河西冷凉灌区甜叶菊扦插育苗及根蘖繁殖技术

甜叶菊在河西冷凉灌区气候条件下,可利用日光温室或塑料大棚育苗,实现一年一季生产,但由于育苗成本较高,影响了甜叶菊生产效益.针对甜叶菊种子小、育苗难、育苗成本高的问题,结合生产实践.总结出了甜叶菊扦插育苗及根蘖繁殖栽培技术,每666.7㎡可节约育苗成本120元,单茬干叶平均产量可达300 kg经检测化验,甜叶菊叶每百克总甙含量在18g左右,远远高于国内其它地区.     

影响河西走廊甜叶菊产量和品质的因素

甜叶菊主要收获产品为干叶。调查研究表明,河西走廊甜叶菊干叶产量及品质受品种、育苗质量、移栽时间、生产管理、收获时间、收获方式及生长后期气候变化等多方面因素的影响。选择良种,培育壮苗,适时移栽,加强田间管理,按时收获,是甜叶菊取得高产优质的关键。     

棉花无土育苗及优质高产配套栽培技术研究

[目的]探讨无土育苗棉花优质高产配套栽培技术。[方法]以南抗9号、湘杂棉8号、太D5、鄂杂棉11号为示范品种，采用无土育苗后在铜陵县进行无钵移栽示范，分析无土育苗棉花的各种性状，探讨无土育苗棉花优质高产配套栽培技术。[结果]无土育苗棉花移栽成活率较高，达95％vX上；无土育苗能提高棉花的叶片及根系功能、抗病性、产量及经济效益。南抗9号无土育苗后籽棉产量4254．0kg/hm^2，湘杂棉8号无土育苗后籽棉产量3519．0kg／hm^2，太D5籽棉无土育苗后产量达到4543．5kg／hm^2。提出了无土育苗无钵移栽棉花的配套栽培技术。[结论]为棉花的无土育苗优质高产栽培提供了基础资料。     

甜叶菊的扦插育苗

甜叶菊(Teria rebandiana(Bertoni)Temsl)原产南美洲巴拉圭的一种多年生菊科草本植物,其叶片里含有甜叶菊糖甙,甜度为蔗糖的300倍左右,一般可作甜茶泡饮,亦可制成片剂或提炼成结晶,作为甜味改进剂,据报导它对治疗胖病和糖尿病很有好处,目前国内外都在大力进行研究.我国引种甜叶菊的时间不长,仅2—3年之久,试种单位不多,栽培面积不大.为了加速发展甜叶菊生产,急需解决苗木问题,由于甜叶菊种子细小,育苗技术要求较高,而且也因开花季节限制,难于等待开花结籽,更因为甜叶菊以采刈茎叶为产量,大量的经常的摘叶势必影响种子的产量和质量,给育苗工作增加了难度,因甜叶菊茎杆合糖甙少,无利用价值,笔者试图利用收刈摘叶后的茎杆进行扦插育苗,以求多快好省地繁殖苗木,目前国内外有关甜叶菊扦插育苗的报道极少,仅有浙江省科学院亚热带作物研究所1979年第二期《浙江亚热带作物通讯》中第27页报道了17.4%的扦插成活率.为了提高扦插成活率,特进行扦插育苗的方法研究.     

有机稻优质高产栽培技术应用及改进

主要从基地选择、品种选择、种子处理、播种育苗、合理密植、合理施肥、科学灌水、病虫草害综合防治等方面阐述了有机水稻优质高产栽培技术在生产中的应用与改进,从而为有机水稻的优质高产栽培提供技术保障。     

富硒南瓜优质高产栽培技术

系统阐述了富硒南瓜优质高产的栽培技术。指出在南瓜生产过程中应掌握品种特征特性、良种选择、播种育苗、整地施肥、适时移栽、田间管理、科学施硒、及时采收等栽培技术要点。     

北方地区甜叶菊日光温室集约化育苗技术

为提高甜叶菊苗的质量,在实际工作中整合甜叶菊日光温室和穴盘育苗技术,提出了北方地区甜叶菊日光温室集约化育苗技术,可实现甜叶菊苗的优质、合理供应,对于降低甜叶菊种植成本,促进甜叶菊种植效益提供一定的技术参考。     

寒地水稻两段育苗高产栽培技术

黑龙江省寒地稻作区因具有水稻生育期短、早春寒冷、活动积温少等特点,不适合种植优质晚熟的水稻品种。在这种情况下,可以采用两段育苗高产栽培技术。从两段育苗高产栽培技术的3个基本特点出发,对其技术要点进行了介绍,并通过省种、省工、节本、增产、增效等几个方面反映了该技术的优势,以促进该技术在其适用地区的推广应用。     

我国北方水稻生产状况的分析

采用动态分析的方法,分析了北方水稻生产的现状。结果表明,1961年以来,北方水稻栽培面积、单产和总产都呈增长趋势。稻米品质同市场需求比有差距,高产优质品种较少,稻米食味值需要提高。应该选用优质高产品种,并采用营养土保温旱育苗、合理稀植、节水灌溉、平衡施肥、综合防治病虫草害等措施组成的配套栽培技术,来增加水稻产量,改善稻米品质。     

我国北方水稻生产状况的分析

采用动态分析的方法,分析了北方水稻生产的现状。结果表明,1961年以来,北方水稻栽培面积、单产和总产都呈增长趋势。稻米品质同市场需求比有差距,高产优质品种较少,稻米食味值需要提高。应该选用优质高产品种,并采用营养土保温旱育苗、合理稀植、节水灌溉、平衡施肥、综合防治病虫草害等措施组成的配套栽培技术,来增加水稻产量,改善稻米品质。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo