论森林可持续经营及森林认证

概述了国际区域性森林可持续经营的标准与指标体系的9大进程，阐述了森林认证的概念及其3个组成要素以及国际上对森林认证工作的促进与发展，介绍了中国森林可持续经营的标准与指标的制定和森林认证工作。     

森林可持续经营需要森林认证

森林认证在短期内已发展成为一种过程，用来确定森林经营和操作是否满足规定的要求，森林认证的审查是由独立的第三方来完成的，对达到要求的森林给予认证。因此，森林认证的目标就是向木材产品     

中国森林认证探讨

通过研究森林认证与森林可持续经营、林产品国际贸易、保护生态环境和生物多样性以及中国林业同国际接轨等方面的关系 ,详细阐述了中国开展森林认证工作的意义和作用以及中国森林认证的进展情况 ,分析了森林认证对中国森林经营和林产品贸易的可能影响 ,认为森林认证是实现林业可持续发展和生态良好的文明发展道路的有效途径     

澳大利亚森林可持续经营与森林认证的启示

介绍了澳大利亚的林业政策、森林可持续经营的进程以及澳大利亚森林认证标准, 提出了我国应借鉴澳大利亚森林可持续经营与森林认证的经验, 尽快与森林认证认可计划互认的可行性和建议。     

森林认证对我国森林经营的效益分析

介绍了森林认证的发展,总结了森林认证对我国森林经营的总体影响,并分析了森林认证对我国森林经营的社会、生态和经济效益的影响,特别是对经济成本效益的影响,提出了我国森林认证应以促进森林可持续经营为主要目标、应以能力建设为主要工作、应以大型林业企业带动的建议.     

浅谈湖南省森林经营认证

阐述国际上的森林认证体系、国内外森林认证工作的进展以及森林认证的效益．论述了森林认证对湖南省森林经营的影响：促进森林的可持续经营;对森林经营者良好的示范效应;提高森林经营的技术水平和管理能力;消除贸易壁垒,开拓国际市场;促进生态环境良性循环和生物多样性保护等．提出培养绿色需求,建立相应的组织机构,建立森林认证网,制定森林认证管理办法等促进湖南省森林认证工作的若干建议．     

试述森林认证与森林可持续经营的关系

当前,森林认证已成为全球性的一项森林经营管理活动,成为促进森林资源可持续经营的重要举措。从全球来看,森林认证正逐步得到全世界生产企业和消费者的认可,将成为解决世界森林问题、促进森林可持续经营和林产品市场准入的一种有效手段。文章从森林认证的宗旨、产生的背景、森林认证的标准及森林认证的内容等方面阐述了森林认证是促进森林资源...     

竹林经营认证与森林经营认证的关系研究

竹林作为一种特殊的林分,具有生长快、成材早、产量高、材质好、用途广等特点,这些特点决定了竹林经营认证不同于森林经营认证。本文从竹林经营认证和森林经营认证的发展现状和特点出发,对他们之间的区别和联系进行了系统分析,为发展独立的竹林经营认证提供了理论依据。     

森林认证对森林经营和林产品贸易的影响

森林认证把森林经营与森林的产品结合在一起,良好的森林经营产出的产品才能被消费者认可。改善森林经营是所有森林认证计划的目标和要求。森林认证能逐步提高森林经营的质量;森林认证和标签的出现,使贸易有可能多元化,环境敏感市场的市场格局可能受到冲击,一些不符合环境要求的产品可能退出市场,而通过认证的产品有机会占领市场。     

澳大利亚森林可持续经营与森林认证对我国的启示

论述了森林可持续经营的进程以及澳大利亚森林认证标准，林业政策。提出了我国可借鉴的森林可持续经营与森林认证的可行性建议。     

Effects of acquiring FSC forest management certification for Japanese enterprises using SmartWood Audits

We explore the organizational, environmental, and economic effects of sustainable forest management (FM) certification by Smart-Wood (SW), one of the certification bodies accredited by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) to carry out certification in Japan. We closely investigated three enterprises: the Yusuhara Forest Owners’ Cooperative, Yamanashi Prefectural Forest, and Ryujin-mura Forest Owners’ Cooperative. Interviews with representatives of these entities provided crucial empirical information regarding the influence of certification on environmental assessment, rare-species protection, landscape-management planning, management objectives, and forest supervision. Attainment of FM status improved environmental awareness and engendered positive changes in assessing and managing forests and other natural resources but simultaneously imposed heavier economic costs.     

木兰林管局森林认证面临的主要问题及其建议

论述了森林认证的产生背景、概念、目的以及森林认证在我国的开展情况,并结合森林认证在木兰林管局的试点工作,分析了森林认证工作对森林可持续经营的影响,指出了实施森林认证存在的问题与实施建议。     

Assessment of motivation and attitudes of forest industry companies toward forest certification in northwestern Russia

This study explores for the first time the attitudes and motivation associated with forest certification among forest industry companies in northwestern Russia. Interviews were carried out in the form of a structured questionnaire including 35 forest industry companies operating in northwestern Russia. Although development of certification in individual companies was initiated by general market demand, representatives of certified companies also emphasized the importance of internal corporate policy. Certified and noncertified groups of respondents identified market demand as a main driving force influencing development of forest certification. Ensuring the legality of wood origin, company's image and competitiveness of wood products were recognized as the most important benefits associated with forest certification. Absence of mandatory requirements from authorities and customers appeared to be the largest obstacle among both groups of respondents. Representatives of noncertified companies pointed out economic inaccessibility and low level of preparedness of management as of high importance, which is mainly associated with absence of quality management system. The results of the study indicated a general positive attitude on forest certification; it was noticed that respondents have gaps in understanding the principles and limited awareness with regards to forest certification, especially among noncertified forest industry companies.     

关于FSC森林认证的实践与思考

通过对吉林森工集团森林认证情况的分析,提出了森工林区森林认证存在的问题及开展森林认证的必要性,对吉林森工开展森林认证工作提出了建议。     

对森林认证及其在少林省份开展的认识与思考

目前森林认证已经成为世界和我国林业部门、森林经营单位关注的热点问题之一。森林认证已经成为世界林业的新趋势之一。通过对世界森林认证历史发展的分析,全面了解我国的认证工作,结合作者参加山东省速生人工林森林认证的经验,对在速生人工林认证期间遇到的困难进行梳理,并提出了解决方法和建议。希望能探索出少林省份在开展森林认证的适宜办法,努力使少林省份林业得到全面协调可持续的科学发展。     

Implementation of forest certification in Sweden: an issue of organisation and communication

The goal of nature conservation is often implemented on productive forest land largely by means of forest certification – a market-driven, voluntary system of third-party verification of the fulfilment of specific goals. This study assesses how certification requirements are being implemented in various organisations in the forest sector at various levels, and the problems and opportunities identified at each level in order to implement the requirements of the standard. Based on interviews with 34 stakeholders in Sweden, the study demonstrates that forest certification is a communication issue: it places great demands on communication or “information logistics” between different parts of the felling and forest management chain, from the top management to the contractor in the field. Integration with environmental performance systems, clarity in the division of responsibility, formalisation of requirements for forest planning and further integration of a culture of continuous improvement and internal reporting could support implementation of the certification system.     

瑞典林业与森林认证

面对全球森林资源匮乏,生态环境日益恶化的问题,保护环境、保护森林已成为人类的共识。国际社会、各国政府及非政府组织为实现森林可持续经营提出了一些倡议,并采取了一系列的行动。森林认证正是在这种背景下,由非政府组织作为一种促进森林可持续经营的市场机制提出来的。文中从介绍瑞典林业经营和森林认证现状入手,分析了瑞典现行森林认证体系产生的背景、服务的群体及其特点,提出了我国目前开展森林认证工作需要解决的问题及相关的建议,论述了开展森林认证对我国实施天然林保护及可持续经营的意义。     

A comparison of biodiversity values in boreal forest regeneration areas before and after forest certification

Abstract

In this study, 236 regeneration areas (mostly clear-cuts) in southern Norway were selected by random stratified selection: 118 of the study units were cut before and 118 after the introduction of forest certification in 1998. The degree of compliance with biodiversity measures established in the prevailing certification standard (ISO 14001 and the Norwegian standard “Living Forests”) was compared in a field study, and the differences were analysed. In some aspects, a clear difference could be seen, most clearly in an increasing number of green retention trees and an increasing mean width of buffer-strips left along rivers, bogs and lakes in the postcertification units compared with the precertification units. Even though there was a significant increase in the mean number of retention trees, as much as 21% of the postcertification regeneration areas still did not have sufficient retention trees to comply with the certification standard and 41% had either too few retention trees or too few spruce trees according to the standard. Concerning the management of small swamp forests, and the damage done to terrain and prelogging coarse dead wood by off-road transport, little improvement was seen. The discussion examines whether it is probable that the changes seen are a result of forest certification in Norway.     

Implementing principles,criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management in Gabon

Sustainable forest management is the process of managing forest to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives without diminishing the forest’s ability to continue providing goods and services in perpetuity. In this paper, we show how the African Timber Organization/International Tropical Timber Organization principles, criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of African forests can help timber companies assess their progress towards this goal in Gabon. Through a partnership between International Tropical Timber Organization project PD 124/01 Rev. 2(M), the World Wildlife Fund, and the ministry responsible for forests in Gabon, audits were conducted between 2012 and 2014 to evaluate the implementation of sustainable forest management in 14 forest concessions in Gabon. In general, results show that Principle 4, linked to the well-being of workers and local populations, proved the most difficult principle to implement, while Principle 3, dealing with maintaining ecological functions, was the least problematic. A number of companies were found to be experiencing significant difficulties in implementing management plans. It is also clear that independent forest certification has become a key element for ensuring the successful implementation of sustainable forest management.     

关于建立我国森林认证体系的思考

鉴于我国目前建立森林认证体系的必要性和紧迫性,提出在建立我国森林认证体系的过程中,必须吸收森林经营单位和非政府组织参加;我国森林认证体系应高标准,严要求,分步走;尽量做到与国外森林认证体系互认;对国外森林认证机构在我国开展森林认证在现阶段应采取扶持与鼓励政策;对我国出口木质林产品考虑改革现有出口退税政策的建议。