马岗鹅个体产蛋行为规律的监控记录与分析

本试验探讨采用无线射频识别(RFID)技术以研发马岗鹅的个体产蛋记录技术,为研发促进鹅产蛋性能的选育和在种鹅生产中及时淘汰低产个体的新技术提供基础。试验采用无线射频识别(RFID)技术进行产蛋种鹅的身份识别、视频确证鹅产蛋事件,结合数据筛查软件,精确记录散养状态下共7批69只鹅的527个产蛋行为事件。结果表明:马岗鹅一个周期平均产蛋8个,约6%的鹅蛋产蛋序列长达11~12个蛋。鹅的连产间隔平均接近48 h,连产序列长短与间隔延长和紊乱有关。母鹅产蛋个体记录可用于种鹅产蛋的无应激精确记录,以提高种鹅生产管理水平和研发鹅产蛋性能选育的新技术。     

两种不同肉鹅杂交配套方式效果比较

为了研究马岗鹅的杂交改良效果,试验比较了两种肉鹅杂交配套生产方式的效果:马岗鹅母鹅与"阳江白沙鹅"公鹅杂交(简称"阳马鹅");四川白鹅母鹅、马岗鹅公鹅的杂交一代母鹅(简称"马川鹅")与马岗鹅公鹅进行杂交(简称"马马川鹅")。测定0~90日龄杂交鹅的体重和体尺变化,在70和90日龄对杂交后代进行屠宰测定,并记录"马川鹅"的第一个产蛋期的产蛋性能。结果表明:"马马川鹅"的体重在早期极显著低于"阳马鹅"(P0.01),到90日龄时与"阳马鹅"相当;"马马川鹅"各个体尺指标几乎均低于"阳马鹅",饲料转化率也均低于"阳马鹅"。"马川鹅"产蛋时间历时9个多月,平均每只母鹅累计产蛋44.08个。研究表明,通过杂交后的"马马川鹅"繁殖性能比父本马岗鹅高,且具有较快的生长速度和较好的产肉性能。     

狮头鹅种鹅的规模化饲养

狮头鹅是世界上体型最大的肉用鹅种之一，在澄海饲养已有200多年历史，并已形成独特的澄海系狮头鹅。10周龄公鹅体重6～7b，母鹅5．5～6．5k；母鹅第一个产蛋年平均产蛋26～28只，两岁以上平均产蛋30-32只。种鹅公母比例按1：5～6，鹅群放于水面自然交配，1岁母鹅产蛋受     

鹅休产期的饲养管理

<正>母鹅产蛋至六月,因天气炎热、光照时间长,产蛋率明显减少,每天产蛋时间推迟,小蛋、畸形蛋增多,大部分母鹅的羽毛干枯,公鹅配种能力差,种蛋受精率低,一般鹅群产蛋率下降到5﹪时,种鹅便进入休产期。在此期,基本没     

养鹅如何提高产蛋量?

1)保温增光。保持环境温度是维持母鹅春季多产蛋的关键。鹅舍温度应保持在20℃左右,其每昼夜光照在13～15 h为宜。春季应增加和保持鹅群光照时间和强度,提高鹅的新陈代谢能力,才能保证蛋鹅产蛋高峰期延长,提高产蛋率。2)合理饲喂。每只鹅日喂混合精料200～250 g,分3次喂给,其中一次安排在21:00。     

马岗鹅产蛋-就巢周期内卵泡发育的内分泌调控

旨在探讨马岗鹅产蛋-就巢周期内卵泡发育的内分泌调控机制。试验1：观察了马岗鹅产蛋-就巢周期内PRL、LH、P4和INB水平的变化和就巢期（第1天）、就巢终止期（第10天）、开产期（第25天）、产蛋高峰期（第40天）、停产期（第55天）和就巢期（第70天）卵泡的发育。试验2：在对马岗鹅终止就巢时（第1天）主动免疫重组鸡PRL蛋白（1 mg&#183;只^-1）,并在开产前（第23天）和产蛋高峰期（第45天）加强免疫（0.8和0.5 mg&#183;只^-1）,同时从第33天将每天光照由11 h增至16 h,观察对马岗鹅产蛋和就巢的影响。试验1结果表明,随着就巢的终止,PRL水平下降,LH、P4和INB水平上升。PRL在开产前降至最低,开产后又逐渐上升,就巢期达最高;LH则在开产前和产蛋期呈现两波分泌峰;P4和INB与PRL呈相反变化,在产蛋高峰期最高,就巢期最低。鹅群在第24天恢复产蛋,开产前有约10枚大白卵泡（LWF）发育为小黄卵泡（SYF）和大黄卵泡（LYF）;在约30 d的产蛋期内,平均每只产蛋约8枚,产蛋结束后90%的鹅发生就巢。试验2结果表明,对马岗鹅主动免疫PRL蛋白一定程度推迟（P〈0.05）了开产后产蛋率的上升,并一定程度抑制就巢的发生;而在延长光照15 d后,免疫组的产蛋和就巢则快速升至与对照组相当水平。整个试验期,2组累计就巢均达到100%,但免疫组比对照组多产蛋1枚（8.0 vs 7.0）。结果提示,PRL和LH的交替分泌调控马岗鹅的产蛋就巢周期;卵泡发育时分泌的INB,以及由P4促进分泌的PRL,调节周期中卵泡发育和产蛋的数量。PRL不仅促进就巢发生并导致周期内较低等级卵泡的闭锁,可能还在开产前后具有促进卵泡发育和产蛋的作用。     

北京：300万头家畜配“数字身份证”

鹅大肠杆菌性腹膜炎病又名卵黄性腹膜炎或母鹅蛋子瘟病,是产蛋母鹅感染了大肠杆菌引起的一种传染病,死亡率很高,所以称之为“蛋子瘟”。2009年4月淮阴区三树镇某鹅养殖场有产蛋鹅1200只。起初鹅群仅有几只鹅发病,表现精神萎靡、卧地、不愿行走、产软壳蛋与薄壳蛋,后发病鹅停止产蛋,一周后鹅群发病率、死亡率升高,产蛋率明显降低。经诊断治疗为鹅大肠杆菌性腹膜炎病,现将诊治报告如下。     

鲁系白羽四季鹅养殖技术

1鲁系白羽四季鹅的特性鲁系白羽四季鹅一年四季都可产蛋,年产蛋80枚左右穴普通四季鹅年产蛋3个月熏产蛋量40枚雪。雏鹅65d就可长到4kg,0.5～0.6kg混合料可长0.5kg鹅,也可完全以青绿饲草或秸秆粉碎饲喂。该鹅生长迅速,产蛋自孵,个体大、抗病力强。一个月产蛋、一个月抱窝、半个月复膘、一季一循环、一年能孵4窝苗鹅,这一点非常适合于农户养殖,可以省去每年购雏鹅的麻烦和费用,肉用仔鹅一年四季均可上市。2孵化期的管理四季鹅可以自己孵抱。公鹅4月龄、母鹅3月龄性成熟,但配种和产蛋宜在4月龄。公、母配比1公3母。母鹅每月产蛋16～20枚左右。…     

扬州鹅产蛋性能与最适开产体重相关性分析

鹅的年产蛋量和体重是一对负相关（拮抗）性状，为阐明扬州鹅开产体重与年产蛋量这2个性状间的相关关系，在保持扬州鹅种蛋重量的前提下维持其高产特性，本研究以第6世代扬州鹅高产系、快长系共计754只母鹅产蛋和开产体重数据为实验材料，对2个性状的相关性进行了分析，并按照母鹅体重进行分组。结果显示：扬州鹅高产系与快长系分化明显，开产体重、年产蛋量及蛋重3个指标均差异显著；扬州鹅年产蛋量和体重呈显著负相关，相关系数为-0.938，和蛋重呈显著负相关，相关系数为-0.956；母鹅开产体重在4.0～4.5kg之间，年产蛋量最大，超过72个，蛋重在160g以上。综合实际鹅业生产的要求，扬州鹅年产蛋需保持在70个以上，蛋重超过160 g，故在种鹅饲养过程中，母鹅开产体重最好控制在4.0～4.5 kg。     

读者信箱

1、鹅的品种分类我国鹅的一般品种分类为小型鹅、中型鹅、大型鹅。小型鹅成年体重为:公鹅3.5～5.0kg、母鹅3.0～4.0kg;中型鹅成年体重:公鹅为5.1～6.5kg;母鹅4.4～5.5kg;在此体重以上的称为大型鹅种。2、各型鹅的品种及其生产性能小型鹅有以下几个品种:①豁眼鹅、又称疤拉眼鹅主要产于辽宁昌图县、又称昌图鹅。在吉林通化、黑龙江的延寿县饲养数量较大,它以优良的产蛋性能著称于世,是目前世界上产蛋量最高的鹅品种。体重和产肉性能:成年公鹅体重,辽宁的为4.44kg、吉林的4.58kg、黑龙江的为4.37kg;成年母鹅体重,辽宁的为3.82kg、吉林的为3.72…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in