甲基磺酸乙酯诱变技术在大豆育种上的应用

从甲基磺酸乙酯（EMs）诱变育种的作用原理出发,介绍了EMS诱变育种的特点．包括简便易行、突变频率高与缩短育种年限等。论述了EMS诱变育种的关键技术,详细阐述了EMS诱变在大豆育种上的应用,并对大豆EMS诱变育种的目标和前景进行了探讨。     

甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对玉米自交系诱变效应的研究

用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯处理玉米自交系082的种子,研究了该诱变剂对玉米的诱变效应.结果表明:甲基磺酸乙酯对玉米自交系种子是一种有效的化学诱变剂,在M1代引起了较大的生理损伤和生物学效应,M2代质量性状未发生明显变异,但株高、穗位高、茎周长和穗上叶片长等数量性状出现了较高的突变频率,其中株高的负突变增加明显。     

EMS诱变的普通小麦豫农201突变体库的构建与初步分析

为了构建小麦EMS突变体库,为小麦功能基因组学研究准备基础材料,利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)溶液诱变处理豫农201种子,对获得的M2代植株进行农艺性状及其他生物学性状的表型筛选,结果共获得722份叶、茎、穗和其他性状发生变异的突变体,其中139份叶片性状突变、220份茎秆性状突变、38份穗部和籽粒性状突变、325份其他性状突变,突变频率分别为2.20%、3.49%、0.60%、5.15%.利用SDS-PAGE对突变体的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基进行分析,共发现有21个缺失不同类型亚基的突变体.本研究初步构建的豫农201 EMS突变群体可应用于小麦功能基因组研究和小麦遗传改良.     

甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)在创造玉米新种质中的应用

本文综述了EMS的作用机制、作用特点及EMS在创造玉米新种质中的应用等方面的内容,并对EMS在玉米遗传育种研究中的利用前景进行了论述。     

棉花人工突变体的研究进展及其利用展望

棉花突变体的创造是棉花功能基因组研究的基础。对棉花突变体来源、种类及研究进展进行了总结和评述,提出了未来棉花突变体发掘和创制的方法;并针对棉花突变体研究所面临的问题进行分析,对其利用前景进行了展望。     

春性甘蓝型油菜EMS突变体库的构建与筛选

创制突变体库是甘蓝型油菜品种选育和重要性状遗传解析的重要基础。春性甘蓝型油菜开花不需漫长的春化过程,生育期短,在创制突变体库方面具有独特优势。本研究采用甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变春性油菜862种子,以构建春性油菜EMS诱变突变体资源库。通过比较8种不同浓度EMS（0~1.4%,间隔0.2%）对发芽率的影响,最终确定使用0.8%的EMS作为最佳处理浓度,发芽率为37.2%。田间种植筛选与表型统计初步鉴定了M2代1823个单株的形态学性状,突变频率为3.91%,主要包括叶色、叶形、株高、株型、角果长短、种粒大小、种皮颜色、种子含油量以及其它性状变异等,突变类型十分丰富。该突变体库的构建为油菜功能基因组学研究和分子育种提供表型多样的种质资源。     

白燕2号EMS突变体的形态鉴定与遗传变异分析

为促进燕麦的遗传改良,采用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)处理裸燕麦品种“白燕2号”种子,构建燕麦EMS突变体库,对获得的M²代突变体的形态特征进行调查鉴定,估计突变效果并采用内含子切结点引物和长随机引物的PCR技术分析M²代突变体间的遗传多态性。结果显示,所创制的燕麦突变体库的M²代个体间表现出了丰富的遗传变异,变异的总频率为 7.17%。采用15个内含子切接点引物和长随机引物对其中39个突变体株系进行PCR检测,共扩增出99条谱带,其中多态性条带65条,多态性条带比率为65.7％。突变体株系间的遗传相似系数为0.667～0.973,表现出丰富的遗传变异。表明构建的燕麦EMS突变体库具有丰富的突变类型,可用于燕麦重要性状突变体的筛选和候选基因的功能分析。     

EMS和60^Co-γ射线辐照复合诱变黄麻突变体苗期生理生化特性研究

为丰富黄麻种质资源和扩大突变体容量,本研究采用物理诱变（60^Co-γ）和化学诱变（EMS）相结合的方法,以＂中黄麻4号＂等7个黄麻品种为材料,观察记录诱变黄麻苗期的形态学变化,分析诱变黄麻的代谢特性和抗性指标。结果表明EMS和60^Co-γ射线对黄麻幼苗的叶片产生不同程度的损伤,前者主要导致叶片卷曲,后者导致叶片分叉。复合诱变导致黄麻幼苗脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量和根系活力提高。而可溶性蛋白、SOD活性和POD活性变化则品种之间呈现差异。本研究为黄麻种质创新的方法提供了参考,并且丰富了黄麻突变体的材料。     

应用化学诱变法筛选抗草甘膦大豆突变株系

利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)和叠氮化钠,对黑龙江省大面积推广的6个农艺性状优良的大豆品种进行种子处理.不同品种按不同处理剂量分区种植,按常规法单株选择收获.不同浓度诱变剂处理大豆种子的M1代成活率均高于半致死浓度处理;对M3代35518个植株于3叶期进行喷洒1.31ai.kg·hm2草甘膦浓度鉴定,其中40株生长正常,所获抗性植株是经5 mmol·L-1叠氮化钠诱变处理的绥农10和黑农44.2008年继续对M4代进行鉴定,抗草甘膦特性可以稳定遗传.应用化学诱变法可以在后代群体中筛选到具有抗草甘膦特性的突变株系.     

水稻高压变异材料的SSR标记和叶片可溶性蛋白质含量分析

应用微卫星标记技术和可溶性蛋白质含量测定,对水稻品种粤香占及其由高压引起的变异材料粤压1、2、3、4号进行分子生物学研究。结果表明,在选取的88对微卫星引物中有11对表现多态性,变异材料与原种的多态性频率介于3.4%~11.3%,多态性标记随机地分布于水稻染色体上,形态上与原种越相近的材料多态性位点数越少。此外,每一变异材料叶片可溶性蛋白质含量互不相同,均显著低于对照。     

Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rice Mutants Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure

Three mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L. ), Mutant 1, Mutant 2 and Mutant 3, which were selected by high hydrostatic pressure (75 MPa), and their parent Yuexiangzhan were used to study the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence during different growth stages. In all the three mutants, the function of PS Ⅱ was improved, Fv/ Fm ratio of mutants increased compared to their parent at tillering and heading stage, and ФPS Ⅱ also improved except for Mutant 2 at heading stage. Similar to their parent, the mutants exhibited slight photoinhibition at noon and almost complete recovery to initial levels of 6:00 after 18:00 at heading stage. At milking stage, the photoinhibition in the mutants was obvious, and recovered rapidly compared to the parent. Yields of individual plant and grain/straw ratio were also higher in three mutants than the parent. Results indicated that characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of mutants and their photoinhibition in the field had changed. It is suggested that high hydrostatic pressure induction could be applied as a new effective approach in high-yield rice breeding in the future.     

Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rice Mutants Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure

Three mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L. ), Mutant 1, Mutant 2and Mutant 3, which were selected by high hydrostatic pressure (75 MPa), and their parent Yuexiangzhan were used to study the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence during different growth stages. In all the three mutants, the function of PSⅡ was improved, Fy/Fm ratio of mutants increased compared to their parent at tillering and heading stage, and φPS Ⅱ also improved except for Mutant 2 at heading stage. Similar to their parent, the mutants exhibited slight photoinhibition at noon and almost complete recovery to initial levels of 6:00 after 18:00 at heading stage. At milking stage, the photoinhibition in the mutants was obvious, and recovered rapidly compared to the parent. Yields of individual plant and grain/straw ratio were also higher in three mutants than the parent. Results indicated that characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of mutants and their photoinhibition in the field had changed. It is suggested that high hydrostatic pressure induction could be applied as a new effective approach in high-yield rice breeding in the future.     

合系4号5个低直链淀粉突变体的遗传分析

 对粳稻品种合系4号诱变产生的5个低直链淀粉突变体YM1、YM2、P152、P153、P154进行了遗传分析。这5个低直链淀粉突变体的低直链淀粉含量均受一对隐性基因控制,并具等位性,且与wx位点不等位。直链淀粉含量较高的YM1（10.50%)与其他4个低直链淀粉含量突变体杂交F2存在着由一对等位基因控制的分离现象,直链淀粉含量较高对较低表现为显性。     

EMS诱发大豆“南农94-16”突变体库的扩建及部分突变体的SSR分析

甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)是一种稳定、高效的诱发点突变的诱变剂.采用EMS处理大豆"南农94-16"的种子,在初步构建大豆突变体库的基础上进一步扩建了大豆突变体库,获得95份茎、叶、花、种子等性状变异的突变材料.采用200对SSR标记分别对其中高蛋白、叶黄化等9个不同性状的突变体进行了鉴定.结果表明:与对照相比突变体发生了多位点的变异.构建的突变体库不但可以作为新的种质资源,而且可促进大豆功能基因组研究的开展.     

Analysis of SSLP and Soluble Protein Contents in Leaves of Mutants Induced by High Pressure in Rice （Oryza sativa）

Rice variety Yuexiangzhan and its mutants induced by high pressure were studied using microsatcllite markers and soluble protein content analyses. Eleven of the 88 microsatellite primer pairs showed evident polymorphisms repeatedly, and the polymorphic frequencies were 3.4-11.3% between the mutants and Yuexiangzhan. The polymorphic markers were randomly located on chromosomes. The more similar the plant types of the mutants like their original variety, the less polymorphic loci were detected. In addition, there was variation in the soluble protein contents among the leaves of mutants, and the contents were significantly lower than those of the original variety.     

Analysis of SSLP and Soluble Protein Contents in Leaves of Mutants Induced by High Pressure in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Rice variety Yuexiangzhan and its mutants induced by high pressure were studied using microsatellite markers and soluble protein content analyses. Eleven of the 88 microsatellite primer pairs showed evident polymorphisms repeatedly, and the polymorphic frequencies were 3.4-11.3% between the mutants and Yuexiangzhan. The polymorphic markers were randomly located on chromosomes. The more similar the plant types of the mutants like their original variety, the less polymorphic loci were detected. In addition, there was variation in the soluble protein contents among the leaves of mutants,and the contents were significantly lower than those of the original variety.     

基于EMS诱变的济麦22抗旱节水突变体创制与鉴定

干旱和水资源匮乏是北方麦区小麦生产中存在的主要问题之一,培育抗旱型和节水型小麦新品种是解决这一问题的有效途径,创制抗旱节水新种质是培育小麦品种的重要物质基础。本研究用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变小麦品种济麦22,获得济麦22遗传稳定突变体223份,采用旱地增产和聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫方法,筛选出18份抗旱增产突变体;经旱作胁迫和节水性鉴定,12份突变体具有极强抗旱性(抗旱指数DI≥1.300)、10份突变体具有极强节水性(节水指数WSI≥1.400),其中7份突变体同时具有极强抗旱性和极强节水性,编号分别为22-3、22-4、22-5、22-9、22-13、22-16和22-17,可以作为抗旱型和节水型优异种质加以利用;此外,突变体22-1、22-10、22-11、22-12和22-14可以作为抗旱种质,22-2、22-7和22-18可以作为节水种质。经相关性分析,突变体在雨养生境下的产量相关性状可作为小麦抗旱种质的筛选指标,突变体穗粒数以及在节水生境下的单位产量可作为小麦节水种质筛选指标。     

棉铃壳生物炭对尼泊金乙酯吸附特性研究

为促进棉铃壳的资源化利用,以棉铃壳为材料,采用慢速热解技术于300 ℃、400 ℃、500 ℃条件下制备生物炭吸附剂（BC300、BC400、BC500）,检测其去除废水中尼泊金乙酯（Ethyl paraben,EP）的效果。吸附试验结果表明,生物炭的制备温度显著影响其对EP的吸附效果,3个温度制备的生物炭对EP的吸附能力表现为BC500＞BC400＞BC300。此外,废水中EP的初始质量浓度、吸附温度和时间等均能影响吸附效果。45 ℃下EP初始质量浓度为40 mg·L^－1时,BC500对EP去除率最高,达89.4%。生物炭对EP的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模式和Freundlich模式。研究结果探明了在3个温度下制备的棉铃壳生物炭去除废水中EP的最适条件,可为棉铃壳应用于EP等有机污染物的去除提供依据。     

5%氨基寡糖素诱导棉花抗枯黄萎病研究

通过田间病圃法测定了氨基寡糖素喷施后诱导棉花抗枯黄萎病表现及相关防御酶活性变化。结果表明:与对照相比(乙蒜素处理),氨基寡糖素诱导后棉花对枯黄萎病抗性表现与乙蒜素存在极显著差异,喷施3次后诱导棉花对枯萎病和黄萎病防治效果分别是73.39%和41.19%,诱导对枯萎病抗性效果高于黄萎病;且随着喷洒次数增加,诱导抗枯黄萎病的能力也在不断增加。抗性相关防御酶活性测定结果表明:氨基寡糖素处理3次,棉叶中的POD、PPO和PAL的活性均有不同程度上升,说明氨基寡糖素能够诱导棉叶中POD、PPO和PAL的活性。在小区试验的基础上,开展了5%氨基寡糖素诱导棉花抗枯黄萎病的田间示范,调查结果表明5%氨基寡糖素诱导棉花对枯、黄萎病防治效果最高分别可达80%和70%。