Effects of inclusion of poultry by-product meal and enzyme-prebiotic supplementation in grower diets on performance and feed digestibility of broilers

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of level of inclusion of poultry by-product and enzyme-prebiotic supplementation on grower diet digestibility and the performance of broilers. 2. Six grower diets were formulated to provide a similar nutrient profile with the exception of using three graded levels of poultry by-product, namely 0, 25, 40 g/kg of the diet with and without supplementation of enzyme preparation at the rate of 1 kg per tonne of feed and prebiotic preparation at the rate of 2 kg per tonne of feed. The experimental diets were used from 3 to 6 weeks of age. 3. Body weights, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were not affected by poultry by-product; however, enzyme-prebiotic had a significant positive effect on feed conversion efficiency at 0 to 6 weeks in experiment 1. 4. Crude protein digestibility was decreased by feeding the diet containing poultry by-product while ether extract digestibility was increased by poultry by-product at the rate of 25 g per kg of feed only. Dry matter retention, crude fibre digestibility and organic matter retention were not affected by poultry by-product. Dry matter and organic matter retentions, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre digestibilities were not affected by enzyme-prebiotic. 5. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) values were increased by poultry by-product at the rate of 40 g per kg of feed and addition of enzyme-prebiotic.     

Effects of dietary fat type, pentosan level and xylanase supplementation on digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy in male broilers.

A complete two by two by four factorial design was used to examine the main effects of dietary fat type (10% soya oil or 10% beef tallow), xylanase supplementation (with or without Avizyme 1300 at 1 g/kg diet) and pentosan level (7.7 g/kg, 11.0 g/kg, 14.3 g/kg and 17.6 g/kg soluble pentosans, respectively, by varying wheat/rye proportions) as well as their interactions on intestinal chyme conditions, nutrient digestibility and nutrient utilization in male broilers. Nutrient digestibilities for the total digestive tract and at various sites of small intestine were measured during the period from day 18 to 20 of age and at day 21 of age, respectively, using a marker technique. Jejunal and ileal supernatant viscosity increased in an exponential manner as dietary pentosan concentration was increased. This increase was more pronounced in tallow fed birds but was also found in enzyme treated groups albeit at a much lower level. Xylanase activity was still detectable in the ileum of birds fed enzyme supplemented diets but its activity was found to decrease as dietary pentosan content increased. Digestibility of crude protein and that of some amino acids at the terminal ileum was decreased as dietary pentosan content was increased and significantly improved by xylanase addition. No fat effect and no interactions were detected at this site. In contrast, measurements made over the whole gastrointestinal tract showed significantly lower protein and amino acid digestibility values for tallow fed birds, and significant higher enzyme effects especially in diets with higher pentosan concentrations. Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) content and net protein utilization decreased with increasing dietary pentosan content and were significantly improved by xylanase addition and were lower in tallow fed birds. Again, xylanase effects were found to be more pronounced for tallow fed birds and at higher pentosan concentrations.     

Effects of dietary dilution with fibre on the food intake and gut dimensions of Japanese quail.

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed on either a conventional diet (low-fibre) or the same diet diluted with 200 g oak sawdust/kg (high-fibre). The lengths of the colo-rectum, small intestine, two caeca combined and empty gizzard weight were measured at 10 and 20 weeks of age. Food intake and rate of passage were measured and an approximate measure of digestibility was also made. 2. There were separate effects of dietary fibre, sex and age on gut size. It was larger in birds fed on high-fibre diet, in females and in older birds. 3. Increased dietary fibre caused increased food intake, but had no obvious effect on the rate of passage. 4. When quail were fed on the low-fibre diet or the same diet diluted with 200 or 400 g cellulose powder/kg gut size at 20 weeks of age was greatest when the most fibrous diet was fed and decreased concomitantly with dietary fibre concentration. 5. It appeared that differences in gut size between dietary treatments were more a reflection of variations in food intake than of fibre per se, and that the effects of sex and age on gut size were probably similarly explained.     

Blood proteins and amino acids of female breeder turkeys fed on maize-soybean diets supplemented with methionine

Two hundred and six female breeder turkeys were fed on maize-soybean diets of equal energy content, containing 100, 120 or 140 g crude protein (CP)/kg to which DL-methionine was added at 0, 1, 2 or 3 g/kg diet in a factorial design. Serum albumin concentrations were found to be more sensitive measures of dietary protein adequacy than were total serum protein concentrations. Albumin concentrations at peak egg production were highest among birds fed on 120 and 140 g CP/kg diets. Four weeks later, they were highest only for those on the 140 g CP/kg diet. The elevated concentrations of blood threonine and lysine and the decreased concentration of glycine with increased dietary protein were in agreement with the data on egg production. These data suggested that a sub-optimal balance of dietary amino acids may have occurred.     

Effect of graded levels of dietary betaine on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal bacterial metabolites in piglets*

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of graded dietary inclusion levels of betaine on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal bacterial metabolites in piglets. A total of eight barrows with an average initial body weight of 7.9 kg were randomly allocated to one of the four assay diets with two pigs per treatment in four repeated measurement periods. The assay diets included a basal diet based on wheat, barley and soybean meal alone, or supplemented with a liquid betaine product at dietary levels of 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 g betaine per kilogram diet (as‐fed). Ileal digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre increased both quadratically and linearly, and ileal digestibility of glycine increased linearly as dietary betaine level increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, total tract digestibility of crude protein increased quadratically (p < 0.05) and total tract digestibilities of most amino acids tended to increase quadratically (p = 0.06 to p = 0.11) with increasing dietary betaine level. Moreover, there were linear increases in the concentrations of most bacterial metabolites which were significant p < 0.05 for ileal d ‐lactic acid and for faecal diaminopimelic acid. The results demonstrate that dietary betaine supplementation stimulates bacterial fermentation of fibre in the small intestine and bacterial degradation of crude protein in the large intestine.     

Variation in precaecal amino acid and energy digestibility between pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars determined using a linear regression approach

An experiment was conducted to study the variation in the precaecal amino acid (AA) and energy digestibility of 4 cultivars of white-flowering peas (Pisum sativum) for broiler chickens. The 4 cultivars were grown and harvested under the same agronomic and environmental conditions. One basal diet and 8 diets including each pea cultivar at inclusion rates of either 150 or 300 g/kg were used. Peas were included at the expense of starch. Hence, the differences in dietary crude protein and AA concentrations resulted only from the inclusion of peas. Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker. Crude protein concentrations in the complete diets ranged from 164 to 244 g/kg. All diets were fed ad libitum to broiler chickens between 14 and 21 d of age. Seven pens of 12 chickens were allocated to each treatment. Digesta were sampled on a pen basis from the section of the gastrointestinal tract between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior to the ileo-caeco-colonic junction. The proportions of crude protein and AAs digested responded linearly to increased intake and the relationships between quantitative intake and digested amounts of AAs were described by multiple linear regressions. The slope determined for each pea cultivar was taken as a measure of AA digestibility without the need for consideration of basal endogenous crude protein and AA secretions. Digestibility of AAs in peas ranged from 0.60 to 0.91. One cultivar had significantly lower AA digestibilities than the other three cultivars. This could be explained neither by the trypsin inhibitor activity nor by tannin levels. The AAs with the highest digestibilities in all cultivars were arginine > glutamic acid > lysine > methionine > phenylalanine > leucine. The AAs with the consistently lowest digestibilities were cystine < threonine. The ranking of the remaining AAs varied slightly between cultivars. The multiple linear regression approach is suitable to study differences in AA digestibilities without the need for consideration of basal endogenous AA losses. Diets containing 300 g/kg of peas had significantly lower energy digestibilities than the pea-free basal diet. The pea cultivar with the lowest AA digestibility caused the lowest energy digestibility at both levels of pea inclusion.     

Digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep fed enset (Ensete ventricosum) pseudostem or corm and graded levels of Desmodium intortum hay to wheat straw‐based diets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Desmodium intortum (Desmodium) hay supplementation in sheep fed fixed amounts of enset pseudostem or corm and a basal diet of wheat straw on intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization. Eighteen male sheep with a mean (± SD) live weight of 20.5 ± 1.45 kg were assigned to six treatments in a completely randomized design and fed either 108 g dry matter (DM) enset pseudostem or 165 g DM enset corm each with three levels (100, 200 and 300 g) of hay supplementation. For the pseudostem diets, there was no significant difference in total DM intake. Total crude protein (CP) intake and N retention increased with increasing levels of hay in both pseudostem and corm diets. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and microbial nitrogen supply (MN) at 100 g was lower that other levels of supplementation. For the corm diets, total DM and OM intake and MN supply increased with increasing levels of hay. The digestibility decreased (p < 0.001) with increasing levels of supplementation. The results suggest that at least 300 g (395 g/kg dietary DM) of Desmodium hay is required in pseudostem diets, whereas 200 g (337 g/kg dietary DM) may be sufficient in corm diets for efficient nutrient utilization.     

Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens

1. The effect of dietary formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens was studied. 2. An experiment with 120 Ross male broiler chickens was conducted from 1 to 42 d of age at the laboratory. There were 4 treatment groups: control (C), 10 mg/kg feed avilamycin (AV) and formic acid at two concentrations, 5 and 10 g/kg feed (FA5 and FA10, respectively). 3. No differences in weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion ratio were observed in male broiler chickens fed on the different diets. 4. An effect of the additives on ileal dry matter (DM) digestibility at 42 d of age was detected with the finisher diets; AV and 10 g/kg of feed formic acid slightly improved ileal DM digestibility compared to the other treatment groups. 5. Jejunum pH was not affected when 5 or 10 g/kg formic acid was added, and the results do not clearly show a positive effect of formic acid on the intestinal histomorphology. 6. No differences were noticed for blood metabolites in the different diets, and the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the plasma were not altered by formic acid addition. 7. In conclusion, when using broiler chickens under conditions of good hygiene, dietary formic acid did not have a clear positive effect on performance, intestinal histomorphology or plasma metabolite levels; however, there was a slight positive effect on the ileal digestibility of nutrients.     

Comparison of the utilisation of palm kernel meal,brewers' dried grains and maize offal by broiler chicks

1. Palm kernel meal (PKM), brewers dried grains (BDG) and maize offal (MO) were included in broiler diets, each at 100, 150 or 200 g/kg; the diets were fed up to 35 d of age. 2. Overall food intake and weight gain decreased in the order BDG, PKM and MO. There were, however, significant interactions between the test ingredients and dietary concentrations in all the growth responses. Food intakes increased with the dietary concentrations of each test ingredient, but the increase was greater for BDG than PKM or MO. For weight gain, at 100 g/kg, the final body weights of the chicks fed on the diets with BDG and MO were similar, and those of chicks fed on the diet with PKM slightly lower. However, at 200 g/kg, growth rate of chicks fed on the BDG and PKM diets were similar while those of chicks fed on the MO diet was 7% lower. Efficiency of food utilisation was similar at 100 g/kg for all the ingredients and decreased as their concentrations increased; however, the decrease was considerably less for the PKM than for the MO and BDG diets. 3. Broilers fed on the BDG-based diets voided most excreta followed by those fed on the PKM and MO diets; excreta water content was highest from birds fed on the MO diets followed by the PKM and BDG diets. Apparent retention of dry matter was similar with all the test ingredients, but it decreased only significantly at 200 g/kg dietary concentration. The rate of passage was faster with the PKM diets followed by the MO and BDG diets; it was increased at 200 g/kg dietary concentration of the test ingredients.     

Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on mineral retention,growth, feed efficiency and walking ability in growing turkeys

1. Large White male turkeys from a heavy commercial male-line were fed on 16 diets containing 4 concentrations of calcium (6, 10, 14 and 18 g/kg) and available phosphorus (3, 5, 7, 9 g/kg) in a 4 x 4 factorial experiment with three replicates (pens). Turkeys were weighed and food intakes recorded from 4 to 7, 8 to 10 and 11 to 13 weeks of age. 2. The diets containing 6 g/kg calcium and 5, 7 or 9 g/kg available phosphorus concentrations were associated with lower body weighs at 10 and 13 weeks of age. 3. Fewer than 6% of the turkeys had an abnormal gait at 13 weeks of age. 4. The optimum dietary concentrations were 10 g/kg of calcium and 3 g/kg of available phosphorus. It was concluded that these concentrations should be fed at least to 13 weeks of age. 5. Retentions of dietary calcium and phosphorus averaged 300 g/kg of intake. 6. Utilisation of dietary phytate ranged from 5 to 11 g/kg and it is recommended that organic phosphorus should be ignored in the formulation of diets for growing turkeys unless they are supplemented with a phytase enzyme.     

Effects of sex and protein and energy levels in the diet on the blood parameters of the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)

1. The effects of sex and dietary composition were investigated in 48 male and 48 female 16-week old chukar partridges. 2. Sixteen starter and 16 grower diets were arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial design with 4 concentration of crude protein (CP) and 4 concentration of metabolizable energy (ME). 3. Blood samples were collected at 16 weeks of age and analysed for total protein, triglycerides, uric acid, total cholesterol, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chlorine. 4. There were no significant effects of sex on the measured parameters. 5. Serum total protein was highest in partridges fed on a diet containing 200/175 g CP/kg (starter grower). Serum cholesterol concentrations of partridge fed the diet with 240/200 or 280/225 g CP/kg were significantly higher than that for partridge fed diets containing a lower gCP/kg. 6. Serum total protein and glucose levels significantly decreased as dietary energy level was increased. Serum triglycerides and calcium were highest in partridge fed on the diets containing 13.39/13.81 and 11.71/12.55 ME MJ/kg, respectively. Serum phosphorus and chloride levels were highest in partridges given the diet containing 10.88/11.92 ME MJ/kg. 7. There were significant interactions between the effects of CP and ME on serum triglycerides, sodium and potassium levels. 8 The results of this study suggested that dietary CP, and especially ME concentration, significantly affect blood parameters in chukar partridge.     

Influence of the ratio of essential to non essential amino acids on performance and carcase composition of the broiler chick

Male broilers were fed on isocaloric diets containing 140, 180 or 220 g/kg crude protein from 1 to 3 weeks of age. Four diets were formulated for each protein concentration so that essential amino acids (EAA), all balanced in proportion to requirement, supplied 350, 450, 550 or 650 g/kg crude protein. Weight gain, efficiency of food utilisation and total carcase protein reached plateaux at 550 g EAA/kg protein irrespective of the dietary protein content, whereas the proportion of carcase fat decreased and that of carcase protein increased as the proportion of EAA in the dietary protein increased. All EAA in the diet containing 550 g EAA/kg protein were supplied at 125% of requirement, suggesting that the amino acid requirements as reported are inaccurate. Weight gain and carcase protein were shown to be significantly (P less than 0.001) dependent on total intake of EAA rather than on the proportion of EAA in the diet per se. In order to supply sufficient EAA for maximum gains, the diet had to contain more than 140 g crude protein/kg and 450 g EAA/kg protein.     

不同净能水平的低蛋白日粮对猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

选取120头22kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交健康生长猪,随机分成5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4头,探讨低蛋白不同净能水平(10.54、10.28、9.96、9.63、9.45MJ/kg)日粮对生长猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮蛋白降低4个百分点,不同净能处理间的采食量和饲料转化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),日增重随净能的下降呈线性增加,以9.45MJ/kg组最高(P<0.05);养分消化率中,除钙的消化率外,其余养分的消化率均随净能水平的增加而线性下降(P<0.05)。降低净能水平后,血清赖氨酸含量线性增加(P=0.03),对其余氨基酸影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对血清尿素氮含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。由此可得出,低蛋白日粮中净能水平的降低并不影响生长猪的生长性能和养分消化率。     

Effects of dietary protein and energy concentrations on performance and carcase characteristics of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) raised in captivity

1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of starter and grower diets with differing crude protein (CP) and metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations on the body weight (BW), live weight gain (LWG), feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcase, breast+back, rump, wing, neck and abdominal fat weights of chukar partridge raised in captivity. 2. Chukar partridges were fed on starter diets containing 4 concentrations of CP (160, 200, 240, 280 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of ME (10.9, 11.7, 12.6, 13.4 MJ/kg) from hatch to 8 weeks of age; they were fed on grower diets containing 4 concentrations of CP (150, 175, 200, 225 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of ME (11.9, 12.6, 13.2, 13.8 MJ/kg) from 9 to 16 weeks of age. All diets contained at least 5.5 g/kg methionine, 15 g/kg lysine and 10 g/kg methionine+cystine. Sixteen starter and 16 grower diets were arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial design with 4 levels of CP and 4 levels of ME. Each treatment was replicated three times with each replicate consisting of 5 males and 5 females. 3. Partridges fed on a starter diet containing 160 g CP/kg were significantly lighter at 8 weeks of age than those in groups given diets containing a higher CP. However, at 16 weeks of age, the differences in BW among treatments had disappeared. Throughout, there were no significant effects of ME concentration on BW and LWG. 4. The daily mean FC for the 0 to 8 week and 0 to 16 week periods was not affected by dietary CP concentration. For the 9 to 16 week period, the partridges fed on a grower diet containing 225 g CP/kg consumed more feed than those given a diet containing 175 g CP/kg. 5. The highest FCR for the 0 to 8 week period was in partridges fed on a starter diet containing 160 g CP/kg. For the 9 to 16 week period, the lowest FCR was in partridges fed on a grower diet containing 150 g CP/kg. For the 0 to 16 week period, there was not a significant effect of dietary CP concentration on FCR. The daily mean FC and the FCR for the 0 to 8, 9 to 16 and 0 to 16 week periods decreased when the ME concentration of the starter and grower diets increased. 6. The carcase, rump and breast+back weights of the male partridges increased when the ME content of the diets increased. Weights of all carcase components of the male partridges were significantly greater than those of the carcase components of the females. 7. There were no significant interactions between CP and ME concentrations on BW, LWG, FC, FCR and carcase characteristics. 8. We conclude that the starter diet for chukar partridges raised for meat production should contain at least 200 g CP/kg, 11.7 MJ ME/kg, and the grower diet should contain 150 g CP/kg, 12.6 MJ ME/kg.     

饲粮添加不同水平三丁酸甘油酯对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、肠组织形态和养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平三丁酸甘油酯对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、肠组织形态和养分消化率的影响。选取平均体重为7.66 kg的21日龄“杜×长×大”断奶仔猪200头,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复8头猪。对照组饲喂添加40 mg/kg杆菌肽锌的基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础饲粮中分别添加1000、1500、2000、2500 mg/kg三丁酸甘油酯,试验期为42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2000和2500 mg/kg三丁酸甘油酯显著提高了仔猪平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低了料重比(P<0.05),显著增加了血清中免疫球蛋白M含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加1500、2000、2500 mg/kg三丁酸甘油酯显著提高了仔猪血清葡萄糖和总蛋白含量(P<0.05),显著提高了空肠、回肠的绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P<0.05),显著提高了仔猪对饲粮中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和磷的表观消化率(P<0.05),显著降低了血清中球蛋白含量和二胺氧化酶活性(P<0.05);饲粮中添加1000 mg/kg三丁酸甘油酯显著提高了血清中总蛋白含量(P<0.05),显著降低了血清中二胺氧化酶活性(P<0.05),显著提高了仔猪对饲粮中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的表观消化率(P<0.05)。由此可见,仔猪饲粮中添加1000~1500 mg/kg三丁酸甘油酯可替代抗生素药物添加剂;饲粮中添加2000~2500 mg/kg三丁酸甘油酯不仅可替代抗生素药物添加剂,而且可显著提高仔猪生长性能,改善肠组织形态,增强免疫力,提高养分消化率。     

Energy metabolism and protein balance in growing rats fed different levels of dietary fibre and protein.

A study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary fibre (DF) and dietary protein on visceral organ size, digestibility, nitrogen balance and energy metabolism in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats, initial body weight about 76 g were used in a factorial design consisting of three levels of DF (low, 100 g/kg DM: medium, 250 g/kg DM and high, 290 g/kg DM) and two levels of dietary protein (low, 120 g/kg DM and high, 223 g/kg DM). The added fibre source was soybean hulls and Danish fish meal was used as sole source of dietary protein. Measurements of gas-exchange were done on six rats (one group) while urine and faeces were collected individually. The ratio of food/empty body gain increased (P<0.05) with increasing DF and decreasing levels of dietary protein. The weight of the digestive tract was larger (P<0.05) in rats fed the high fibre diet than in those fed the low fibre diet. The digestibility of nutrients and energy decreased linearly with increasing level of soybean fibre (P<0.05). An increased intake of DF was associated with a concomitant loss of protein and energy to faeces. The microbial degradation of NSP and other unabsorbed carbohydrates caused considerably changes in N metabolism of the colon. In rats fed the low protein diets increased levels of DF decreased N excretion in urine and increased N excretion in faeces, while the ratio of retained/digested protein remained constant. When rats were fed the high protein diet protein retention dropped in response to DF both absolute and relative to digested amount, indicating that energy intake could be a limiting factor. Heat production as a percentage of metabolizable energy (HP/ME) was higher (P<0.05) in rats fed the low protein diet than in rats fed the high protein diet, but no significant difference was found among DF levels.     

Effect of partly replacing cottonseed cake with Mucuna spp. (var. Ghana) hay on feed intake and digestibility, milk yield and milk composition of zebu cows

The effect of partly replacing cottonseed cake with Mucuna hay (Mucuna spp. var. Ghana) on feed intake, digestibility and milk production of dairy cows was studied using six Zebu cows randomly assigned to three dietary treatments in a replicated Latin square design. All cows were fed hay from natural pastures ad libitum and 1.1 kg molasses as a basal diet, which was supplemented with: (1) 2 kg cottonseed cake (control diet), (2) 1.5 kg cottonseed cake and 1.2 kg Mucuna hay (low Mucuna, LM), and (3) 1.0 kg cottonseed cake and 3.3 kg Mucuna hay (high Mucuna, HM). Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intake were similar for all the diets. The addition of Mucuna significantly increased DM and organic matter digestibility, whereas CP, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre digestibility were similar among the diets. The treatments had no effect on daily milk yield (3.38, 3.43 and 3.38 kg milk) or milk composition (41.1, 43.7 and 42.7 g fat/kg milk; 35.1, 36.4 and 35.9 g protein/kg milk; and 46.1, 45.8 and 45.3 g lactose/kg milk, respectively, for cows fed control, LM and HM diets). The treatments had no significant effect on live weight changes. The results showed that replacing 50% of the cottonseed cake with Mucuna hay had no negative effects on feed intake and digestibility, milk yield or milk composition.     

The effect of partial replacement of soyabean meal with sunflower meal on ileal adaptation, nutrient utilisation and growth performance of young turkeys

1. A 4?×?2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to investigate the effect of graded levels of sunflower meal (SFM; 0,?70,?140 and 210?g/kg) and enzyme supplementation on gut morphology, nutrient utilisation and growth performance of young turkeys from 0 to 8 weeks of age. The enzyme supplement used in the study contained non-starch polysaccharide (NSP)-degrading activities and supplied 500?U pectinase, 40?U cellulase, 1600?U xylanase, 800?U glucanase, 200?U mannanase, 20?U galactanase per kg diet.

2. The use of SFM resulted in an increase in the height and width of intestinal villi, and a linear decrease in crypt depth. Dry matter digestibility and energy metabolisability decreased in groups fed diets with a moderate (140?g/kg) and high (210?g/kg) SFM content.

3. A decrease in dry matter digestibility and energy metabolisability was most likely the reason for a reduction in body weights of 8-week-old turkeys fed on diets containing 140?g/kg (from 4·17 to 4·01?kg) and 210?g/kg (from 4·17 to 3·93?kg) of SFM.

4. The addition of enzyme resulted in a slight increase in villus height, a significant increase in the number of goblet cells and an increase in digestibility coefficients for crude fat.

5. The results of this study demonstrate that turkey diets can be effectively supplemented with high-quality sunflower meal at a concentration of approximately 70?g/kg. It should be noted, however, that at 8 weeks of age the body weight of turkeys fed on diets containing 140 and 210?g/kg of SFM could be lower by 4 and 6%, respectively, than in those receiving the soyabean meal-based diets.     

Effect of dietary inclusion of fermented pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) meal on growth, apparent nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of cockerel chicks

The effect of dietary inclusion of fermented pigeon pea meal (FPPM) on growth response, apparent nutrient digestibility, haematological indices and serum biochemistry of cockerel chicks was studied using 240-day-old cockerel chicks allotted to four dietary treatments consisting of 60 birds each. Four experimental diets were formulated to include FPPM at 0, 50, 100 and 150?g/kg inclusion levels, respectively. Each of the diets was fed to 60 birds replicated six times with ten birds per replicate. The feeding trial lasted for 56?days. Results indicated that final live weight (linear (L). quadratic (Q): P??0.05) by the inclusion of FPPM. Haemoglobin and serum uric acid concentrations were also reduced (P?相似文献   

缩合单宁对海鲈生长性能、体成分、营养物质表观消化率及肠道组织结构的影响

【目的】通过研究饲料中添加缩合单宁对海鲈生长性能、体成分、营养物质表观消化率及肠道组织结构的影响,探讨缩合单宁作为水产饲料添加剂的潜在应用价值。【方法】选择初始体重为(2.76±0.05) g的健康海鲈480尾,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复40尾。分别投喂3种等氮等脂饲料,即T1(基础饲料,对照组)、T2(基础饲料＋1 g/kg缩合单宁)和T3(基础饲料＋2 g/kg缩合单宁)。采取饱食投喂方式,试验周期为63 d。【结果】各组之间成活率和饲料系数无显著差异(P＞0.05),T3组终末体重、增重率和特定生长率显著低于T1和T2组(P＜0.05);各组之间全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和灰分含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05);干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率均表现为T1＞T2＞T3(P＜0.05),T3组粗脂肪表观消化率显著低于T1组(P＜0.05),T1和T2组之间粗脂肪表观消化率无显著差异(P＞0.05),各组之间灰分表观消化率无显著差异(P＞0.05);与T1组相比,T2和T3组海鲈肠道出现不同程度损伤,表现为绒毛长度显著降低(P＜0.05),杯状细胞数量显著增加(P＜0.05)。【结论】饲料中添加1 g/kg缩合单宁不影响海鲈生长性能,但降低了干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率,添加2 g/kg缩合单宁抑制了海鲈生长,降低了干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的表观消化率,且破坏了肠道组织结构。缩合单宁可作为饲料添加剂应用于海鲈,建议添加剂量不超过1 g/kg。