赤霉素处理打破虎眼万年青休眠的研究

试验以虎眼万年青子鳞茎为材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,对其进行不同温度、不同赤霉素浓度的打破休眠试验,探讨赤霉素和温度对打破虎眼万年青休眠效果,以确定打破虎眼万年青子鳞茎休眠的最适赤霉素浓度和适宜温度。结果表明:赤霉素浓度为100~150 mg/L时打破休眠的效果好并且长势好,低温结合赤霉素处理对打破虎眼万年青休眠的效果更好,能极显著地提高虎眼万年青子鳞茎的出苗率。     

低温和赤霉素对山丹鳞茎解除休眠与花期调控的影响

将山丹鳞茎在4℃分别冷藏处理15、30、45、60 d和冷藏处理45 d+赤霉素200mg/L,研究低温处理时间和赤霉素对鳞茎解除休眠与花期调控的影响.结果表明:冷藏时间越长,鳞茎解除休眠需要的时间越短.赤霉素处理相比于未施用赤霉素处理,鳞茎解除休眠需要的时间缩短3d,发芽到现蕾的时间缩短5d.赤霉素处理有助于山丹鳞茎快速解除休眠,提前开花.     

油用牡丹种子生根催芽方法应用和研究进展

油用牡丹是我国近几年兴起研究的木本油料树种,出油率高,富含不饱和脂肪酸,其中亚麻酸含量可高达42.78%,具有很高的经济和营养价值,主要靠播种繁殖。综合现有研究发现,油用牡丹在种植过程中具有上胚轴和下胚轴休眠的特性,且只有当根长大于30mm时才会发芽,导致萌发周期较长;油用牡丹生根(打破下胚轴休眠)最有效的方法为100~500mg/LGA3浸种处理24-48h,根长大于40mm时最利于发芽,催芽(打破上胚轴休眠)最有效的方法为300mg/LGA3处理24h或低温处理20-30d,但低温处理后幼苗长势强于GA3处理,更适宜生产应用。     

不同低温处理对百合鳞茎萌芽及花期的影响

探讨了不同低温处理:4、8、12℃对新铁炮百合‘雷山’(Lilium formolongi‘Raizan’)鳞茎萌芽及花期的影响。结果表明:低温冷藏期间,处理温度越高,顶芽在鳞茎内萌动越早,顶芽和新根的生长速度越快。经不同低温处理后栽植,百合鳞茎发芽所需时间和植株生育期长短分别与低温处理时间呈显著负相关关系,随着处理温度的升高和处理时间的延长,鳞茎发芽快且整齐,株高、茎粗、花期的一致性好。低温处理时间不足,会导致百合鳞茎发芽和植株生长不整齐,甚至栽植当年不能出苗,从而延长生育周期。在4~12℃条件下,解除‘雷山’鳞茎休眠的合适低温处理时间是5周。     

低温对解除百合鳞茎休眠和促进开花的作用

对目前国内外利用低温处理打破百合鳞茎休眠和促进开花等方面的研究进行了综述。近年来在百合鲜切花周年生产中, 通过低温解除鳞茎休眠, 提高百合鲜切花品质, 调节百合花期等方面的研究均有较大进展, 但有关百合鳞茎的休眠机理和开花机理的研究仍然比较薄弱。在休眠机理方面, 各激素间的互作关系以及分子水平上的研究是今后的重点。     

苹果梨花芽孕育期生长锥细胞超微结构的观察

利用透射电镜对苹果梨花芽孕育期芽内生长锥细胞进行了观察，结果显示，在花芽孕育形成的过程中，生长锥细胞的超微结构发生了一系列变化：蛋白体和脂类小滴逐渐增加；核外膜向外延伸到胞质中与内质网相连，其上分布的核糖体增多；线粒体和内质网数目丰富且分布均匀；核糖体大量游散在胞质中；质体呈浅裂，中央缢缩；微管分布于靠近质膜处等。以上超微结构的变化表现出细胞旺盛分裂和分化的特点，反映了花芽孕育过程中的细胞学特征。     

ABA和GA_3对黑穗醋栗二次萌芽超微结构的影响北大核心CSCD

【目的】分析黑穗醋栗二次萌芽过程中超微结构特征及变化规律,为全面揭示黑穗醋栗二次萌芽的内在机制提供科学依据。【方法】以黑穗醋栗易二次萌芽品种‘亚德’和不易二次萌芽品种‘巴基拉’为试材,以清水为对照,用30mg·L^(-1)GA_3和50 mg·L^(-1)ABA处理,用透射电镜观察芽内细胞超微结构。【结果】GA_3处理促进2品种二次萌芽加快,使细胞内质壁分离现象消失,胞间连丝、内质网提前分化,淀粉粒加速分解,线粒体更加活跃,分散的小液泡最终形成中心大液泡,且液泡中电子致密物质分解;ABA处理抑制2品种的二次萌芽,使细胞保持质壁分离状态,抑制胞间连丝出现,线粒体、内质网、淀粉粒分化均晚于同时期GA_3处理,ABA抑制了‘巴基拉’液泡中电子致密物质分解。【结论】黑穗醋栗二次萌芽本质是细胞破除休眠的过程。外源GA_3处理加速黑穗醋栗解除休眠,而外源ABA则是促进休眠,2者作用相反。GA_3和ABA影响黑穗醋栗二次萌芽最主要的差异在于细胞内是否存在质壁分离、胞间连丝是否分化和电子致密物质是否分解。细胞超微结构的变化反应了二次萌芽的进程。     

低温处理对延长绣球花保鲜期的影响

以绣球花为试材,采用先低温处理后再瓶插的方法,研究了不同低温处理时间对延长绣球花保鲜期和表皮细胞的显微结构的影响。结果表明:4℃低温处理6~8h,绣球花瓶插延长2d;表皮细胞基质凝集、胞间连丝集拢、钝化。     

ABA和GA_3对黑穗醋栗二次萌芽超微结构的影响

【目的】分析黑穗醋栗二次萌芽过程中超微结构特征及变化规律,为全面揭示黑穗醋栗二次萌芽的内在机制提供科学依据。【方法】以黑穗醋栗易二次萌芽品种‘亚德’和不易二次萌芽品种‘巴基拉’为试材,以清水为对照,用30mg·L~(-1)GA_3和50 mg·L~(-1)ABA处理,用透射电镜观察芽内细胞超微结构。【结果】GA_3处理促进2品种二次萌芽加快,使细胞内质壁分离现象消失,胞间连丝、内质网提前分化,淀粉粒加速分解,线粒体更加活跃,分散的小液泡最终形成中心大液泡,且液泡中电子致密物质分解;ABA处理抑制2品种的二次萌芽,使细胞保持质壁分离状态,抑制胞间连丝出现,线粒体、内质网、淀粉粒分化均晚于同时期GA_3处理,ABA抑制了‘巴基拉’液泡中电子致密物质分解。【结论】黑穗醋栗二次萌芽本质是细胞破除休眠的过程。外源GA_3处理加速黑穗醋栗解除休眠,而外源ABA则是促进休眠,2者作用相反。GA_3和ABA影响黑穗醋栗二次萌芽最主要的差异在于细胞内是否存在质壁分离、胞间连丝是否分化和电子致密物质是否分解。细胞超微结构的变化反应了二次萌芽的进程。     

猬实种子休眠特性研究

以国家三级保护植物猬实果实为试验材料,应用扫描电镜和石蜡切片进行形态解剖观察,通过吸胀和果皮胚乳抑制物测试等方法探讨了休眠原因,并采用硫酸、赤霉素处理及低温层积处理进行了打破休眠的试验.结果表明:(1)猬实具有坚硬厚实的果皮,机械束缚是休眠的主要原因;(2)胚乳中含有萌发抑制物质,沙藏或赤霉素处理可有效解除其生理休眠;(3)打破猬实休眠的最佳方法为:浓硫酸处理15 min,并用400 mg·L-1赤霉素处理,或仅用4 ℃沙藏30 d.     

Alterations in endogenous polyamines in bulbs of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) during dormancy

Changes in the levels of endogenous polyamines were determined in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) bulbs during their dormant periods. High free putrescine and low spermine and spermidine levels were associated during initial stages of dormancy. In contrast, high spermine and spermidine levels were related with dormancy release. The conjugated putrescine level increased during the period with an increase in conjugated spermine and spermidine levels. An inverse relationship between free and conjugated polyamines was noticed only for putrescine. The possible role of polyamines is discussed in relation to dormancy.     

Effect of nitric oxide on dormancy release in bulbs of Oriental lily (Lilium orientalis) ‘Siberia’

SUMMARY

Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential endogenous plant signalling molecule involved in a wide range of plant developmental processes. To investigate the effect of NO on breaking dormancy in bulbs, bulbs of Oriental lily (Lilium orientalis) ‘Siberia’ were treated with various concentration of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.0,1.0,3.0, or 5.0 mM). The results showed that the effect of NO was dose-dependent, with the maximum biological response at 1.0 mM SNP. When applied exogenously, the 1.0 mM SNP treatment reduced the time required to release dormancy in Oriental lily bulbs. Meanwhile, 1.0 mM SNP significantly increased the shoot length:bulb height ratio. In addition, 1.0 mM SNP significantly lowered starch concentrations and increased water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and reducing sugar concentrations. These results indicate that NO treatment, at the correct dose, reduced the time required to release dormancy in bulbs by accelerating the degradation of starch and increasing the accumulation of WSC and reducing sugars in Oriental lily bulbs.     

Gibberellic acid soak treatments for fully-cooled tulips

In attempts to reduce the glasshouse period of fully-cooled 5°C-forced tulips, ‘Apeldoorn’ bulbs were soaked before planting in aerated and non-aerated gibberellic acid (GA₃) solutions for 2–48 h. A 48-h treatment with 250–500 mg l^?1 GA₃ was the most effective, giving a glasshouse period 7–11 days shorter than for untreated bulbs. Soaks for 24 and 48 h caused root emergence, and 48-h soaks caused perianth segment splitting in one experiment. Aerated or non-aerated GA₃ solutions gave similar results. Soaking in water alone gave a smaller increase in earliness. In general, a shortened glasshouse period was associated with shorter whole stem and last internode lengths. In GA₃ treatments, flower losses were lower than for distilled water treated and untreated bulbs. A practical treatment would be a non-aerated soak for 24 h with between 250 and 500 mg l^?1 GA₃.     

百合鳞茎发育过程中鳞片超微结构的变化

以东方百合‘索邦’（Lilium oriental hybrids‘Sorbonne’）为试材,利用透射电镜技术,对百合鳞茎发育过程中外、中层鳞片的超微结构进行了系统观察和分析。结果表明：栽种期鳞片细胞中淀粉粒、蛋白质、脂滴数量最多,体积最大,鳞茎起着“源”的功能。随着植株的生长,靠近细胞壁和淀粉粒分布的大量的线粒体证明在此过程中鳞片细胞中以分解代谢为主,淀粉粒、蛋白质和脂滴数量呈下降趋势,至盛花期时达到最低。之后鳞茎细胞内开始大量贮藏同化产物,淀粉粒、蛋白质和脂滴的数量明显增多,在花后期鳞茎转变以发挥 “库”的功能,收球期淀粉粒和蛋白质再次充满整个细胞。同时观察到外层、中层鳞片细胞都存在大量成束出现的胞间连丝,且在盛花期时胞间连丝的通道中有成列的小囊泡,证明了百合鳞片在“库”—“源”功能转化的过程中主要是以共质体途径进行物质的交换和运输。     

细叶百合休眠与解除SSH文库构建及其调控基因的初步筛选

 为了验证百合鳞茎休眠解除过程中基因表达的差异性，以细叶百合休眠鳞茎和休眠解除鳞 茎为材料，利用抑制消减杂交技术构建了百合鳞茎休眠及解除正、反向抑制消减文库。文库富集了差异 基因，消减效率符合要求，插入片段集中于250 ~ 1 000 bp 之间。对正、反向文库随机挑选阳性克隆测序， 各获得100 个表达序列标签（EST），在NCBI 上进行BLASTx 分析，并用KOBAS 系统将获得的unigene 定位到Pathways 中。分析结果表明，休眠文库ESTs 功能主要涉及胁迫响应方面，如苯丙氨酸代谢途径、 促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶途径等与休眠有关。休眠解除文库在糖代谢、激素响应及信号转导方面表达量 较高，如亚油酸代谢途径、淀粉及蔗糖代谢途径等参与了休眠解除过程。     

Cultivar and temperature effects on starch in the primary thickening meristem of onion bulbs

Summary

The effect of cultivar and temperature on the temporal pattern of starch occurrence in the primary thickening meristem (PTM) of onion (Allium cepa L. var. cepa) bulbs was studied. Bulbs of four cultivars differing in their sprouting behaviour in dry storage were analysed during bulb development for the concentration of starch in the PTM and inner sprout growth by histochemical analysis and determination of leaf ratio, respectively. Generally, in all cultivars the concentration of starch in the PTM was high during active growth, decreased to a low value during sprout dormancy, and increased before or concomitant with inner sprouting. The duration of the low starch period varied between cultivars. If onions were stored at low (18C), intermediate (158C), or high (308C) temperature, inner sprouting was delayed at low and high temperature compared with the intermediate temperature, whereas starch increased before sprouting at low and intermediate temperature, but became undetectable at high temperature. Moreover, if benzyladenine was injected into onions stored at high temperature, sprouting was readily induced, but starch in the PTM remained undetectable and no root initiation occurred. Since the PTM is not only responsible for the stem thickening but also for root initiation we conclude (i) that low starch in the PTM primarily indicates root dormancy and only indirectly sprout dormancy, and (ii) that high temperature-imposed sprout dormancy is actually based on root dormancy.     

An analysis of the growth of forced tulips. 1. Changes in plant fresh and dry weights during growth at two temperatures

Changes in the fresh and dry weights of the component parts of plants of tulip cv. ‘Apeldoorn’ were followed in bulbs kept at low and high temperatures (9 and 18°C respectively) from the time of completion of flower differentiation until anthesis.There were marked differences between shoot dry weights at the two temperatures. At 9°C the stem, leaves and flower grew exponentially throughout the whole period, but at 18°C the specific growth rate of the stem and leaves declined throughout the period of the experiment. At 9°C the proportion of total dry weight in shoots and daughter bulbs was higher than at 18°C, and the proportion in the mother bulb was correspondingly smaller.At both temperatures the $\text{fresh weight}\text{dry weight}$ ratios of the mother bulb, shoot and daughter bulbs declined during dry storage, the decline being greater at 9°C. After planting, the ratio for all plant parts increased at 9°C, but scarcely changed at 18°C.These results are discussed in relation to dormancy, to the low-temperature requirement for successful and rapid flowering and to flower quality.     

不同温度下卵叶韭更新芽内源激素的动态变化

 运用高效液相色谱法测定了3种不同温度下卵叶韭更新芽内源激素的动态变化。结果表明:(1) 卵叶韭更新芽休眠完全解除必需经过一段时间的冷温处理, 且冷温积累量与休眠解除程度和植株长势呈正相关趋势; (3 ±1) ℃处理不少于92 d可完全解除休眠, 而5～12℃、(20 ±1) ℃处理均不能完全解除休眠。(2) 贮藏31 d后, (3 ±1) ℃和5～12℃处理的GA₃ 和ZT含量上升, ABA含量下降, 其中( 3 ±1) ℃处理的上升和下降幅度更大, 解除休眠所需时间更短; 而(20 ±1) ℃处理在鳞茎干枯腐烂前GA₃ 和ZT含量下降, ABA含量上升, 更新芽不能萌发。(3) 卵叶韭更新芽休眠过程可分为预休眠、真休眠和强制休眠3个阶段, 其中预休眠阶段更新芽的GA₃、ZT、ABA和IAA含量居中; 真休眠阶段更新芽的GA₃ 和ZT含量较低, ABA含量较高, IAA含量较高或居中; 强制休眠阶段更新芽的GA₃、ZT含量达最大值, IAA含量略有增加, ABA含量降至最小值。(4) 卵叶韭更新芽休眠的解除可能主要受控于内源激素GA₃、ABA的含量水平和GA₃ /ABA比值, 当GA₃ / IAA比值大于16.59 ±3.90时, 卵叶韭更新芽的休眠就可能完全解除, 此外ZT也对萌发起着一定的作用。     

Studies on the Physiology of Hyacinth Bulbs Hyacinthus Orientalis L. I. Sugar Content and Metabolic Activities in Bulbs Exposed to Low Temperatures

Changes in the content of carbohydrates and in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes were studied in hyacinth bulbs exposed to low temperatures. It was found that the amount of insoluble carbohydrate initially present in the scales and buds of hyacinth bulbs decreased greatly after a prolonged period of low temperature treatment. This decrease was greater in rooted bulbs, held at a low temperature for 63 days in natural conditions, than in unrooted bulbs stored in a refrigerator for the same period. At the same time the levels of soluble mono- and oligosaccharides, and of soluble starch, increased in the scales and buds of chilled bulbs. These changes in sugar level were found to be correlated with changes in the activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes. The activity of these enzymes was higher in rooted bulbs than in those which had not rooted before treatment. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes was found to be considerably higher in the flower buds than in the scales.     

The effect of gibberellic acid on sprouting and flowering of some tulip cultivars

The effect of gibberellic acid, GA₃, on breaking of dormancy, sprouting and flowering of 9 cultivars of tulips was investigated, using 4 cultivars recommended for forcing and 5 not suitable for forcing. GA₃ was applied to the basal plates of the bulbs in a lanolin paste before planting, or was injected into the bulbs prior to rooting or after 38 or 64 days of cold treatment. The application of GA₃ stimulated sprouting, growth of floral stalks and flowering in all investigated cultivars. Injection of GA₃ was more effective than topical application. The effect of GA₃ on sprouting and flowering of plants was especially effective after 38 or 64 days of cold treatment. The possibility of applying GA₃ in commercial horticulture is considered.