MTL对油菜生理的调控作用

利用同位素示踪技术研究盆栽条件下ＭＴＬ（多元醇）对油菜营养的调控作用。试验结果表明：（１）油菜初花期喷４μｇ／ＬＭＴＬ,对基肥１５Ｎ—碳胺的利用率提高８．２％;（２）ＭＴＬ促进植株根系对３２Ｐ的吸收,初花期、盛花期和成熟期分别比对照增加５１．４％、４８．５％和４３．６％;（３）ＭＴＬ增加油菜植株１４ＣＯ２同化量,初花期叶片增加３９．４％,成熟期角果增加４９．６％;（４）ＭＴＬ能调节油菜吸收的１５Ｎ、３２Ｐ和１４ＣＯ２光合产物的运转分配,促进氮、磷和同化产物向籽粒运转,提高菜籽产量;（５）ＭＴＬ还能提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性。     

农杆菌介导法将β—1,3—葡聚糖酶基因导入油菜的研究初报

将克阼的烟草β－１,３－葡聚糖酶基因插入双子叶植物高效表达载体ｐＢｉｎ４３８中,构建了植物表达载体ｐＢＬＧ。利用农杆菌介导法,将此抗真菌基因导入甘蓝型双低油菜品种Ｈ１６５中,得到了抗卡那霉素的再生植株,并探讨了影响油菜分化的几个要素。结果表明：乙酰丁香酮及硝酸银等物质对油菜分化及绿苗的形成具有重要作用; 采对卡那霉素十分敏感,提高卡那霉素浓度可可能将一部分转化体淘汰,对８株再生株株进行了ＰＣＲ检测     

甘蓝型油菜不同基因型幼苗磷营养差异的研究

以对低磷敏感性不同的甘蓝型油菜进行营养液培养，研究施磷和不施磷条件下不同基因型油菜苗期生长及磷营养等方面的差异。结果表明，在不同施磷处理中，不同基因型油菜外部形态，生物量和根冠比存在明显差异；磷营养影响不同基因型油菜的磷吸收和分配，以及地上部氮，钾，钙，镁的吸收。     

Management strategies for forage rape (Brassica napus L. cv Goliath): Impact on dry-matter yield,plant reserves,morphology and nutritive value

Limited information is available on the grazing management principles of forage rape (Brassica napus L.), particularly in relation to grazing height and intensity and the impact of these on dry-matter (DM) yield and nutritive value. A glasshouse study was undertaken to investigate the effect of three defoliation heights (plant height at harvest; DH: 40, 70 and 90 cm; L, M and H DH respectively) and three defoliation intensities (height at which plants were cut; DI: 5, 20 and 35 cm of residual height; H, M and L DI respectively) on forage rape (cv Goliath) yield and nutritive value at two harvests (harvest 1, H1 and harvest 2, H2), and the impact of nitrogen (N) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves on regrowth. Increasing DH from L to H increased estimated total DM yield (H1 plus H2) from 0.5 to 4.6 t DM/ha but DI did not affect yield. Dry-matter yield was optimized at 90 cm DH, but greater nutritive value was achieved by harvesting at lower levels of DH. Despite high in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD; 852–889 g/kg), harvesting at 90 cm DH could not meet the protein requirement of lactating dairy cows and harvesting at lower levels risks nitrate poisoning. Our results indicate the optimum DH may be between 70 and 90 cm DH, and 20 and 35 cm DI, which requires further studies.     

甘蓝型油菜花色性状的遗传研究

以甘蓝型油菜白花和金黄花突变体及正常黄花亲本为材料 ,研究油菜花色性状的遗传表现。结果表明 ,白花对黄花由一对不完全显性基因 WW控制 ,杂合体 Ww表现为乳白花 ;黄花对金黄花是由二对具有重叠作用的显性基因 Y1 Y1 Y2 Y2 控制 ;白花对金黄花有三对基因差异 ,其中白花基因具有上位性作用 ,只需一个白花基因 W存在 ,即可抑制黄花与金黄花性状的表达。因此 ,油菜花色性状是由不同的等位基因控制的 ,而不是由复等位基因控制。 3个亲本的基因型分别是 :白花亲本为 WWY1 Y1 Y2 Y2 ,黄花亲本为 ww Y1 Y1 Y2 Y2 ,金黄花亲本为 wwy1 y1 y2 y2 。     

温度对油菜黑胫病菌(Leptosphaeria biglobosa)假囊壳和子囊孢子发育的影响

油菜黑胫病是双球小球腔菌(Leptosphaeria biglobosa)引起的一种真菌病害,在油菜产区广泛发生.为了解我国特定气候和栽培条件下的流行规律,通过室内试验和田间试验探讨了温度对罹病油菜茎秆上L.biglobosa假囊壳和子囊孢子发育的影响.室内试验结果表明:在保证环境水分(湿度)充足的条件下,温度影响L....     

Voluntary intake,digestibility and nitrogen utilization by sheep fed ensiled forage legumes

An experiment was conducted to compare the nutritive value of a range of ensiled forage legumes. Silages were prepared from late second‐cut lotus (Lotus corniculatus), first‐cut sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and both early and late second‐cut red clover (Trifolium pratense) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). Each experimental silage was offered to six Suffolk‐cross wether lambs, aged 10 months, housed in metabolism crates. Voluntary intakes of dry matter ranged from 71 to 81 g kg^?1 liveweight^0·75 d^?1. Voluntary intakes were similar on the lotus, sainfoin and late‐cut red clover silages, but the voluntary intake on the lotus silage was significantly higher than that on the lucerne silages and early‐cut red clover silage. Digestibility of organic matter in the dry matter was highest for the lotus silage (0·650), and lowest for the sainfoin silage (0·527). Although most of the N in the sainfoin silage appeared to be in an indigestible form, N digestibility was approximately 0·70 for the other legume silages. The highest loss of N in urine, 0·75 of N intake, was recorded for lambs offered the lucerne silage. Differences in N intake, N loss in faeces and N loss in urine led to statistically significant differences in the amount of N retained, with the highest and lowest N balances recorded for the lotus (16 g N d^?1) and sainfoin (?2 g N d^?1) silages respectively. The results confirm that these high protein forages have high intake potential. While low N digestibility appears to limit the nutritional value of sainfoin, further research could formulate feeding strategies that improve the efficiency with which the protein from red clover, lucerne and lotus is utilized.     

油菜素内酯在不同生育期对两品系甘蓝型油菜的生长调控

为了解油菜素内酯对甘蓝型油菜品质及弱光反应的影响,以湘油15号的2个辐照突变品系（含油量和产油量明显不同的XY881和XY883）为材料,研究表油菜素内酯（epibrassinolide, 2,4-BL）在不同生育阶段对甘蓝型油菜生长发育的影响。通过盆栽试验和2014-2016年两年度田间试验,分析2,4-BL对种子萌发、营养生长、产油量及相关构成因子的影响。结果表明,2,4-BL对2品系的影响具有相似规律,包括：对种子萌发具有剂量效应,低浓度下促进种子萌发,高浓度下抑制种子萌发;在全生育期低剂量的2,4-BL促进主茎伸长、提高光合效率、促进结实,但不影响成熟种子大小和含油量;在盛花后使用,延缓种子成熟而造成授粉后40 d种子含油量下降;长期短间隔使用2, 4-BL降低调控作用。在分子水平上,2,4-BL诱导油菜素类固醇信号通路和光信号通路关键转录因子BnaPIF4、 BnaBZR1 和BnaBES 的基因表达。推测2,4-BL通过诱导甘蓝型油菜中油菜素内酯和光信号途径相关转录因子基因表达,激活下游调控的基因网络,通过促进光合作用延长营养生长时间、促进主茎生长和结实,进而影响产油量。因此认为表油菜素内酯可以作为生长调节剂在油菜生产中使用,建议低浓度或长间隔施用,且尽量在油菜盛花期之前使用。     

7个甘蓝型油菜品种对硼胁迫反应的差异

以甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种青油10号和硼低效品种Bakow为比对,通过土培试验进一步对7个甘蓝型油菜品种的硼效率进行筛选鉴定,得到甘蓝型油菜硼偏高效品种8Z05和9S35;硼中效品种华双3号、6203、97081和97009;硼低效品种9S03.同一品种缺硼处理和正常硼处理植株的人工互相授粉结果表明,缺硼对硼低效品种结实性的影响显著大于硼高效和偏高效品种.缺硼时,花期硼高效和偏高效品种能将吸收的硼较大限度地向蕾花分配或优先向蕾花运输,以较少的硼完成生长发育,获得较高的产量.这可能是硼高效的生理机制之一.     

氮素形态对冬油菜幼苗生长的影响

通过营养液培养试验研究了硝态氮（NO3-）和铵态氮（NH4+）不同搭配比例对甘蓝型油菜中双9号幼苗生长的影响。试验设5个处理：NO3-:NH4+分别为100:0（N1）、75:25（N2）、50:50（N3）、25:75（N4）和0:100（N5）。结果发现,与N1处理相比,油菜幼苗干重、根长、根表面积、根体积、氮（N）含量及N积累量、硝酸还原酶活性等指标均以N2处理最高,之后随着营养液中NH4+比例的升高而显著降低。而光合色素含量、铁（Fe）和锰（Mn）浓度却随营养液中NH4+的添加而显著升高,锌（Zn）浓度随NH4+的添加而显著降低。说明中双9号属于喜硝态氮的作物,在供应NO3-时搭配适量的NH4+更有利于其生长,但是当NH4+比例超过50％时,则会显著抑制其生长。     

The effect of sowing date and nitrogen on the dry‐matter yield and nitrogen content of forage rape (Brassica napus L.) and stubble turnips (Brassica rapa L.) in Ireland

Two field experiments were conducted at Teagasc, Moorepark, Ireland, to determine the effect of sowing date and nitrogen application on the dry‐matter (DM) yield and crude protein (CP) content of forage rape and stubble turnips. The first experiment consisted of three sowing dates (1 August, 15 August and 31 August) with four rates of fertilizer N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha^?1) on forage rape DM yields. The second experiment consisted of three sowing dates (1 August, 15 August and 31 August) with four rates of fertilizer N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha^?1) over two soil sites (fertile or nitrogen depleted) on forage rape and stubble turnip DM yields. A delay in sowing from 1 to 31 August characterized a 74·5% decrease in forage rape DM yield, while stubble turnip DM yield decreased by 55·5%. Forage rape DM yields increased positively up to 120 kg N ha^?1 at the first two sowing dates over both sites. In contrast, stubble turnips showed less response beyond 40 kg N ha^?1 on site 1 in the first two sowing dates, while DM yield increased positively up to 120 kg N ha^?1 on the less fertile site. The results indicate that the optimal sowing time for forage rape and a stubble turnip in Ireland was early August.     

5-羟色胺对油菜幼苗干旱的缓解效应

为探讨5-羟色胺（又名血清素）对油菜耐旱性的调节作用,以中双11号为材料,通过水培试验,采用PEG6000 (polyethylene glycol)胁迫模拟干旱,分析了干旱条件下施加外源5-羟色胺对油菜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,在干旱模拟胁迫下,油菜的生长受到抑制,过氧化氢（H2O2）、丙二醛（malonadialdehyde,MDA）、脯氨酸（proline,Pro）以及可溶性糖(soluble sugar,SS)的含量明显增加,过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）的活性显著提高。在干旱模拟条件下施加外源5-羟色胺可以缓解干旱对油菜幼苗的不良影响,促进其生长。与单纯干旱模拟条件下的幼苗相比,添加外源5-羟色胺显著地提高了CAT、SOD、APX的活性,减少了过氧化氢和丙二醛的积累,同时渗透调节物质脯氨酸与可溶性糖含量显著增加。以上结果说明,外源5-羟色胺通过增加油菜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性来清除过多的过氧化氢和丙二醛,减轻膜脂过氧化反应,同时提高渗透调节物质含量从而缓解干旱胁迫对油菜幼苗的不利因素,促进油菜幼苗生物量积累,提高油菜幼苗的耐旱能力。     

硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜产量和品质的效应

通过土培试验,研究硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜产量和品质的效应.结果表明:严重缺硼(B1)时,4个油菜品种均绝收,缺硼(B2)及硼正常(B3)时,各品种均有产量,硼高效和偏高效品种产量大于硼低效品种,前者品质较后者差,表现出硼效率越高而品质越差的趋势.硼对低效品种品质的改善作用大于硼高效和偏高效品种.     

Crop rotation-dependent yield responses to fertilization in winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

Differences in soil physical, chemical and biological properties between paddy–upland and continuous upland rotations will influence nutrient relations and crop growth. With the aim of estimating rapeseed yield performance in response to fertilization in rice–rapeseed(RR) and cotton–rapeseed(CR) rotations, on-farm experiments were conducted at 70 sites across Hubei province, central China. The economically optimal fertilizer rates of winter oilseed rape in different rotations were determined. Field experiments showed that previous crops significantly influenced seed yields. Without N fertilization,seed yields were significantly lower for the RR rotation than for the CR rotation. The average yield increase ratio and agronomic efficiency associated with nitrogen(N)fertilization in the RR rotation were 96.6% and 6.56 kg kg- 1, significantly higher than those in the CR rotation. No seed yield differences were detected between the two rotations under phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) fertilization. In contrast to the CR rotation, N fertilizer played a more vital role in maintaining high seed yields in the RR rotation owing to the lower indigenous soil N supply. Compared with local N fertilizer recommendation rates for the RR rotation, on average an additional 18 kg N ha- 1was recommended according to the economically optimal N fertilizer rate(EONFR). In contrast, the EONFR was 14 kg N ha- 1lower than the locally recommended N fertilizer rate for the CR rotation. There were no differences between the two rotations for the average economically optimal P and K fertilization rates. Consequently, the average EONFR of winter oilseed rape could be reduced if cotton rather than rice preceded the winter oilseed rape.     

Impacts of fertilization systems on nitrogen loss and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Farmyard manure is considered as a source of plant nutrient supply, but high N loss and low N use efficiency are often serious challenges facing this source of nutrient. It is supposed that a combination of manure with inorganic fertilizers can reduce this problem. A two year experiment was conducted in 2004-2005 at Mazandran province of Iran in order to study the effects of manure, inorganic nitrogen and combination of manure-inorganic nitrogen on N loss and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) under rainfed conditions. Treatments included 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha(-1) urea (F0, F50, F100, F150), 100 kg N ha(-1) urea + 50 kg N ha(-1) manure (F100M50), 50 kg N ha(-1) urea + 100 kg N ha(-1) manure (F50M100), 150 kg N ha(-1) manure (M150). The highest grain yield (3 ton ha(-1)) was obtained with the 150 kg N ha(-1) as urea treatment in both years. Grain yield in M150 treatment was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than F150. However F100M50 and F50M100 resulted in similar yields compared with F150 treatment. Results also showed that F100M50 and F50M100 treatments decreased N loss (4 and 3 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), respectively) compared to application of manure alone (33.5 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) and F150 (36 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)). Overall, it could be conducted that F100M50 is the best treatment because it produced similar grain yield compared to F150 while resulted in lower N loss as well.     

甘蓝型油菜产量性状的遗传及相关与通径分析

以7个不育系和4个恢复系为材料,采用增广NCⅡ交配设计进行油菜4个产量性状的遗传及6个产量构成因子间的相关与通径分析,结果显示：(1)油菜千粒重的遗传符合加性—显性模型,单株有效角果数、角粒数和单株粒重的遗传符合加性—显性—上位性模型。(2)育种上应在保持较多角粒数的前提下,提高千粒重,适当控制单株有效角果数,减少分枝尤其是二次分枝进而提高单产。     

模拟酸雨对油菜幼苗生物量及其生理指标的影响

采用土培的方法研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨(acidrain,AR)对油菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,pH≥4.0的酸雨刺激幼苗生长,生物量和色素含量维持在与对照(pH6.0)相当或更高的水平;抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD和过氧化氢酶CAT)活性和非酶抗氧化剂(抗坏血酸AsA和谷胱甘肽GSH)含量与对照相比无显著差异。随着酸雨酸度的进一步增强(pH≤4.0),油菜幼苗的生物量、色素含量、抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化剂含量逐渐下降,且下降速度越来越快;膜脂发生过氧化,丙二醛含量和相对电导率显著增加。当pH≤2.5时,幼苗叶片可观察到不同程度的伤斑。     

油菜黑胫病抗性相关基因BnWRKY70的功能研究

WRKY转录因子是植物信号传导过程中的重要成员,在植物抗病过程中发挥着重要作用。为了解BnWRKY70在油菜黑胫病抗性反应中的作用机理,本研究对油菜响应黑胫病菌侵染产生的特异基因BnWRKY70进行序列分析;将克隆得到BnWRKY70基因CDS 308bp特异区段,利用烟草脆裂病毒（Tobacco rattle virus, TRV）载体构建了基于病毒诱导的油菜基因沉默体系;利用qRT-PCR验证目的基因的表达水平;最后进一步通过表型观察和病情指数统计分析评价BnWRKY70基因沉默植株在接种黑胫病菌之后油菜的抗病性。结果表明,BnWRKY70基因最长ORF为858bp,编码285个氨基酸,含有一个WRKY保守结构域,属于Ⅲ类WRKY转录因子。BnWRKY70基因沉默后的表达量显著下降,说明在油菜中成功构建了VIGS体系。表型观察发现基因沉默油菜株系叶片比未沉默株系更易感病,病斑面积更大,且病情指数显著高于对照,说明BnWRKY70基因沉默减弱了油菜的抗病性。本研究为揭示BnWRKY70在油菜病原菌分子互作机制中的作用奠定基础。     

6-BA和PP333对油菜幼苗抗寒性的影响

选用6-BA和PP333为材料,在网室盆栽条件下研究不同浓度的植物生长调节剂对油菜幼苗抗寒性的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内提高6-BA和PP333浓度可以提高油菜幼苗单株重,降低离体叶片电导率和游离氨基酸的渗出率。随6-BA和PP333浓度升高,叶片中SOD、CAT和POD活性及根系活力均呈单峰曲线变化,当6-BA和PP333浓度均为50 m g.L-1时,叶片中抗氧化物保护酶活性和根系活力达到最大值。一定浓度的6-BA和PP333可提高叶片膜系统保护酶活性,降低叶片膜脂过氧化程度,改善根系活力,从而增强油菜的抗寒性,6-BA和PP333较适宜的浓度均为50 m g.L-1左右。     

甘蓝型油菜自然群体苗期磷效率分析及磷高效优异种质筛选

为了筛选磷高效优异种质,研究油菜磷高效遗传,以甘蓝型油菜自然群体400个品种为试验材料,通过营养液培养方法进行了两轮苗期磷效率评估（分别命名为试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ）。该群体在低磷和正常磷处理下地上部干重、根系干重、根冠比、主根长和磷效率系数均呈现正态分布特征,品种间存在较大的基因型变异。以低磷处理地上部干重和磷效率系数为筛选指标,在试验Ⅰ中分别筛选出磷高效和低效候选品种各17份和13份,在试验Ⅱ中分别筛选出磷高效和低效候选品种各17份和18份。结合试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ,确定苗期磷高效候选品种32份,磷低效候选品种31份,可用以开展后续研究。