生物质炭包裹缓释肥料的制备及养分释放特性

为探讨生物质炭作为膜材料制备包裹缓释肥料的可行性,以生物质炭(碳化稻壳)为包裹材料制备3种不同包裹厚度的包裹型缓释肥料,采用恒温土柱淋洗试验方法对肥料氮素释放特性进行分析。结果表明:包裹层越厚缓释效果越明显,包裹材料用量占被包裹肥料重量20%的肥料(SRF20)明显好于占15%和10%的肥料(SRF15、SRF10);Logistic曲线能很好地描述生物质炭包裹缓释肥料的氮素释放过程,其方程参数可以描述氮素释放特性,R值越大,肥料氮素释放越快,R值大小为SRF10>SRF15>SRF20;a值越大,说明包裹层越密实,肥料缓释效果越好,a值大小为SRF20>SRF15>SRF10;生物质炭(碳化稻壳)可以用来制备包裹型缓释肥料。     

粘土包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征及其增产效应

以尿素为缓释肥料核心,两种粘土矿物为包膜材料,聚乙烯醇为粘结剂,研制出两种包膜缓释肥料,并探讨了两种包膜肥料在土壤、石英砂等介质条件下的氮素释放特征及形态转化规律,还通过盆栽试验进一步研究了包膜尿素的增产效应。试验结果表明,与普通尿素相比,两种粘土矿物肥料均具有较好的缓释性能,在以石英砂为介质时表现的尤为明显;包膜后的尿素具有较明显的生物增产效应,两种包膜肥料在株高、鲜重、干重等主要产量性状方面与普通尿素均存在显著差异。     

包膜尿素的养分释放特征及其肥效

应用固-液反应包膜工艺，采用4种改性的无机包膜材料，试制出了成本较低的包膜缓释尿素，用水中溶出率法测定了包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征，应用盆栽水稻评价了包膜缓释尿素的肥效，并与国外的有机缓释氮肥（Methylene Urea）和高聚物包膜复合肥（Osmocotte）进行了比较，表明固-液反应型包膜尿素具有较好的养分缓释效果，4种包膜尿素与等氮和等重常规尿素相比，栽培水稻都有一定的增产作用，并提高了肥料利用率，其中LU增产最显著，比等氮和等重尿素处理分别增产41．5％和35．7％，肥料当季利用率达到43．9％，好于国外的有机缓释氮肥和高聚物包膜复合肥。养分释放特征与水稻氮素营养特征较为接近，可为水稻一次性施肥所用。     

肥料用改性聚乙烯醇包覆膜的制备及其性能的研究

采用有机高分子聚合反应制备缓释肥料的膜材料,对其进行红外表征,并通过浸水试验测定其吸水率,确定最佳改性方案。同时,为了进一步验证包膜材料对肥料养分的缓释作用,通过土柱淋洗试验测定包膜肥料的养分释放量,并将日本包膜肥料LP40与自制包膜肥料HP的缓释性能进行比较。结果表明, 环氧树脂中的环氧基团能与聚乙烯醇中的羟基发生醚化反应,减少分子中羟基数量,降低改性聚乙烯醇膜的吸水性; 在202℃的去离子水中,改性聚乙烯醇膜浸水24 h后,最低吸水率为1152 g/kg,比等浓度纯聚乙烯醇低884 g/kg; 聚乙烯醇浓度为70 g/kg,环氧树脂的加入量为25 g/kg（按聚乙烯醇溶液质量计）,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为2h,可得到吸水性较低的改性聚乙烯醇膜。自制包膜肥料HP具有一定的缓释效果,但与日本包膜肥料LP40相比缓释性能较差。     

基质肥料缓释基质的筛选及其氮素释放规律

为提高基质肥料的缓释性能,该文选用10种有机和无机基质制备基质肥料,通过砂柱间歇淋洗的方法研究了基质肥料的氮素释放规律,并根据Logistic方程的参数和氮素释放拐点的UPGMA聚类分析评价了10种基质的缓释效果,结果表明：基质肥料氮素累积释放率随时间的动态变化可用一级动力学方程、Elovich方程、抛物线扩散方程和Logistic方程表征,其中以Logistic方程拟合效果最好,这说明定量描述氮素养分释放规律的方程中以Logistic方程评价更具有实效性,而有机基质中氧化淀粉和木质素的缓释效果较好,无机基质中膨润土的缓释效果最好。     

控释技术处理碳铵、尿素的肥效及其机理初探

采用改性的工农业有机废弃物、无机矿物作为控释材料,对碳铵、尿素进行包膜与非包膜控释处理,通过盆栽试验研究其肥效,用室内淋溶试验和X衍射分析手段探讨其养分控释机理。结果表明,两种控释处理的氮肥均有较好的肥效,可以明显提高氮肥利用率。肥料的X衍射分析表明,有机控释材料活性基团与碳铵、尿素相互作用,晶体结构发生了较大的变化,结晶度下降;对于包裹太严实的控释肥料,混以养分释放速度快的肥料,以调整养分不同释放速度的纵向复合,更有利于提高产量及养分利用率。非包膜控释处理成本较低,与包膜控释处理的效果相当甚至更优。两种控释技术均能提升碳铵、尿素的市场竞争力,有重要的产业应用前景。     

淹水条件下氨酸法生产颗粒有机无机复混肥养分缓释特性

采用直接淋洗和淹水培养间歇淋洗两种方法评价氨酸法生产颗粒有机无机复混肥的养分缓释特性。结果表明,对氨酸法生产有机无机复混肥造粒,有直接减缓其有机和无机养分释放的效应。在等氮水平下,不同种类有机无机复混肥累积淋失的氮量明显不同,且与淋失的有机碳量没有明显的相关关系,表明有机与无机养分的配比比例影响肥料的氮释放特性。在本研究中,造粒对氨酸法生产的有机和单一无机氮复混肥中氮养分的缓释效果最差,而对氮钾比为2∶1的两种肥料中有机和无机养分的缓释效果均相对较好。     

肥料袋控缓释对桃氮素利用率及生长和结果的影响

根据果树个体较大的特点,改变一般缓释肥颗粒包膜的设计思路,用控释袋包装肥料,调节控释袋的微孔数目,达到控制养分释放的目的。对微孔数与氮素释放速率的关系进行研究,结果表明:袋控缓释肥料氮素释放可以用二次曲线模拟,相关系数达0.965以上,7排孔设计优于3排孔与5排孔设计,其养分释放较符合桃树对氮素养分需求特性。袋控缓释处理土壤无机氮（铵态氮＋硝态氮,Nmin）稳定,解决了肥料散施造成的短期内土壤有效氮水平过高的问题;袋控缓释处理肥料袋附近细根显著增多,有利于养分吸收利用,明显提高肥料氮素利用率,是一次散施、二次散施利用率的2.5倍、2倍;袋控缓释肥料使桃树新梢适时停止生长,产量显著提高。     

保水包膜尿素肥料理化特征

保水肥料是缓/控释肥料剂一个新的发展方向。本文中作者对研发的一种保水缓释包膜尿素肥料的包膜物理化学特征,养分缓释机制进行了研究。电镜观察显示,保水材料包膜上存在网状孔隙,膜厚度0.12mm~0.30mm,是水分贮存的物理空间。红外光谱分析表明,保水材料与尿素表面存在着氢键作用,这种氢键作用使保水包膜材料对尿素有一定吸附作用,这是保水包膜尿素具有养分缓释的一种机制。吸水倍率测定表明,保水包膜材料吸水倍率在70倍以上,吸水达饱和的时间为1.4小时,在盐水中还有一定的吸水倍率,pH为6.87。因此,保水包膜尿素肥料是水肥复合一体化的缓释肥料。     

基于水基反应成膜技术的聚合物包膜肥料的研制

以3种水基硅丙乳液(SD-528、SD-5281和GA-1710)为材料,利用水基反应成膜技术对这3种材料进行化学改性,制备了聚合物包膜肥料模型膜;研究了模型膜的养分扩散性能,在此基础上研制了水基聚合物包膜肥料;测定了包膜肥料养分释放曲线,并利用红外光声光谱对聚合物膜进行原位表征.结果表明,通过化学交联改性,硅丙基模型膜具有优良的成膜性和扩散性能,不同的乳液对包膜尿素的缓释效果影响显著;GA-1710和SD-528的缓释效果较好,在静态水中的释放时间可达到30 d,而SD-5281缓释性能较差,需要做进一步的化学改性;不同的乳液类型制备的包膜尿素的释放模式也不同,GA-1710累积释放曲线为"S"型,而SD-528为"L"型.因此,利用反应成膜技术,硅丙乳液在水基包膜肥料的研制中具有广阔的应用前景.     

天然木粉在包裹控释尿素上的应用

为探究木质纤维素类有机物在缓/控释肥上的应用效果,采用静水浸泡法,研究了3种天然木粉包裹控释尿素(CRU20、CRU25、CRU30)在常温条件下的养分释放规律,以及不同温度、pH值和水肥比对控释尿素养分释放规律的影响。结果表明:1)包裹控释尿素的缓释期随着包裹量的增大而变长,CRU20、CRU25、CRU30的理论缓释期分别为36、54,121d,不同的包裹量表现出不同的释放曲线模式。2)氮素释放速率受温度和pH值的影响较大,不同水肥比的差异不明显。3)包裹控释尿素释放机理为"崩溃"机制。天然木粉包裹控释尿素具有很好的推广应用价值。     

Preparation and properties of a coated slow-release and water-retention biuret phosphoramide fertilizer with superabsorbent

In this investigation, a novel water-insoluble slow-release fertilizer, biuret polyphosphoramide (BPAM), was formulated and synthesized from urea, phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)), and ferric oxide (Fe(2)O(3)). The structure of BPAM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Subsequently, a coated slow-release BPAM fertilizer with superabsorbent was prepared by ionic cross-linked carboxymethylchitosan (the core), acrylic acid, acrylamide, and active carbon (the coating). The variable influences on the water absorbency were investigated and optimized. Component analysis results showed that the coated slow-release BPAM contained 5.66% nitrogen and 11.7% phosphorus. The property of water retention, the behavior of slow release of phosphorus, and the capacity of adsorption of cations were evaluated, and the results revealed that the product not only had good slow-release property and excellent water retention capacity but also higher adsorption capacities of cations in saline soil.     

含氮、磷包膜缓释肥的制备及其缓释性能研究

采用红外光谱(FTIR)对以尿素、甲醛和磷酸一铵为原料,制备了以磷酸一铵为核心,脲醛肥为膜材料,同时含有氮、磷两种营养元素的包膜缓释肥的结构进行了研究。通过其在土壤中的养分释放特性表明,在土壤中,氮元素的缓释期为100 d,磷元素的缓释期为30 d;而在水中,氮元素在100 d时只释放了70%,磷元素在10 d时则达到100%。说明作为膜材料的缓释肥通过聚合物降解的化学过程,使氮元素获得了明显的缓释效果;作为核心的磷酸一铵,受包膜的物理保护,其分子中的磷元素也获得了一定的缓释效果。     

新型缓控释肥料的研制及其缓控释性能研究

以水性聚氨酯和水性丙烯酸的不同浓度配比溶液为包膜材料,添加粘结剂,采用流化床包涂的方法制备了新型缓控释肥料。用扫描电镜研究了包膜肥料的截面形貌。用水浸泡法、土壤淋溶法研究了包膜肥料的释放特性。     

包膜肥料ZP氮素释放特点及在夏玉米上的施用效果

通过田间试验研究了包膜肥料ZP氮素释放特点和在夏玉米上施用效果。结果表明:包膜肥料ZP氮素在土壤中的释放有效期可达80天左右,其释放动态大体可分为三个阶段,其中快速释放期在施入后24~42天。等氮量的不同施氮处理中,包膜肥料所占比例越高的处理玉米全生育期吸收氮素越多,产量越高,氮素的利用率也越高。全部施用包膜肥料的处理较全部供给尿素的处理氮肥利用率高出14.4%。     

Slow-release urea fertilizer from sulfur,gypsum, and starch-coated formulations

To address nitrogen (N)-related environmental pollution, development of an economical, slow-release urea fertilizer is the need of the hour. A study was conducted on the reduction of nitrogen released from granular urea fertilizer by applying sulfur, gypsum, bentonite, and starch as coating material. Paraffin wax was used as a binder. The dissolution rates were studied by changing the composition of coating mixture using high-performance liquid chromatography. SEM was used to study the morphology of coated urea in terms of smoothness and uniformity. The ultraviolet spectroscopy analysis further authenticated the release behavior of coated urea in terms of nitrogen concentration. Coating material reduced the release rate of nitrogen from urea fertilizer, significantly. Mixture of sulfur and gypsum coating on urea gave slowest release rate of nitrogen from urea fertilizer, i.e., 37%, as compared to uncoated urea and thus seems to be the most promising binding material for product development.     

不同粒径生物炭包膜尿素缓释肥性能及缓释效果

为探究生物炭粉包膜处理对尿素缓释效果的影响,该研究以不同粒径稻壳生物炭粉为包膜材料,对尿素颗粒进行不同层数包膜处理,分别制备了3种生物炭包膜尿素缓释肥C_1(0.15 mm生物炭粉包膜)、C_2(内层0.15 mm,外层0.25 mm生物炭粉包膜)和C_3(内层0.15 mm,中层0.25 mm,外层0.425 mm生物炭粉包膜),并对生物炭包膜尿素缓释肥性能及缓释效果进行了分析研究。研究结果表明3种生物炭包膜缓释肥粒径主要分布在2.90～4.80 mm,随着包膜层数的增加,包膜缓释肥粒径随之增大,C_2和C_3粒径显著高于C_1(P0.05)。C_1、C_2和C_3的抗压强度为20.40～48.00 N,满足工业生产需求。与C_1和C_2相比,C_3颗粒表面较光滑,切面具有致密且孔隙结构丰富的层状结构,吸水倍率最小(1.69),耐水性也显著优于C_1与C_2(P0.05),氮元素缓释效果优于C_1与C_2。综上可以看出,3层包膜尿素缓释肥膜壳强度高于单层和双层包膜尿素缓释肥,通过控制不同膜层生物炭的孔隙结构和孔径,减缓水分的渗入及养分的流出过程,缓释效果突出,为生物炭包膜缓释肥的开发应用提供一个新技术路径。     

Use of polysulfone in controlled-release NPK fertilizer formulations

Encapsulation of fertilizers in polymeric coatings is a method used to reduce fertilizer losses and to minimize environmental pollution. Polysulfone was used for a coating preparation for soluble NPK granular fertilizer in controlled-release fertilizer formulations. The coatings were formed by the phase inversion technique (wet method). The influence of the polymer concentration in the film-forming solution on the physical properties of the coatings was examined. The coating structure controls the diffusion of the elements from the interior of the fertilizer granule. It was experimentally confirmed that the use of polysulfone as a coating for a soluble fertilizer decreases the release rate of components. Moreover, the release rate of nutrients from coated granules decreases with the decrease of the coating porosity. In the case of coating with 38.5% porosity, prepared from 13.5% polymer solution after 5 h of test, 100% of NH(4)(+) was released, whereas only 19.0% of NH(4)(+) was released after 5 h for the coating with 11% porosity. In addition, coating of fertilizers leads to improvement of handling properties, and the crushing strength of all coated fertilizers was an average 40% higher than that for uncoated NPK fertilizer.     

Controlled-release NPK fertilizer encapsulated by polymeric membranes

The commercial granular fertilizer NPK6-20-30 was coated using polysulfone (PSF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and cellulose acetate (CA). The coatings were formed from the polymer solutions by the phase inversion technique. Measurements of the thickness and porosity of the prepared coatings and a microphotographic observation of the coatings were performed. The physical properties of the coatings influence the release rate of macronutrients which are present in the core of the coated fertilizer. In the case of PAN coating with 60.45% porosity, prepared from a 16% polymer solution, 100% of NH(4)(+) and P(2)O(5) was released after 4 h of test and 99.7% of K(+) after 5 h of test, whereas in the case of coating with 48.8% porosity, 31.8% of NH(4)(+), 16.7% of P(2)O(5), and 11.6% of K(+) was released after 5 h. In all experiments, different selectivities of the coatings in terms of the release of components were observed. The release of potassium through the coatings made of PSF and PAN was the slowest. The same tendency was observed for the release of nitrogen through a coating of CA. The release of fertilizer active components was the slowest in the case of PSF. The lowest porosity coating was prepared from the 18% PSF solution.