人工老化对大麦种子萌发过程中发芽特性及部分酶活性的影响

为了探究大麦种子的劣变机制,采用40℃与80%相对湿度的人工老化条件,对4个大麦品种进行老化处理,待种子风干后,测定其发芽特性、活性指标和5种抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果发现,大麦发芽特性指标在老化过程中呈反S型下降趋势;大麦种子浸出液相对电导率变化趋势不稳定,与发芽特性指标相关性不显著,四氮唑还原强度先上升后下降,过氧化氢酶活性先上升后下降,过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性总体呈下降趋势。种子发芽速率相关指标适合对大麦贮藏性的评价;种子浸出液相对电导率不能准确、灵敏地反映大麦种子的活性状况;四氮唑还原强度可作为部分大麦品种的活性评定指标;过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性与大麦种子老化过程密切相关。     

大麦种子和啤酒大麦的贮藏特点及安全贮藏技术

大麦，不仅是我国的重要饲料来源，而且是啤酒工业的重要原料。作种用种子和啤酒大麦除了要求有较高的内在品质，还需保持较高的发芽率。所以，掌握大麦种子和啤麦贮藏期间的特点与科学的贮藏技术，是安全贮藏、提高种子和啤麦使用价值的关键所在。1大麦种子、啤麦的贮藏特点大麦种子和啤麦（啤麦的贮藏要求与种子相似，为叙述方便，以下简称种子）收获后在后熟期内一般不能立即发芽，即使有些麦粒能发芽，发芽率也不高，常在80％以下。种子在这一阶段，由于该阶段旺盛的时吸作用和低分子缩合作用过程（氨基酸合成蛋白质，脂肪酸合成脂肪，…     

春大豆种子在贮藏期间的一些生理生化变化

四个春大豆品种在8个月的贮藏过程中,随着贮藏时间延长,种子不断老化劣变,发芽率降低,脱氨酶活性和过氧化物酶活性下降,以及膜透性增大。种皮黑色的品种较黄色的品种抗劣变能力强。四个品种耐贮藏力大小顺序为:泰兴黑豆>矮脚早>湘春豆10号>吉林21号。     

真空低温氦气等离子体对小麦和大麦种子萌发的影响

为了解低温氦气等离子体种子处理效果在作物品种间的差异以及时效性,以不同小麦和大麦品种为材料,分析了不同功率等离子体对小麦和大麦种子萌发的影响。结果表明,在80、100和120W条件下,等离子体处理对小麦各品种发芽势、发芽率以及发芽指数的影响不一致,其中对淮麦23、淮麦25、淮麦33及济麦22的处理效果较好,能够改善发芽指标;而大麦种子发芽被抑制。当降低处理功率后,大麦品种单二和港啤以30W处理效果最佳,种子萌发受到促进。在保存的63d内,淮麦28的发芽与CK相比无显著差异,而郑麦9023和淮麦30发芽指标均有不同程度的降低,说明等离子体处理效果具有一定的时效性,且与品种相关。     

贮藏时间对油菜种子生理生化性状的影响

本文以贮藏在常温密封干燥条件下的油菜种子为材料,研究与种子活力有关的理化特性。结果表明,油菜种子活力与电导率呈负相关;活力较低的种子可溶性糖和蛋白质的外渗量明显增加,超氧化物岐化酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及维生素C含量明显下降。     

糯大麦与非糯大麦种子萌发和胚乳消亡的比较研究

为探明糯大麦与非糯大麦种子萌发和胚乳消亡的差异,以典型糯大麦品种白青稞和甘垦5号以及非糯大麦品种扬农啤10号和苏裸麦1号为材料,采用组织化学染色、树脂半薄切片和光学显微镜观察等方法,研究了糯大麦与非糯大麦胚乳的消亡和淀粉体形态变化。结果表明,在种子萌发过程中,糯大麦种子萌发较好,发芽率较高;糯大麦和非糯大麦颖果胚乳的消亡过程基本相同,呈现出一定的时序性,均是从近胚端的腹部开始消耗,逐渐延伸至背部,最后沿腹沟延伸至远胚端;在大麦种子萌发过程中,近糊粉层中淀粉体最先消亡,小淀粉体早于大淀粉体被消耗;与非糯大麦相比,糯大麦胚乳淀粉体的消亡时间较早、消亡速率较快。概言之,糯大麦与非糯大麦种子萌发过程中胚乳的消亡规律基本相同,但糯大麦种子萌发好,胚乳消亡快。     

盐城市大麦种子产业化的有关问题探讨

从盐城市大麦种子生产的现状出发 ,提出要实现大麦生产的现代化 ,推进大麦原料的深度开发利用 ,提高大麦的经济效益 ,必须实现大麦种子产业化经营。并从大麦种子产业化生产的内在要求、本地大麦种子生产的优越条件、大麦种子产业化机制创新等方面进行分析和探讨     

人工老化对大麦种子发芽特性及淀粉分解的影响

为探究大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)老化种子在萌发过程中淀粉代谢的劣变机制,采用高温高湿(40℃、80%相对湿度)的人工老化处理方法,模拟大麦种子自然老化过程,研究老化处理对大麦(甘啤4号、垦啤7号、P12-8和9810)种子发芽特性及其萌发早期(0~72h)籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着老化时间的延长,4个大麦品种的发芽特性指标均呈现逐渐降低的趋势。(2)随着萌发时间的延长,4个大麦品种籽粒内支链淀粉和直链淀粉的含量均逐渐降低,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性逐渐升高。相同萌发时间段随着老化程度的加深,籽粒内支链淀粉和直链淀粉的含量均呈现波动式增加;α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性均呈现降低的趋势;与对照相比,不同老化处理大麦籽粒的淀粉酶活性差异显著。(3)未萌发籽粒中检测不到α-淀粉酶活性,却检测到活性很小的β-淀粉酶。(4)萌发48~72h时,各大麦品种不同活力水平的籽粒内,淀粉含量和种子发芽特性指标均呈极显著负相关,淀粉酶活性和种子发芽特性指标均呈极显著正相关。     

低温贮藏年限对小粒大豆种子活力及幼苗质量的影响

为了探究低温贮藏年限对小粒大豆种子活力及幼苗质量的影响,以3种不同熟期的小粒大豆品种为试验材料,设置5个贮藏年限处理,研究低温贮藏条件下小粒大豆种子活力及幼苗质量的变化规律.结果 表明:随着贮藏年限的增加,不同小粒大豆品种的种子活力和幼苗质量相关指标变化规律基本相同,种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、正常苗率及幼苗质量相关指标均随贮藏年限的增加呈降低趋势,种子浸提液电导率呈上升趋势.不同品种耐贮能力有较大差异,东农690和吉林小粒6号种子的安全贮藏期为1年;九芽豆1号耐贮性较好,安全贮藏期为2年.     

大麦对大麦条纹病菌毒素胁迫的响应

为探究大麦条纹病菌毒素对大麦种子萌发、幼苗生长及防御酶活性的影响,用大麦条纹病菌毒素处理20个大麦品种的种子,测定120 h后毒素对种子的萌发抑制率和胚根、胚芽生长抑制率,并测定了强抗病性种子萌发48 h、72 h、120 h和168 h时的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性及游...     

QTLs for malting flavour component associated with pre-harvest sprouting susceptibility in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Lipoxygenase (LOX) is a key factor affecting quality of beer in terms of foam stability and flavour. Low LOX content is a desirable trait for malting quality. A doubled haploid (DH) population was made from a cross of Australian malting barley Stirling and Canadian malting barley Harrington and mapped with 513 molecular markers. The 120 DH lines with their parents were planted in field trials and the harvested grains were micro-malted for analysis of LOX content in two consecutive years. LOX content was controlled by both genetic effects and environment conditions. Three QTLs were consistently detected. One QTL flanked by the markers E6216 and SCssr03907 at the telomere region of chromosome 5HL contributed 39% of genetic variation in LOX content. The second QTL close to the centromere region of chromosome 5H accounted for 17% of genetic variation. A minor QTL on chromosome 2H explained 6% of genetic variation but was significant in both years. The Australian variety Stirling contributed to higher LOX content for the three QTLs. The two QTLs mapped at chromosome 5H for LOX content coincided with the QTLs for seed dormancy/pre-harvest sprouting from the same population. The pre-harvest sprouting susceptible alleles were associated with low LOX content, which indicated that the low LOX QTL from the Canadian malting barleys are only useful in the barley growing areas where the pre-harvest sprouting risk is low. New genetic sources for low LOX should be exploited in different germplasm with different mechanisms.     

Spectroscopic and chemical fingerprints in malted barley

A unique “Matrix” of malted barley samples was produced to validate spectroscopic procedures for monitoring the malting process. Three critical factors that were examined in controlling the rate of germination were moisture content, temperature and germination time. Of interest to the malting industry, the analysis indicates the potential to identify new germplasm that, under optimized malting conditions, would produce suitably modified malt in three days of germination. It is also clear that the control of both moisture and temperature is essential for undertaking malting studies. The study suggests that Raman and FTIR could usefully complement NIR spectroscopy for monitoring grain during the malting process. For whole grain NIR measurements, the differences between test grain and control grain at optimal wavelengths of 1280 nm and 2224 nm were found to be valuable parameters for tracking progress during the malting process. The study showed the whole grain NIR most likely assessed changing properties of the periphery of the grain. This research suggested that specific calibration models using NIR for predicting malt quality attributes such as diastatic activity on whole malt are misleading and difficult to interpret because they are highly correlated with other carbohydrate/protein-related attributes of the malt.     

不同基因型啤酒大麦冠层光合生理特性的差异

为给啤酒大麦高光效育种及高产栽培提供理论依据,采用便携式光合分析系统测定和分析了不同基因型啤酒大麦冠层光合生理指标的变化。结果表明,从孕穗期到灌浆末期,基因型间光合速率(Pn)差异都达极显著水平(P<0.01),冠层光合速率阶段变化与产量呈现一定的正相关关系。各次测定Pn与蒸腾速率(Tr)无一致性表现。从抽穗开花期开始,基因型间Tr差异达到极显著水平。从挑旗期开始,基因型间气孔导度(Gs)都表现出极显著差异,并且与Pn保持相对的一致性。从孕穗期至灌浆末期,Pn一直较高的基因型,产量也相对较高,表现最突出的是引自欧美的主栽品种MERIT、Z090M066M和SCARLETT,其Pn分别较平均光合速率高9.70%、8.85%和10.14%,产量分别高8.24%、7.30%和6.63%。     

超干长期贮藏对不同类型水稻种子生活力和活力的影响

采用硅胶干燥的方法对籼稻、粳稻和杂交籼稻3种类型的种子进行超干处理,并经过9年室温密闭贮藏。通过发芽试验、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧歧化酶（SOD）活性测定表明,粳稻秀水37的种子不适宜室温下长期贮藏,籼稻（浙733）和杂交籼稻（协优46、汕优63）种子在含水量分别降至2.7%和5.0%左右时生活力和活力最高,发芽率达到80%左右,其中杂交籼稻种子耐藏性更好,发芽率只下降了8%~9%;但在过高或过低的含水量条件下,种子的生活力和活力均明显下降。POD活性与种子生活力和活力呈正相关。     

Phenotypic,physiological and malt quality analyses of US barley varieties subjected to short periods of heat and drought stress

Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that significantly reduce crop yield and seed quality. In this study, we examined the impact of heat, drought and combined effect of heat and drought stress imposed during the grain filling stage in 18 US spring barley varieties. These impacts were assessed based on dry biomass, seed yield and six important malting quality traits, namely, beta-glucan, free amino nitrogen, soluble protein, refractive index, diastatic power and alpha-amylase activity. Singly applied heat or drought stress evoked a diverse set of responses among these varieties with respect to biomass, seed yield and malt quality traits suggesting these varieties can be exploited for enhancing barley production based on local conditions. Majority of the tested varieties performed poorly with reference to seed yield when the stresses were applied in combination, suggesting a lack of genetic diversity in the currently grown spring barley varieties to overcome co-occurring episodic drought and heat regimes, especially during heading stages. In the wake of global climate change, enhancing adaptive capacity of barley varieties by introducing novel germplasm into breeding programs or via new technologies is vital to sustain US barley production and meet the demands of the rapidly growing brewing industry.     

扬农啤2号在江苏沿海地区生产优质啤麦的优化技术研究

通过对江苏沿海地区啤麦生产的优势及影响啤麦质量因素的分析 ,讨论了栽培技术对大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的影响 ,结合扬农啤 2号在江苏沿海地区多年多点试验结果、大面积生产情况及近几年品质测定结果 ,有针对性地提出了扬农啤 2号在江苏沿海地区生产优质啤麦的高产栽培技术与收藏技术。     

人工老化处理对芝麻种子生理生化特性的影响

以郑芝4号黑芝麻种子为材料,研究了人工加速老化处理对种子发芽指标﹑丙二醛(MDA)含量﹑过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。试验结果表明：随着种子老化加深,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数﹑活力指数逐渐降低, 丙二醛含量逐渐升高。另外,老化种子内POD活性和SOD活性变化的总趋势是随老化时间延长而降低。由此认为芝麻种子人工老化及劣变的主要机制与抗氧化酶活性降低与和膜脂过氧化作用加剧有关。人工老化种子生活力出现快速下降的发芽势拐点是80%,其下降的趋势又与POD活性下降非常一致,POD可作为一个检测指标显示种子活力高低及丧失的特征。     

Predicting pre-harvest sprouting susceptibility in barley: Looking for “sensitivity windows” to temperature throughout grain filling in various commercial cultivars

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is common in cereals that lack grain dormancy if maturing grain is exposed to rain. This phenomenon leads to immediate loss of seed viability, and since the malting process requires germination, its occurrence is highly undesirable in malting barley crops. Dormancy release rate is genetically and environmentally controlled. We evaluated the effect of temperature during grain filling on the dormancy release pattern (and then on the PHS susceptibility) of grains from five malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars widely sown in Argentina, with the aim of predicting PHS susceptibility of a barley crop from easy-to-gather data. Barley cultivars (Quilmes Ayelén, Q. Palomar, Q. Painé, B1215 and Scarlett) were sown on different dates over a 3-year period for generating variability in the thermal environment during grain filling. The period from pollination to physiological maturity (PM) was adjusted to a thermal time (TT) scale, which was then arbitrarily divided into 50 °C d intervals. Mean air temperature within each interval and for the whole filling period was calculated for the different sowing dates. Dormancy release pattern was followed by determining a weighed germination index (GI) throughout grain filling and maturation. We sought a linear relationship between temperature during grain filling and GI at some moment after PM. For all barley cultivars, except B1215, a significant (p < 0.001) and positive correlation was found between the GI of grains with 10–20% moisture content (fresh basis) and mean temperature within TT intervals located at the last stages of seed development. Then, simply temperature-based models for predicting crop PHS susceptibility were generated for each barley cultivar. Moreover, we intended a single, universal prediction model constructed with data from all cultivars. Two general forms were proposed, but the relationships were slightly less tight when each barley cultivar model was used. A preliminary validation for each cultivar model was done for three genotypes with independent data from four sites of the major barley production area in Argentina. When comparing experimental and field data regressions we did not find significant differences in slope for any cultivar (p > 0.25). However, most of the observed GIs were higher than predicted. This upwards displacement of GI–temperature relationship suggests the role of other environmental factors (i.e. water and soil N availability, day length), differing among tested locations. We are currently evaluating and quantifying the effect of these factors with the aim of improving PHS susceptibility prediction in malting barley crops.     

空心莲子草水浸液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应

用浓度为0(对照),0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4 g/mL的空心莲子草宿根和根状茎的浸提液和浓度为0(对照),0.01,O.05,0.1,0.2g/mL该草的宿根和根状茎粉碎液处理水稻种子和幼苗.结果显示:与对照相比,随着水浸液浓度增加,水稻种子发芽势、发芽率、苗高、根长、鲜重、叶绿素含量和根系脱氢酶活性等均呈下降的变化趋势,而丙二醛含量呈上升的变化趋势.表明空心莲子草地下部水浸液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强;就同一浓度浸提液和粉碎液而言,粉碎液处理对它们的抑制作用大于浸提液的.