中国农村地区可持续发展能源战略研究 (Ⅰ)中国农村地区能源形势分析

中国农村地区能源消费关系到生产、生活和环境质量,该文着重分析了农村地区能源消费形势,１９９５年农村能源消费总量折标煤６．９亿ｔ,但人均商品能源消费仍然很低。通过农村能源建设,现已开发利用可再生能源折标煤３０００万ｔ。随着农村生活水平的提高,优质能源需求也随之增加。文章客观分析了存在的能源、经济和环境等问题。     

中国农村地区可持续发展能源战略研究 (Ⅰ)——中国农村地区能源形势分析

中国农村地区能源消费关系到生产、生活和环境质量,该文着重分析了农村地区能源消费形势,１９９５年农村能源消费总量折标煤６．９亿ｔ,但人均商品能源消费仍然很低。通过农村能源建设,现已开发利用可再生能源折标煤３０００万ｔ。随着农村生活水平的提高,优质能源需求也随之增加。文章客观分析了存在的能源、经济和环境等问题。     

农村能源可持续发展评价方法与实证

根据农村能源可持续发展的内涵,提出了农村能源可持续发展评价指标体系,给出了农村能源可持续发展的程度和水平的定量评价方法,为研究不同地区或不同时期农村能源可持续发展提供了依据,运用该方法对江苏六县的农村能源可持续发展水平进行了实证分析     

中国农村地区可持续发展能源战略研究(Ⅱ)中国农村地区中长期能源需求预测研究

农村地区能源需求预测属于区域能源需求预测的范畴,主要突出地域的概念。预测中国农村地区能源消费需求形势,将有助于制订农村可持续发展的能源战略。本文在现有资料分析的基础上,通过科学分析测算,提出了农村地区中长期能源需求的常规方案和加强可再生能源开发利用的方案。预计到２０１０年和２０５０年,农村地区居住人口为７．７亿和４．８亿,即时采用加强方案,对商品能源的需求量折标煤分别为１０．２４亿ｔ和１６．３２亿ｔ。     

中国农村地区可持续发展能源战略研究(Ⅱ)——中国农村地区中长期能源需求预测研究

农村地区能源需求预测属于区域能源需求预测的范畴,主要突出地域的概念。预测中国农村地区能源消费需求形势,将有助于制订农村可持续发展的能源战略。本文在现有资料分析的基础上,通过科学分析测算,提出了农村地区中长期能源需求的常规方案和加强可再生能源开发利用的方案。预计到２０１０年和２０５０年,农村地区居住人口为７．７亿和４．８亿,即时采用加强方案,对商品能源的需求量折标煤分别为１０．２４亿ｔ和１６．３２亿ｔ。     

常州市农村能源消费影响因素实证分析

农村地区能源消费是能源和环境的可持续发展的重要组成部分,它受许多因素的影响。该文运用2000－2009年的统计数据,通过相关分析、主成分分析和灰色关联分析法对影响常州市农村能源消费的各个因素进行重要性评价,得出了人均纯收入是最主要的影响因素,并由此提出了提高当地农村能源消费水平,改善农村能源消费结构,引导农户合理利用能源的政策建议。     

四川省米易县农村能源优化结构的研究

为寻求一个地区农村能源开发利用的合理途径,我们就四川省米易县农村能源资源以及消费现状进行了大量调查研究。根据本县能源消费、能源资源、经济发展规划以及能源资源与需求预测等专题分析数据,运用线性规划模型进行了农村能源开发利用的优化设计,并对计算机求解的结果进行了分析评价。     

中国农村地区可持续发展能源战略研究(Ⅳ) 建立我国农村可持续发展能源战略的政策措施及发展模式

根据我国农村地区可持续发展的能源战略和建设方针,总结、分析了农村能源建设的经验。按照市场经济体制改革的形势,提出了分阶段能源资源节约、开发和综合利用等方面的战略重点和支持政策。并系统地探讨了县级农村能源综合建设的成功模式,指出了农村能源建设的发展方向。     

中国农村地区可持续发展能源战略研究(Ⅳ)——建立我国农村可持续发展能源战略的政策措施及发展模式

根据我国农村地区可持续发展的能源战略和建设方针,总结、分析了农村能源建设的经验。按照市场经济体制改革的形势,提出了分阶段能源资源节约、开发和综合利用等方面的战略重点和支持政策。并系统地探讨了县级农村能源综合建设的成功模式,指出了农村能源建设的发展方向。     

中国农村能源生产消费现状与发展需求分析

农村能源是中国能源体系的重要组成部分,是建设美丽乡村的重要物质基础.通过对官方统计数据与文献资料的归纳整理和系统分析,论述了中国农村生活与生产用能现状与基本特征,农村能源消费中煤炭占主导地位,农村生活用能中的煤炭消费占33.8%,农村生产用能中的煤炭占51.5%,另外,可再生能源使用量较低,当前农村生活用能消费结构不合理.阐释了农村能源产业规模、产业技术与产业政策的现状,并在此基础上,分析了中国农村能源发展中存在的主要问题与近期基本需求.最后,概述了的分布式能源系统、北方农村地区供暖、生物质能源化资源化综合利用、农村节能等农村能源发展的基本方向.     

地热水的开发利用与环境氟污染

本文论述了地热水开发利用及地热尾水排放过程中对环境造成的氟污染问题。实验结果表明：国内许多地热井点地热水中氟含量偏高，一般在０．５－１７ｍｇ／ｌ之间，最高可达４０ｍｇ／ｌ（国家饮水水质氟含量标准为１．０ｍｇ／ｌ）；利用地热水养鱼，当地热水中氟含量高于１．０ｍｇ／ｌ时，鱼体内氟化物含量高于２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，超过了国家食品卫生标准的要求；地热水灌溉能引起土壤氟含量增高，但高氟土壤对农作物品质影响不明显。     

西安地区地下热水季节性活动与区域地震活动的关系研究

根据西影井热水水位的观测资料,分析了西安地区地下热水活动的季节性特征及其与区域地震活动的相关性。结果表明西安地区地下热水活动与区域地震活动明显相关,其相关性基本不受季节性用水的影响,反映出它们受同一构造力源的控制,同时,西安地区地下热水活动与西安及邻区的地震活动最为密切。     

Environmental Impact by Spill of Geothermal Fluids at the Geothermal Field of Los Azufres,Michoacán,Mexico

Monitoring of surface water and shallow aquifers inside and outside of the Los Azufres geothermal fieldduring the period November 1994 to May 1996 led to thedetection of some contamination of surface water andshallow aquifers due to exploitation of the deepbrines. Leaking of evaporation ponds and pipelines,occasionally overflowing of reinjection wells and pondrims as well as outflowing of brines duringrehabilitation or drilling operations, are potentialcontamination sources within the cycle of geothermalproduction.Temporarily and/or permanently increased traceelements concentrations, especially Fe, Mn, F, B, andAs in surface waters within the geothermal field aswell as up to 10 km outside, were observed. Maximumvalues of 125 and 8 mg L^-1 were observed for B and As,respectively. The discharge of hypersaline geothermalbrines also causes salinization of surrounding soils.It occasionally happens that cattle drink from thebrines. The use of the river for irrigation anddrinking water supply in the surrounding regions maycause accumulation of toxic elements in the human foodchain or may endanger the public health.The establishment of a closed geothermal productioncycle can be achieved by simple remediationtechniques, such as sealing of the pond walls, removalof overflow channels, direct reinjection without anyreposal time in evaporation ponds, as well as animproved security and control system.     

Arsenic Pollution in the Groundwater of Simav Plain, Turkey: Its Impact on Water Quality and Human Health

In this research, geological and hydrogeological studies were conducted to determine the source of high arsenic levels in the surficial aquifer of Simav Plain, Kutahya, Turkey. One of the two aquifer systems isolated in the study area was a deep confined aquifer composed of fractured metamorphic rocks that supply hot geothermal fluid. The other one was an unconfined alluvial aquifer, which developed within the graben area as a result of sediment deposition from the highlands. This aquifer serves as the primary water resource within the plain. A water quality sampling campaign conducted in 27 wells drilled in the surficial aquifer has yielded an average arsenic concentration of 99.1 µg/L with a maximum of 561.5 µg/L. Rock and sediment samples supported the fact that local metamorphic rocks contained significant amounts of sulfur minerals where arsenic-containing lenses are present inside. It was also determined that a Cu–Pb–Zn mine was operated in the past in the same formation. Arsenic-containing wastes of this mine were deposited near the Simav district center in an uncontrolled manner. This mined formation had arsenic levels reaching to levels as high as 660 mg/kg, which was found out to be the highest arsenic level in the area. Another potential arsenic source in the study area was the geothermal fluid that was used extensively in three geothermal fields with levels reaching to levels as high as 594 µg/L. Uncontrolled discharges of waste geothermal fluid and overexploitation of groundwater were also found to contribute to arsenic pollution in surface/subsurface waters of the plain. Thus, natural sources and anthropogenic influences of arsenic were found to create high concentrations in local water reserves of the area and influence human health. Consequently, death statistics from the 1995 to 2005 period collected from the area has revealed increased rates of gastrointestinal cancers above Turkish average.     

寒冷地区太阳能减压膜蒸馏RO浓水淡化系统设计与试验

针对目前反渗透(reverse osmosis,RO)浓水的零排放以及膜蒸馏产生的蒸汽冷凝及相变热回收问题,该文设计了一套适用于寒冷地区的太阳能减压膜蒸馏RO浓水淡化系统。系统主要由太阳能集热器、膜蒸馏组件、冷凝装置及真空泵等部分组成。该系统在宁夏银川市贺兰县的苦咸水地区进行了试验,对太阳能的集热效果、减压膜蒸馏的RO浓水淡化效果、冷凝装置的冷凝效果及对温室作物的加热效果进行了测试分析。试验表明:所选的太阳能集热器面积基本可以满足全年的膜蒸馏用热,在反渗透淡水池中设计的不锈钢散热盘管长度可以满足蒸汽冷凝要求,在地表以下30~40cm处铺设地热盘管可以满足蒸汽冷凝要求和温室加热需求。在浓水进水温度为80℃、渗透侧真空压力为-0.080MPa时,减压膜蒸馏系统产水量可以达到37.62L/h,但随着膜蒸馏系统运行时间的加长,膜污染加重,产水量逐渐降低,在系统运行了近240h以后,对膜组件进行清洗,清洗后的系统产水量比清洗前提高了近1.5倍。通过试验验证,该系统基本能够满足寒冷地区温室的使用要求。该研究对降低膜蒸馏系统能耗、解决膜蒸馏的蒸汽冷凝及相变热回收、实现RO浓水零排放、减少浓水对环境污染具有重要意义。     

地热温室热负荷的计算

地热温室是地热能农业利用的主要内容。地热温室热负荷的计算是设计地热温室的主要依据,它影响温室蔬菜的正常生长与地热能利用的规模。 地热温室热负荷应根据温室蔬菜的生态要求,当地的气象条件及外围护结构,通过传热计算而得到,而不能只参考其他地方的数据来决定。合理选择室外计算温度是地热温室热负荷计算的关键。本文提出用保证率法来确定地热温室的室外计算温度。这样,不但能保证温室蔬菜的正常生长,而且也扩大了地热能的利用范围。本文以雄县地热温室为例,说明地热温室热负荷计算的方法,并将计算值与实测值进行对比。结果表明,本文所用的方法是可行的。     

Mercury pollution in the soil and mosses around a geothermal plant

Samples of soils and mosses were collected near a geothermal power plant, which is located in one of the most active geothermal fields of the world (Southern Tuscany). High concentrations of Hg (up to 1.8 μg g^?1 d.w.) occur in mosses as far as 0.6 km from the geothermal plant, and the Hg uptake of mosses is unrelated to the species except for Bryum torquescens. The Hg in the soil was lower than in mosses, and the greatest concentrations in soil were near the Travale-22 well, which feeds the most powerful geothermal plant (30 MW) in the area. In addition, the concentrations of Hg detected in soil cores and in old bottom leaves of several specimens of Hypnum cupressiforme show that this element has been emitted into the air also in the past probably since the discovery of T-22 well in 1972.     

青藏高原风火山流域凝结水动态特征分析

采用微型蒸渗仪对青藏高原风火山流域不同退化高寒草甸凝结水进行了实地观测实验,根据观测数据分析了风火山流域凝结水的形成规律。研究结果表明,青藏高原风火山流域凝结水主要来源于两个方面,空气中的水汽,包气带向上迁移的水汽。其中来源于包气带的凝结水显著大于来源于空气的凝结水。凝结水基本发生在夜间20:00至次日8:00的时段内,并且在次日6:00-8:00之间凝结量最大,其形成深度主要集中在0-5cm土壤剖面范围内。该区凝结水量随着高寒草甸的退化表现为减小趋势,凝结水对于青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统平衡的维持具有十分重要的意义。     

地热吸收式热泵在农村供热中的应用

本文针对中低温地热水,力求实现梯级利用,提高热利用率,探讨了以中低温地热水作热源的(驱动热源)第Ⅱ类吸收式热泵供热装置,提出了几种可能的方案。文中讨论了第Ⅱ类热泵的工作原理,介绍了本研究装置的系统,提出评价这类热泵的性能指标(当量供热系数)。并以氨·水工质为例,进行了计算。结果表明,这种装置具有较好的供热性能和高的热能利用率。     

Stable Isotope and Chloride, Boron Study for Tracing Sources of Boron Contamination in Groundwater: Boron Contents in Fresh and Thermal Water in Different Areas in Greece

Boron is biologically an essential element but is toxic at high concentrations to plants (above approximately 1 mg/L in irrigation water) and probably to humans: The EU Drinking Water Directive fixes a threshold of 1 mg/L and the World Health Organisation (WHO) set a recommended limit at 0.3 mg/L now increased to 0.5 mg/L. Because of this potential toxicity and the need of implementation of EU regulation on national level, the study of the boron levels in both ground- and surface water is of great significance for water management. In Greece, a significant number of thermal, mineral and superficial water springs are found especially in Northern Greece, that present high boron values rendering such water unacceptable according to the European standards. Nevertheless, such ground waters or borehole water with high temperature and high boron content are used for irrigation and drinking purposes, and could therefore have an antagonistic effect on crop yield and health. In order to study the boron contamination and to elucidate the origin of B, we collected a number of hot and fresh water all over Greece. In all the water sampled, the boron concentration exceeds the limit of 0.3 mg/L, which is the former recommended WHO limit. Moreover, in the irrigation water examined, the boron concentration exceeds the value of 0.75 mg/L, which is the limit for sensitive plants (for plants of moderate and plants of high tolerance, these values vary between 0.75–3 and > 3 mg/L respectively). In all cases, elevated boron could be attributed to natural sources, geothermal activity and/or seawater intrusion into the aquifers. This finding has important implications for water management: In a setting of high natural geochemical background values, source control of the pollution is not possible and water managers have to cope with a local to regional geochemical anomaly that implies boron specific water treatment or mixing with unpolluted resources to bring concentrations down.