不育剂EP-1对内蒙古荒漠啮齿动物优势种群繁殖的影响

鼠类不育控制已成为我国草原鼠害有效控制的发展趋势.为明确不育剂对荒漠草原害鼠种群繁殖的控制作用,2011年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区采用春季一次性投饵的方法,研究复合不育剂EP-1对子午沙鼠Meriones meridianus、三趾跳鼠Dipus sagitta和小毛足鼠Phodopus roborovskii3种啮齿动物优势种群的控制作用.结果显示,不育剂EP-1致使3种雄鼠的睾丸明显萎缩且下降率降低;春季子午沙鼠和三趾跳鼠的睾丸、附睾和精囊腺3项脏器系数均极显著低于对照区(P＜0.01),睾丸下降率均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05);小毛足鼠5月和10月睾丸脏器系数和4-10月睾丸下降率均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05),且持续时间较长.不育剂EP-1导致3种雌鼠子宫明显水肿、外壁变薄、体积变大、孕鼠平均胎仔数减少,4月子午沙鼠和三趾跳鼠的子宫脏器系数与宽度均显著高于对照区(P＜0.05),5月3种雌鼠的平均胎仔数均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05).表明不育剂EP-1对3种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群的繁殖起到了有效的控制作用.     

三种仿生不育剂对栗山天牛成虫的不育效应

为筛选出防治栗山天牛Massicus raddei(Blessig)成虫的不育剂,本研究利用灭幼脲Ⅲ号、除虫脲和杀铃脲3种仿生制剂分别稀释500倍、1000倍、1500倍、2000倍、3000倍和4000倍等6种浓度进行处理,对其成虫进行了不育性试验。结果表明,这3种不育剂不同处理在雌雄虫寿命、产卵量和产卵期、子代卵的孵化历期的差异均不显著,但经不育剂处理过的雌虫后期产卵量要明显小于对照;不同处理间子代卵的孵化率差异显著,特别是3种药剂500倍液处理后的孵化率分别为19.07%、23.74%和26.3%,远低于对照组的90.21%。三种不育剂1500倍以上的稀释浓度对卵的孵化均有明显的抑制作用,孵化抑制率与浓度之间呈正相关关系,其毒力方程均达到了极显著水平,其中灭幼脲Ⅲ号比其它两种不育剂效果更好。     

EP-1与溴敌隆对长爪沙鼠野生种群增长的控制作用

2010年3—10月,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯荒漠草原分别设置不育剂试验区、毒饵试验区和对照区3个样区,采用春季一次性足量投饵、按月铗捕统计种群相对数量的方法,比较了不育剂EP-1和毒饵溴敌隆对长爪沙鼠Meriones unguiculatus野生种群数量增长的控制作用。结果显示,EP-1改变了 长爪沙鼠种群的年龄结构,不育剂区与毒饵区成体组成差异显著(F_{2, 14}=5.89,P<0.05),降低了长爪沙鼠幼体出生率和全年种群密度,全年幼体数量和总体种群数量均呈下降趋势(R₃²=0.8552,R₄²=0.5126)。EP-1对长爪沙鼠种群增长有持续控制作用,而溴敌隆对长爪沙鼠种群的有效杀灭作用只持续3个月,仅是短期控制。     

CSⅡ不育剂林间喷雾防治山楂叶螨

在不育剂筛选已获成功的基础上 ,为明确其野外应用的效果 ,应用CSⅡ不育剂可湿性粉剂在果园、桑园中分别进行山楂叶螨防治试验。结果表明 ,在果园和桑园中采用CSⅡ不育剂 100倍液喷雾 ,对山楂叶螨均产生明显的不育效果 ,并以桑园中的叶螨不育效果更为显著 ,其若螨、成螨和卵的总平均数量分别为15.267头和 0.367头 ,而对照分别为36.333头和5.300头。     

昆虫不育技术防治实蝇类害虫应用概况

实蝇类昆虫是危害我国蔬菜和水果的重要害虫,具有重要的经济意义。本文对昆虫辐射不育和化学不育的定义、发展历程和研究现状进行了系统概括,对在分子生物学基础上发展起来的新型不育技术作了初步介绍,并进一步探讨了实蝇类害虫不育防治的现存问题及未来发展方向,以推动昆虫不育技术在我国的应用。     

昆虫辐照不育技术研究与应用进展

近年来国内外昆虫辐照不育技术的研究发展迅速,取得了许多重要成果,在实践中已成为某些害虫综合防治的有效措施之一.本文综述了昆虫辐照不育技术的剂量策略、昆虫辐照不育机理研究进展和辐照不育昆虫的质量控制,并探讨了昆虫辐照不育技术在实践应用中的限制因素及其对策.     

EP-1对雄性东方田鼠生殖的影响

为探索复方不育剂左炔诺孕酮-炔雌醚（EP-1）对雄性东方田鼠Microtus fortis的不育效果、适宜药剂浓度和生殖系统的恢复期等,采用一次性多个浓度组灌胃和多个时间段剖检的方法测定EP-1对雄性东方田鼠生殖的影响和药效持续时间。结果显示,不育剂EP-1对雄性东方田鼠具有明显的不育作用,但不育作用具有可逆性。试验组试鼠的睾丸系数、附睾系数降低,睾丸萎缩受损,精子密度与睾酮含量较对照组降低,且繁殖率下降。10、30、60 mg/kg处理组的雄性东方田鼠生殖系统恢复时间分别为40、55、60天左右,生殖恢复顺序为睾丸、附睾、精子密度。     

不育技术控制长爪沙鼠种群的初步研究

长爪沙鼠对混合不育剂EP-1的摄食系数为0.87,适口性良好。在野外投饵试验中,其洞口密度和洞系密度比对照组下降,表明该药对长爪沙鼠有毒杀作用。成幼比从0.6∶1降至0.45∶1。表明该药控制长爪沙鼠繁殖的效果显著。本试验还对该药对长爪沙鼠的生理作用作了测试。     

业界猛烈抨击欧盟内分泌干扰物鉴定标准草案

正大西洋两岸的行业协会谴责欧盟委员会于6月15日发布的内分泌干扰物(ED)鉴定标准草案。两个标准草案分别涉及农用化学品和杀生物剂。草案的制定仅依据了联合国世界卫生组织(WHO)的内分泌干扰物定义,即,对人类健康有负面影响;有内分泌作用机理;负面影响和作用机制间存在一定的因果联系。草案明确了应该从以下几个方面对内分泌干扰物进行鉴定:考虑所有有关的科学依据;使用证据为先的途径及一个适用性较高的评价体系。欧洲作物保护协会(ECPA)批评委员会的决定没有     

78个水稻不育系对稻粒黑粉病的抗性评价

 水稻稻粒黑粉病主要为害水稻不育系,是限制我国南方杂交水稻制繁种产量和质量的主要病害因素。为挖掘抗稻粒黑粉病的水稻不育系品种,提供具有抗稻粒黑粉病育种价值的水稻不育系材料,本研究于2014-2016年,采用田间接种稻粒黑粉病菌的方法,对四川、湖北、福建的78个水稻不育系品种进行了稻粒黑粉病菌抽穗期抗性评价。连续3年接种稻粒黑粉病菌试验表明,共有4个水稻不育系品种对稻粒黑粉病表现中抗及以上抗性,大部分为感病品种,其中4766A接种稻粒黑粉病菌后未发病,对稻粒黑粉病表现稳定高抗,为我国首次报道的高抗稻粒黑粉病水稻品种。     

抗不同生化型青枯菌的生防菌筛选鉴定及其活性分析

为更好地利用生防菌控制青枯病危害,从不同地区的土壤中分离到569株细菌菌株,筛选到3株对5种不同生化型青枯劳尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum具有较强拮抗活性的菌株,其中菌株BS2004的拮抗活性最强。以BS2004的菌悬液为对照,分别测定无菌滤液、蛋白酶K及高温热处理后拮抗物质抑菌活性的变化。结果显示,蛋白酶K及高温热处理后,该菌的抑菌活性显著降低,表明其主要抑菌成分为蛋白类物质。在设施栽培条件下用生防菌BS2004菌悬液处理番茄植株,能有效控制番茄青枯病的发生,防治效果达66.75%,同时还发现,重新分离得到的青枯菌菌体数明显受到生防菌的抑制。通过对BS2004的形态、生理生化特征、脂肪酸鉴定、16S rDNA序列等进行分析,该菌株被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药对哺乳动物神经毒理的研究进展

对拟除虫菊酯类(SPs)农药对哺乳动物的神经毒理学研究过程及其最新进展进行了综述。拟除虫菊酯类农药是目前使用广泛的一类神经毒性杀虫剂,主要用于农业和卫生害虫的防治。已有研究结果显示拟除虫菊酯类农药对非靶标野生动物和人类的神经系统有一定的毒性作用,其对哺乳动物的神经毒性主要表现为急性和慢性神经毒性,而且其毒性作用与拟除虫菊酯类农药的立体结构相关,有一定的对映体选择性差异。     

Application of formulated rhizobacteria against root rot of field pea

Formulations of bacterial biocontrol agents were evaluated for the control of pea root-rot caused primarily by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani, at different levels of disease severity in field trials. Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain PRA25) in a peat-based formulation increased yield by 17% over the untreated, in a trial with light disease infection, and by 120% in another with moderate infection. Other bacteria including P . cepacia (strain AMMD) and fluorescent pseudomonads increased seedling emergence, and decreased disease incidence and severity, but with variable effects on yield when disease level was light to moderate. Biocontrol agents resulted in only limited control when disease was severe. Control with Captan did not differ significantly from that obtained with bacterial biocontrol agents. The application of Rhizobium granular inoculum together with PRA25 granules did not differ from other treatments in disease control, indicating that Rhizobium is compatible with biocontrol agents. The population dynamics of a fluorescent pseudomonad introduced into the rhizosphere in peat or granular formulation was monitored using an antibiotic-resistant mutant marker strain. The bacterium in peat formulation established a considerably higher population than that in granular formulation in 1993 trials, and a slightly higher population in 1994 trials. The higher population may have been responsible for the efficiency of root colonization and the effectiveness of disease control.     

Comparative inhibition of boll weevil,golden shiner,and white rat cholinesterases by selected photoalteration products of parathion

The effect of seven photoalteration products of parathion and the parent compound itself on fish (golden shiner), mammal (white rat), and insect (boll weevil) cholinesterases are compared. The white rat cholinesterase was found to be more susceptible to inhibition by photoalteration products of parathion than the golden shiner and boll weevil cholinesterases. In every instance in which inhibition occurred, the phosphate analogs were determined to be more potent anticholinesterase agents than the corresponding phosphorothioate analogs.     

Biological control of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) by Phytoseiulus persimilis on strawberries grown in walk-in' plastic tunnels, and a simplified method of spider mite population assessment

During 1980 and 1981, a large-scale trial of the biological control of two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) on protected strawbenies, using the predatory'mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, was done in 52 'walk-in' plastic tunnels on a commercial nursery in southern England. Introductions of predatory mites in March or early April at a rate of one per plant were consistently successful. In 1980, when predators had not been introduced the previous year (so enabling large numbers of spider mites to overwinter) peak mite populations were large, causing slight foliar damage in some tunnels before control was achieved. In 1981, only a small residual population of spider mites had survived from the previous year and peak numbers were small; the crop appeared healthy and there was no visible damage by mites. For jdequate control, reintroduction of predators was found to be necessary when CTops were replanted in the summer following soil cultivation and sterilization with methyl bromide.
A population assessment method for two-spotted spider mite based on counting aggregations of the mites was devised. The mean number of spider mites (all stages) per leaf was found to be approximately the same as the number of leaves with five or more mites present in a 25-leaf sample.     

Assessing wind and mammals as seed dispersal vectors in an invasive legume

While some plants have modified seed structures to facilitate dispersal, many lack such specialised adaptations, making their mode of dispersal unclear. This can be particularly problematic for predicting shifts in species ranges or tracking the spread of invasive plants. As an example, the seed size and shape of the invasive legume, Lespedeza cuneata, suggest that wind and attachment to animals are not important for dispersal, yet populations can spread surprising distances within a few years. Using a series of experiments conducted in the laboratory and field, we tested wind and mammal fur as mediators of seed dispersal. To test wind dispersal, seed traps were arranged radially around a patch of L. cuneata and seeds were collected following dispersal. Attachment to mammal fur was tested by fitting pelts of a deer, coyote and raccoon to artificial torsos and determining seed retention in both the field and the laboratory. Laboratory trials also examined the influence of wet versus dry conditions. Our results showed that wind direction strongly influenced dispersal distance and seeds were readily dispersed by mammal fur. The number of seeds retained was species specific, depending on fur depth and mammal size, with seed retention increasing under wet conditions. Together, these results suggest that both wind and mammal fur contribute to the movement of L. cuneata across grasslands. Consequently, both dispersal vectors should be considered when designing and implementing control strategies.     

Common vole (Microtus arvalis) ecology and management: implications for risk assessment of plant protection products

Common voles (Microtus arvalis) are common small mammals in some European landscapes. They can be a major rodent pest in European agriculture and they are also a representative generic focal small herbivorous mammal species used in risk assessment for plant protection products. In this paper, common vole population dynamics, habitat and food preferences, pest potential and use of the common vole as a model small wild mammal species in the risk assessment process are reviewed. Common voles are a component of agroecosystems in many parts of Europe, inhabiting agricultural areas (secondary habitats) when the carrying capacity of primary grassland habitats is exceeded. Colonisation of secondary habitats occurs during multiannual outbreaks, when population sizes can exceed 1000 individuals ha^?1. In such cases, in‐crop common vole population control management has been practised to avoid significant crop damage. The species' status as a crop pest, high fecundity, resilience to disturbance and intermittent colonisation of crop habitats are important characteristics that should be reflected in risk assessment. Based on the information provided in the scientific literature, it seems justified to modify elements of the current risk assessment scheme for plant protection products, including the use of realistic food intake rates, reduced assessment factors or the use of alternativee focal rodent species in particular European regions. Some of these adjustments are already being applied in some EU member states. Therefore, it seems reasonable consistently to apply such pragmatic and realistic approaches in risk assessments for plant protection products across the EU. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

M?glichkeiten der Bek?mpfung des Kalifornischen Bl��tenthripses Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) mit nachgewiesener Insektizidresistenz in Schnittrosen unter Glas

Due to resistance to insecticides (or plant protecting agents) the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis is difficult to combat in cut roses cultures with conventional methods. In that case the predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris could be a very effective biological alternative when applied in high numbers of 1000 mites per square meter against low density thrips population. The key to success is early application at the beginning of the vegetative growth before the thirps becomes active and the first larvae appear. The efficiency of the mites is not sufficient when the thirps population density in spring is high. Caused by the fecundity and fast development of Frankliniella occidentalis in higher temperatures, the application of chemical protecting agents in summer could be unavoidable. Because of the proven resistance Western flower thrips developed against the insecticides permitted in Germany, the chemical agents may not be effective. Only an optimal application can provide a satisfactory reduction of the thrips population. The development stage of the roses must be taken into account as well as right application intervals of insecticides. In order to develop a sufficient and effective control of Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and improve resistance management the application of predatory mites seems to be inevitable in future.     

列当(Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp.)种子的采集与预处理方法

列当(Orobanche spp.and Phelipanche spp.)是一种在世界范围内危害严重的根寄生杂草,防除列当的研究也越来越多。正确地采集和预培养列当种子是获得正确防除列当研究结果的前提。列出了大田正确采集列当种子的方法,以及对采集到的种子进行过筛提纯、加洗洁精和吐温20清洗后,再表面消毒和预培养,并通过发芽试验检验此方法的可行性。结果表明,经过处理的向日葵列当、瓜列当种子的发芽率最高分别为54.4%、59.1%。此方法可以应用于列当的采集和预处理过程中,可为列当研究和防除提供参考。     

The complex symbiotic relationships of bark beetles with microorganisms: a potential practical approach for biological control in forestry

Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article.