空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;阳性对照组(0.5%SC组),饲喂基础日粮+0.5%北五味子;0.1%FSD组,饲喂基础日粮+0.1%发酵五味子药渣;0.3%FSD组,饲喂基础日粮+0.3%发酵五味子药渣;0.5%FSD组,饲喂基础日粮+0.5%发酵五味子药渣。每天记录5组猪的腹泻情况以及采食量,计算腹泻率和料肉比,并于试验第7、14、21天,分别采集空白对照组、0.5%SC组、5%FSD组仔猪的十二指肠、空肠、回肠中段组织以及空肠黏膜,测定肠绒毛高度,隐窝深度,肠上皮内杯状细胞、淋巴细胞数量,以及空肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)含量。结果表明:0.1%FSD组、0.3%FSD组、0.5%FSD组仔猪的腹泻率分别比空白对照组低13.87%、30.82%、41.72%;料肉比分别比空白对照组仔猪低1.7%、4.02%、8.6%;与空白对照组相比,0.5%SC和0.5%FSD组仔猪的小肠绒毛较完整;0.5%FSD组仔猪的十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛高度显著增加(P0.05),隐窝深度显著降低(P0.05),绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值(V/C)提高;0.5%FSD组仔猪肠上皮内杯状细胞及淋巴细胞数量均高于空白对照组,肠黏膜SIgA含量极显著高于空白对照组(P0.01),0.5%FSD组与0.5%SC组各项指标的差异均没有统计学意义。     

Cytochalasin B inhibits lymphotoxin production by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes

Lymph node cells of rats sensitized with hen ovalbumin produced lymphotoxin after 6 to 12 hours of exposure to specific antigen. Lymphotoxin was assayed by its cytotoxicity for fibroblasts from syngeneic embryos during a 72-hour incubation. Cytochalasin B inhibited lymphotoxin production, as well as later DNA synthesis, at concentrations (0.1 to 5.0 micrograms per milliliter) comparable to those which affect microfilament function and cell motility in other systems, and this inhibition was reversible. Binding of antigen was not affected.     

mVOCs在根际免疫中的研究进展及思考

由土传病原菌引起的作物病害频发制约着世界农业的可持续发展。以根际微生物群落这一生物屏障为核心的根际免疫在抵御土传病原菌入侵中发挥着至关重要的作用。除竞争营养、产生抗生物质等外,根际微生物还通过分泌易挥发性有机物（Microbial volatile organic compounds,mVOCs）与病原菌、其他土著微生物以及宿主植物互作,以更好地适应根际环境和发挥抑病功能。由于具有作用浓度低、可在水-土-气等多界面自由迁移和长距离传播等优势,mVOCs日益成为根际免疫领域机理研究和产品开发的热点。本文首先介绍mVOCs参与土壤抑菌性的发现过程,系统梳理抑制土传病原菌的mVOCs及分泌源——有益微生物。其次,从抑制土传病原菌生长和致病、调控微生物群落互作以及激发植物抗性3个方面阐述mVOCs提升根际免疫的作用机理。随后,总结mVOCs在防控土传病害中的应用现状,并分析影响mVOCs产生和作用效果的土壤生物和非生物因素。最后,提出与根际免疫相关的mVOCs研究思考,呼吁关注mVOCs在根际免疫领域的理论和实践价值。关键词：微生物易挥发性有机物;土传病害;根际免疫;微生物生态     

T cell-independent rescue of B lymphocytes from peripheral immune tolerance

Autoimmunity arises when immune tolerance to specific self-antigens is broken. The mechanisms leading to such a failure remain poorly understood. One hypothesis proposes that infectious agents or antigens can break B or T lymphocyte self-tolerance by expressing epitopes that mimic self. Using a transgenic immunoglobulin model, we show that challenge with self-mimicking foreign antigen rescues B cells from peripheral tolerance independent of T cell help, resulting in the accumulation of self-reactive cells in the lymph nodes and secretion of immunoglobulins that bind to a liver-expressed self-antigen. Therefore, our studies reveal a potentially important mechanism by which B lymphocytes can escape self-tolerance.     

Human monoclonals from antigen-specific selection of B lymphocytes and transformation by EBV

Hybridoma technology has made it possible to prepare monoclonal antibodies with the use of murine lymphocytes. Attempts to extend this technology to the human level, however, have met with difficulties. A method has been developed for making human monoclonal antibodies of predetermined specificity. Biotinylated antigens (human thyroglobulin or tetanus toxoid) were incubated with human B lymphocytes from peripheral blood. The lymphocytes to which the antigens bound were selected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Positively selected (high fluorescence) and negatively selected (low fluorescence) cells were then transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and grown in microculture wells. All wells from the positively selected fraction produced antigen-specific antibody (95 to 1800 nanogram-equivalents per milliliter), whereas fewer than 6% of the wells from negatively selected fraction made any detectable antibody (less than 10 nanogram-equivalents per milliliter). When the positively selected EBV-transformed cells were cultured in limiting dilution, clones were obtained that made antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies. By this method, monoclonal antibodies to both foreign antigens and autoantigens can be prepared from the normal human B-cell repertoire.     

An essential role for BLNK in human B cell development

The signal transduction events that control the progenitor B cell (pro-B cell) to precursor B cell (pre-B cell) transition have not been well delineated. In evaluating patients with absent B cells, a male with a homozygous splice defect in the cytoplasmic adapter protein BLNK (B cell linker protein) was identified. Although this patient had normal numbers of pro-B cells, he had no pre-B cells or mature B cells, indicating that BLNK plays a critical role in orchestrating the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition. The immune system and overall growth and development were otherwise normal in this patient, suggesting that BLNK function is highly specific.     

Direct polyclonal activation of human B lymphocytes by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus

When B lymphocytes from normal human peripheral blood were incubated for 1 hour with the retrovirus that causes the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the B cells showed marked proliferation and differentiation. Proliferative responses to the virus peaked on day 4 and appeared to be independent of accessory cells. This finding was repeated with three separate viral isolates, one of which was from a patient from Zaire. The magnitude of the observed responses was comparable to that seen with standard polyclonal B-cell activators. This phenomenon may be at least partially responsible for the polyclonal B-cell activation seen in patients with AIDS.     

高热应激模型下CLA对蛋鸡免疫功能的影响Ⅰ细胞免疫和体液免疫指标的变化

选用ND、IBD常规免疫25周龄的海兰(褐)蛋鸡120只,随机等分为试验组、对照组,分别置于2个人工气候室内二层阶梯式单笼饲养,试验组日粮为基础日粮+20 g/kg共轭亚油酸,对照组为基础日粮,设定热应激模型:22℃5 d(预试期)、30℃5 d、32℃5 d、35℃5 d、22℃5 d(恢复期),进行为期25 d的CLA对高热应激蛋鸡免疫功能的影响试验。结果显示,在30℃119 h、32℃119 h、35℃119 h、22℃119 h(恢复期)时,血液淋巴细胞比率,T、B淋巴细胞转化率,CD 4+、CD 8+T细胞亚群等细胞免疫指标和血清ND、IBD、IgG抗体水平等体液免疫指标试验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。表明CLA有缓解高温环境导致的蛋鸡免疫水平下降,促进热应激解除后机体免疫力恢复等降低热应激负效应的作用。     

Differentiation-linked leukemogenesis in lymphocytes

Most human lymphoid malignancies preserve a pattern of gene expression reflecting their proliferative activity and the development level of clonal expansion and maturation arrest. Characteristics of leukemia and other cancer cells frequently considered to reflect aberrant differentiation may more often reflect clonal selection of cell types that are normally infrequent and transitory. The differentiation status of progenitor or mature lymphoid cells influences which genetic elements are at risk of being exploited, via mutation, recombination, or deletion, for clonal advantage. These alterations may frequently arise spontaneously as a consequence of the unique developmental and functional programs of lymphoid cells and have as a major phenotypic consequence the stabilization of transitory cellular phenotypes.     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒B3株感染对雏番鸭细胞免疫功能的影响

番鸭感染番鸭呼肠孤病毒后,在感染早期(15 d内),外周血淋巴细胞转化率比对照显著下降(P<0.01),外周血T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率比对照显著下降(P<0.01),IL-2含量也比对照组显著下降(P<0.01);但在感染后期(特别是感染后20 d)各指标均有所回升,但仍显著低于对照.由此可见,番鸭呼肠孤病毒感染早期机体细胞免疫功能受到严重影响,感染后期功能逐渐恢复.     

Stress-induced suppression of immunity in adrenalectomized rats

Stress-induced suppression of lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin was demonstrated in Isolated lymphocytes and in cultures of whole blood from adrenalectomized rats. The results demonstrate that corticosteroid independent mechanisms participate in the suppression of lymphocyte function by stressors. Stress-induced lymphopenia, however, was found to be adrenal dependent, indicating that the modulation of immunity by stress is complex and multidetermined.     

鸡球虫病免疫研究进展

鸡球虫病是对养鸡业生产危害最大的寄生虫病 ,尤其对雏鸡危害更大。我国是养鸡大国 ,但由于饲养规模较小、饲养方式落后、管理水平及条件差 ,每年因球虫病造成的损失达 1 0亿元以上。在防治上 ,以往主要采用化学药物 ,导致大量的药物残留 ,严重危害了人类健康。因此 ,在养鸡生产中减少或不用抗球虫药物是必然趋势。近 1 0多年以来 ,国内外已把控制鸡球虫病的重点转向了免疫预防 ,从致弱球虫疫苗到基因工程疫苗的试验研究越来越多。笔者就鸡球虫病及其免疫研究进展作如下简述。1　鸡的常见球虫与危害1 .1　鸡的常见球虫目前 ,已知有 7种艾美…     

Regulation of NLR stability in plant immunity

Plant nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors recognize pathogen effectors directly or indirectly and mediate innate immune responses. NLR-mediated immunity also has direct impacts on plant growth and development, as well as yield and survival. The levels of NLR proteins are therefore intricately controlled in plants to balance defense responses and other processes. In recent years, the ubiquitination-26S proteasome system and the HSP90 chaperones have emerged as having key functions in the regulation of NLR stability. The N-end rule pathway of protein degradation is also directly linked to NLR stability. Recent progress in the regulation of NLR stability and turnover is summarized here, focusing on the key components and pathways.     

昆虫免疫进化的研究进展

昆虫在长期的进化过程中发展出了一套独特的免疫系统,由细胞免疫和体液免疫组成。随着分子生物学研究技术的发展,人们发现昆虫具有复杂的免疫系统,在病原体识别、信号转导途径及效应机制等方面与哺乳动物均高度相似,这些防御机制有着共同的进化起源。越来越多的研究表明昆虫的免疫具有特异性,不仅有免疫记忆,还能改变自身的免疫细胞去对付不同类型的微生物。