Biosocial and bionumerical diversity of variously sized home gardens in Tabasco, Mexico

The evaluation of species and structural diversity of home gardens strongly depends on the methods used. We distinguish the biosocial and the bionumerical method. The first is widely used and takes data of the whole population of trees of home gardens to calculate diversity. The bionumerical method calculates diversity from data of a fixed number of randomly selected trees. We apply both methods to analyze if structural and species diversity varies with home garden size, a theme of considerable conservation interest, and compare results. We inventoried the tree component of a sample of 61 home gardens from rural areas in Tabasco, Mexico, which we assigned to three size categories: small (≤1,000 m²), medium sized (>1,000 and ≤2,000 m²), and large home gardens (>2,000 m²). Average species richness and Shannon diversity indices determined by the biosocial method were significantly different among home garden size classes. Average species richness determined by the bionumerical method did not differ among size classes. Both methods showed highest total observed and estimated species richness in the large home gardens, which contain many unique species. Both methods showed similar overall species composition among size classes and highest structural diversity in large home gardens. We conclude that it is important for conservation to maintain large home gardens in local mosaics, and that the biosocial and bionumerical methods are complementary. The bionumerical method allows straight comparison of population diversity within and among systems, but lacks attention for rare and unique species. The biosocial method evaluates how much diversity families custody.     

埃塞俄比亚东南部Dello Menna森林植被的植物区系和结构分析(英文)

描述了埃塞俄比亚东南部Dello Menna森林植被的植物区系组成和植被结构。鉴定和描述了50个20m×20m的样方的植物群落类型、物种多样性、丰富度和均匀性,分析了已鉴定植物群落类型与环境因子的相关性,还描述了木本植物种群结构。每个样方内,均记录木本植物的物种、丰富度、高度和胸径以及海拔、坡度。利用PC-ORD软件对植被进行分类。用Sorensen相似性系数探测群落之间的差异性。计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度、Shannon均匀性来描述各种植物群落的物种多样性。共记录了53个科的171个维管植物种。豆科植物是主要的优势植物科系,包括13个属26种(1 5%),其次依次是菊科、唇形科和槭树科,各包括8个物种(4.6%)。根据植物分类结果,识别并描述了3个植物群落(Dalbergia microphylla群落、Grewia bicolar-Acaciabrevispica群落、Combretum molle-Combretum collinum群落)。植物区系之间的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀性存在差异。物种丰富度和多样性随海拔变化呈现出贝尔型分布。群落间植物随海拔梯度有一定的变化,表明海拔是决定植物群落分布的重要因素之一。Dalbergia microphylla群落物种丰富度和多样性均最高。优势种群落结构呈现出各种模型。植被可持续利用是今后的研究方向。     

Woody species composition and structure of Kuandisha afromontane forest fragment in northwestern Ethiopia

To investigate the woody species composition,diversity and structure of Kuandisha Afromontane forest,vegetation and environmental data were collected from 53 plots of 10 m 9 50 m for trees and shrubs and 265 subplots of 2 m 9 4 m for seedlings were laid along eight transect lines. The local name, scientific name, abundance,DBH, height and percentage foliage cover of species were recorded. Environmental variables, namely altitude, latitude and longitude as well as disturbance levels were also recorded in each plot. Structure, basal area, importance value index(IVI) and species prioritization were analyzed using spreadsheet programs. Correlation coefficients, frequency, relative frequency, Shannon diversity index,Shannon evenness and vegetation classification were analyzed using an R package. Sixty-six species belonging to40 families were recorded. Fabaceae was the most diverse family consisting of seven species, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae. In terms of habit, 29 species were trees, 28 were shrubs, and 9 were lianas. The overall Shannon diversity index was 2.5. The frequency and relative frequency of woody species with DBH C2.5 cm ranged from 1.9 to 92.5 and 0.1 to 5, respectively. Seedling density varied among species ranging from five to 9938 individuals ha-1. The total basal area of woody species having DBH C2.5 cm is 15.3 m2ha-1. The IVI of species ranged from 0.13 for Solanum giganteum Jacq. to 28.4 for Croton macrostachyus Del. The woody vegetation was classified into five community types. Species richness,diversity and evenness of communities were strongly positively correlated. On the other hand, the correlation between disturbance and seedling density, and species richness was strongly negative. Thus, among the recorded woody species, a significant portion was either lacking regeneration or selectively removed for various purposes.The lack of seedlings of those species is mainly attributed to anthropogenic disturbances particularly free grazing. As a result, 14 tree, seven shrub and one liana species were prioritized for conservation and management interventions.     

武夷山国家级自然保护区植物物种多样性研究

以植物群落调查样地资料为基础，从不同类型、不同层次的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数对武夷山国家级自然保护区植物群落多样性进行了分析。本区植物群落多样性的变化规律为：物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度随该区植被演替趋势从针叶林、针阔叶混交林到常 阔叶林而增加，群落间变幅较大；植物生长型在物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度等多样性指数上均表现出灌木层＞乔木层的规律。毛竹林作为一种重要的植被类型，其灌木层物种多样性高于其它3种森林类型，但由于毛竹是无性繁殖，其在林分中占绝对优势，故乔木层物种多样性明显低于其它3种森林类型。     

大兴安岭天然白桦林群落结构特征及其物种多样性

基于2011年大兴安岭地区的样地调查数据,分别用大小比数、混交度和角尺度来衡量林分空间结构特征;用Simpson生态优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数以及Pielou均匀度指数来衡量群落的物种多样性水平。研究结果表明：随着白桦优势度的提高,群落的物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均显著下降;从林分的空间结构特征来看,混交林的水平分布格局呈随机分布,林分的混交程度高,林木的生长水平整体处于中庸状态;各项指标均表明,白桦混交林具有较高的物种多样性和群落的稳定性,对白桦林向松桦混交林过渡的群落演替趋势研究有重要意义。     

伊春铁力林业局水胡黄天然次生林植物物种组成及多样性分析

对水胡黄天然次生林的植物物种组成及多样性进行分析的结果表明:两个地点所有物种的共有度为0.681;通过调查,标准地中共记录植物物种60种,分别隶属于39科、54属,其中乔木16种、灌木14种(藤本2种)、草本30种;茂林河林场木本植物的物种多样性明显高于建设营林所,其丰富度指数为30,Shannon-Weiner指数达到2.602,均匀度指数为0.914,优势度指数为0.116;而且两个地点的乔木层的多样性指数明显高于灌木层的多样性指数。     

柳杉人工林植物多样性研究

以广西国有六万林场33年生柳杉人工林为研究对象,进行了上、下和中3个坡位的植物多样性调查。研究结果表明:不同坡位林下植物种类多样性表现为中坡下坡上坡;中坡林分的Shannon指数(H′)和Simpson指数(D)分别为2.01和0.93,均为各个林分中最高;柳杉人工林中坡的草本层丰富度指数(Margalef指数)均高于其他坡度的林分,表明了柳杉人工林中坡植物种类丰富,林下光源充足;柳杉人工林灌木层物种均匀度Jsw指数的平均值分为1.580,而草本层物种均匀度Jsw指数平均值为1.487。并得出了伴随着坡位的变化,光照可从林分不同方向透过林分照射于林下植被,可给林下植被提供良好的生长环境,同时也提升了林下植被的多样性。     

Effect of livestock grazing and human uses on herbaceous species diversity in oriental beech （Fagus orientalis Lipsky） forests,Guilan, Masal,northern Iran

Plant diversity plays key ecological roles in forest ecosystems, including influencing succession, resilience and nutrient cycling. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of livestock grazing and human uses on herbaceous species diversity. We surveyed 50 ha of protected area and 50 ha of unprotected area to evaluate herbaceous species diversity in oriental beech （Fagus orientalis Lipsky） forests in northern Iran. We calculated and compared three indices each of diversity and evenness, and species richness between the two areas. Herbaceous cover was higher in the unprotected area while leaf litter depth and tree canopy cover were higher in the protected area. The diversity indices, H （Shan- non-Wiener index ）, N~ （McArthur index）, N2 （Hill＇s index）, EQ （Modified Nee index）, E,ar （Smith-Wilson index）, E5 （modified index of Hill） and R=S （species richness） and species richness R=S were greater in the protected area than in the unprotected area, suggesting that protection from grazing results in increased numbers of plants and species. The effect of land protection on plant diversity was more pronounced for evenness than for species richness and the positive correlation between diversity and evenness indices was higher than that between diversity and richness.     

武汉市城市公园绿地典型植物群落类型及物种多样性研究

采用典型样方法,对武汉市10个具有代表性的城市公园的165个植物群落进行调查,结果表明,所调查植物群落中共有植物219种,分属74科156属;运用组平均法(UPGMA)对165个植物群落进行聚类分析,分为21种植物群落类型;利用Partrick物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,比较不同群落类型的物种多样性特征,其中群落类型紫玉兰-杜鹃-小苜蓿的物种丰富度和物种多样性最高,圆柏-八角金盘+山茶的物种丰富度最低,水杉-杜鹃+洒金桃叶珊瑚-早熟禾+车前的多样性指数最低,植物群落的多样性程度表现为乔木层 ≈ 草本层 > 灌木层。在城市公园绿地中人工配置决定了植物群落物种多样性特征,其他环境和人为干扰因素也影响植物群落的物种多样性。建议适当增加观赏价值高的乡土植物,构建物种丰富、层次复杂、结构稳定的近自然植物群落。     

Diversity of woody plant species and their relationship to physiographic factors in central Zagros forests (Case study: Perc forest,Khorramabad, Iran)

Topography is the most factor that has the greatest impact of all factor that affect the distribution.To study the diversity of trees and shrub species in the Perc forest situated in Khorramabad,Lorestan,140 circular plots of 1200 m~2 in a grid of 300 m 9 250 m were surveyed,using a systematic random sampling method.In each plot,the Margalef richness index,Shannon–Wiener diversity index,Hill's N_1 and Simpson indices and the evenness index of Simpson and Smith-Wilson were calculated and ordered on the basis of different classes of elevation,exposition and slope.The results indicated that slope did not have any significant effect on the indices.Exposition and elevation classes significant impacted the richness and diversity indices,but did not influence evenness.In general,the highest plant diversity was observed for slopes less than 15 %,northern aspects,without geographical direction,and elevations of 2100–2200 m.This information can be very useful in achieving the goals for sustainable management of forests.In addition to greater protection for regions with high diversity and reforestation(compatible species) in degraded area,we can help increase diversity in forests.     

浙西北天然次生林群落物种多样性研究

对浙西北地区天然次生林群落植物物种多样性特征进行了研究,测定了群落植物生长型构成以及各层次植物物种的重要值,采用多种测度方法计算了群落各层次植物物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数。结果表明：（1）浙西北地区天然次生林群落各层次优势种比较明显,乔木树种以青冈为主,灌木树种以柃木和檐木占优势,草本植物则以箬竹为主;（2）该地区天然次生林群落植物物种比较丰富,乔木树种种数最多,草本植物稀少;就各层次而言,草本层物种数最多,乔木层和灌木层比较接近,各层次的均匀度指数的趋势是灌木层最高,草本层最低,乔木层居中;以多种指标计算各层次物种多样性指数结果均显示,灌木层多样性指数最高,草本层最低,尽管草本层具有最高的丰富度;（3）封育时间长、人为干扰轻的地区具有较高的物种多样性指标以及数量指标,有利于生物多样性的保护。     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性研究:丰富度、物种多样性指数和均匀度

根据64个植被样方调查资料,分析卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性特征.结果表明:卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地不同植被类型的物种多样性指数值H'、D和均匀度指数Jsi基本表现出一致的变化趋势:常绿落叶阔叶林＞温性针阔混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞温性针叶林＞亚高山针叶林,而物种丰富度S变化为温性针叶林＞落叶阔叶林＞常绿落叶阔叶林＞亚高山针叶林＞温性针阔混交林.在不同的植物群落中,由于地形地势、坡度、土壤、水热条件等原因,其物种多样性指数不同,但其多样性测度指标除物种丰富度外均呈现出基本一致的变化趋势.随海拔的升高,大熊猫栖息地物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度变化先增加,然后下降,最后趋于平稳.坡度不是影响卧龙野生大熊猫栖息地生物多样性的关键因子.不同的坡向其物种丰富度S变化为西＞北＞东＞南,物种多样性指数H'、D呈现西＞南＞北＞东的递降格局,均匀度指数Jsi呈现南＞西＞东＞北的递降格局.在不同的群落中,物种丰富度变化表现为灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层,且42.9%群落中乔木层大于灌木层、64.3%群落中乔木层大于草本层、92.9%群落中灌木层大于草本层,落叶针叶林乔木层树种丰富度小于灌木层和草本层,但其灌木层物种丰富度大于草本层.在同一或不同生长型中,物种多样性指数和均匀度指数变化大体一致.     

福建茫荡山自然保护区昆虫多样性的初步研究

对茫荡山自然保护区的5个不同生境进行了昆虫多样性调查,并分别用物种丰富度S、个体数N、多样性指数H’、均匀度指数R和优势度指数D对不同的群落进行了统计分析。结果表明在不同生境中物种丰富度、个体教、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数皆不相同．其中常绿阔叶林内昆虫的丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度均为最高,针阔混交林次之,毛竹林为最低,但是毛竹林物种的优势度却是最高的。表明昆虫的多样性与其生境的植物种类、丰富程度密切相关。     

Mediterranean cork oak wooded grasslands: synergies and trade-offs between plant diversity,pasture production and soil carbon

Mediterranean wooded grasslands that emerge from silvopastoral activities are multifunctional systems that result in high biodiversity and offer ecosystem services such as forage production and soil carbon sequestration. During 3 years, ten grazed wooded grassland fields were studied in the Berchidda–Monti long-term observatory, located in NE Sardinia, Italy, with the aim of exploring the synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and selected ecosystem services. Positions below and outside the canopy of three cork oak trees in each field were randomly selected to compare seasonal pasture production, pasture utilization rate by animals, botanical composition, biodiversity indicators (Shannon index and plant species richness) and soil organic carbon. In autumn, dry matter production of pasture was similar in the two positions; in two winters out of three it was greater below the trees than outside, and in spring it was greater outside than below the trees. While plant species richness and Shannon index were not significantly influenced by the position, the overall wooded grassland plant species richness was 31% higher than that outside of the tree crown. The soil organic carbon content in the 0–40-cm soil layer was also higher below the trees. Our findings highlight that if the main purpose of the wooded grasslands is to provide forage for grazing animals rather than conserving and/or enhancing plant diversity and soil fertility, the presence of trees constrains the overall forage productivity, although the greater forage availability in winter under the trees can contribute to improve the seasonal distribution of forage production.     

昆明市小游园绿化景观植物资源调查研究

以昆明市小游园为研究对象,调查其绿化植物资源及数量等状况,提出植物名录.分析小游园植物资源的特点,认为小游园虽然比行道树的绿化植物种类多,但总体上植物种类仍较单一,仅有123种,其中竹类仅有4种,缺乏本土文化特色.建议以乡土树种为主、外来引种为辅,多开发观赏特性和生态效益较高的植物;在观花植物基础上,增加观果、垂直绿化植物的种类,并突出本土植物文化特色.     

印楝人工林对植物多样性的影响

以种植在元谋不同年龄的印楝林为研究对象,对林内的植物群落种类组成进行区系分析,结果表明群落内的植物种类以泛热带分布和全世界分布为主。用Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson和Shannon Weiner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数对调查样地多样性进行分析,获得如下结果:(1)生物多样性指数随印楝林盖度的提高而逐渐下降,说明盖度是影响林下植物多样性的主要因子;(2)印楝林对林下植物多样性影响主要通过林荫,印楝盖度<40%时对林下植物多样性影响不明显,而当盖度>40%时,影响明显;(3)印楝林下植物生长好于对照,印楝枯枝落叶对林下植物生长没有抑制作用。     

笔架山常绿阔叶林群落结构特征

分析了福建省龙岩市笔架山常绿阔叶林群落的种类组成、乔木种群的重要值、物种多样性、水平结构和垂直结构特征.该群落共有植物186种,隶属于75个科132属,物种种类丰富,是由多个种群共建的群落.在水平空间上,8个可能的共建种群均服从聚集分布;在垂直空间上层次分化明显,在群落垂直结构的5个层次中,乔木层第2亚层除物种丰富度外,其他各项物种多样性指标在各层次中是最大的;草本层的物种丰富度、多样性指数和种间相遇机率分居第2位,群落均匀度则居第3位;灌木层的物种丰富度居第1位,但群落均匀度最小;乔木层第1亚层除群落均匀度居第2位外,其他指标均最小;藤本的物种多样性各项指标要么居第3位,要么居第4位.结果还表明群落的Simpson指数和种间相遇机率(PIE)的数值几乎相等.     

胡家林场天然林早春植物多样性的研究

本文对胡家林场天然林早春植物多样性进行研究,结果显示：科、属和物种的丰富度指数和Shannon—Wiener多样性指数逐年降低;优势度升高。物种丰富度指数和Shannon—Wiener多样性指数明显差异大,而生态优势度D变化不明显。     

安徽岭南森林群落物种多样性的研究

在安徽岭南自然保护区内4种群落类型中进行样地调查的基础上,采用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数对保护区森林群落物种多样性进行了研究,发现自然恢复的群落中植物种类多,分布均匀,优势种不明显;人工更新的林分中植物多样性低,优势种明显;群落结构上,4种类型多样性的大小顺序是灌木>乔木>草本。