混合菌发酵臭鳜鱼工艺优化

接种中国根霉12和产乳酸芽孢杆菌DU-106混合发酵制备臭鳜鱼，考察加盐量、根霉菌液接种量、乳酸菌粉添加量和发酵时间对臭鳜鱼感官评分的影响，并在单因素试验的基础上进行响应面优化。最优加工工艺条件为加盐量1.4%、辅料添加量0.5%、根霉菌液接种量2%、乳酸菌粉添加量1.4%、15 °C发酵8 d，此条件下得到的臭鳜鱼感官评分为9.4，属于优良级别。相比臭味刺鼻的自然发酵臭鳜鱼，接种发酵的臭鳜鱼风味和滋味上增加了酸味，更有利于蒜瓣状肉质的形成，酸臭味丰富浓郁而柔和、富有层次感。研究证明，中国根霉12和产乳酸芽孢杆菌DU-106可应用于臭鳜鱼发酵。      

乳酸杆菌发酵大豆糖蜜生产乳酸的研究

本文以大豆糖蜜为原料,嗜酸乳杆菌为菌种发酵生产乳酸。研究了大豆糖蜜的添加量、温度、接种量、氮源以及pH值对乳酸产量的影响。通过对各种因素的分析确定大豆糖蜜发酵乳酸的最佳发酵条件:大豆糖蜜260g/L、pH值5.0、接种量为10%、NH4NO3的添加量0.16g/L、温度为37℃。     

猪肉干发酵工艺

以嗜酸乳杆菌和肉糖葡萄球菌作为混合发酵剂添加到猪肉干中,研究了发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量和食盐添加量4个因素,通过测定pH值和感官分析来确定猪肉干的最适发酵条件。结果显示:发酵温度30 ℃,发酵时间36 h,发酵剂接种量2.5%,食盐添加量1.5%,pH值5.2～5.3时,达到猪肉干的最佳发酵工艺条件。      

柑桔乳酸菌饮料制作工艺的研究

对柑桔乳酸菌饮料的工艺进行了研究。结果表明,柑桔汁最佳发酵工艺条件:发酵温度41℃,接种量8%,果胶酶添加量0.02%,发酵时间34h。用质量分数为0.5%黄原胶和0.3%CMC作为稳定剂添加到发酵液中,再用质量分数为30%左右的蔗糖进行调配,研制出的柑桔乳酸菌饮料色泽鲜艳,均匀澄清,酸甜可口,营养丰富,具有柑桔和乳酸的特有清香。     

燕麦活性乳酸菌饮料研制

以燕麦米为原料,与水按质量比1∶27混合熬煮磨浆,过滤液经乳酸菌发酵后,制成燕麦活性乳酸菌饮料。以产品的感官质量、乳酸菌活菌数量为指标,确定燕麦活性乳酸菌饮料的最佳基本配方,结果表明:白砂糖6%、大豆分离蛋白粉0.5%,无酶解过程时,产品品质最佳。      

秸秆湿贮存过程添加剂协同调控对产甲烷潜力的影响

以干黄玉米秸秆为原料,研究可溶性糖(葡萄糖)及其与同、异型乳酸菌、乙酸协同添加对原料湿贮存过程中品质及产甲烷潜力的影响。结果表明:单一葡萄糖添加组,贮存30 d,干物质损失率为4.7%,以乳杆菌属、片球菌属、肠球菌多种乳酸菌主导,乳酸与乙酸含量干基质量比分别为36 g/kg和5 g/kg,秸秆产甲烷潜力比空白组提高6.8%;葡萄糖植物乳杆菌协同(同型发酵)组,贮存30 d,干物质损失率为4.6%,乳酸含量干基质量比升高至62 g/kg;葡萄糖短乳杆菌协同(异型发酵)组,贮存30 d,干物质损失率为5.5%,乳酸与乙酸含量干基质量比分别达到44 g/kg和12 g/kg;两类乳酸菌的协同添加均未对产气潜力产生进一步促进作用;葡萄糖乙酸协同组,贮存30 d,干物质损失率为3.6%,乳酸与乙酸含量干基质量比分别升高至75 g/kg和20 g/kg,异型乳酸发酵魏斯氏菌属丰度升高至16%,有效抑制肠杆菌属(腐败菌)生长,秸秆产甲烷潜力提高8.7%。综合分析本试验结果,当原料可溶性糖含量不足时,外源糖的补充是保证原料高效贮存及产气的关键,协同乙酸添加可强化以魏斯氏菌属为主导的异型发酵过程抑制腐败菌生长,强化贮存过程稳定性。     

沙棘蓝莓复合格瓦斯饮料的研制

本文通过研究发现沙棘蓝莓复合格瓦斯饮料配比如下：发酵液中沙棘与蓝莓果汁12％添加量,3：2比例处理表现最佳,玉米粉添加量为9％时可以达到设计要求,较经济、易处理。安琪干酵母、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸链球菌比例3：1：1、总添加量5％,复合发酵结果表现最佳,其发酵工艺L9（3^4）正交试验的结果表明,影响发酵工艺因素主次为接种量〉发酵温度〉发酵时间〉初始pH值,最佳组合为接种量3×10^-4、发酵温度36℃、发酵时间15h、初始pH值3．5,验证最佳组合的产品感官评分值为92．7,产品表现优级。     

固定化乳酸菌发酵大豆酸乳工艺研究

研究利用固定化乳酸菌技术连续发酵生产大豆酸乳的工艺条件。针对豆乳具有的豆腥味探讨豆乳脱腥方法。确定固定化乳酸菌发酵大豆酸乳最佳工艺条件为：保加利亚杆菌和嗜热链球菌比例2∶1,接种量5%,蔗糖添加量8%,豆乳和牛乳比例1∶2。在此工艺条件下,采用连续发酵方法,能够生产出色、香、味俱佳的营养型大豆酸乳。     

秸秆湿贮存过程添加剂协同调控对甲烷产量的影响

以干黄玉米秸秆为原料,研究可溶性糖(葡萄糖)及其与同型乳酸菌、异型乳酸菌、乙酸协同添加对原料湿贮存过程中品质及甲烷产量的影响。结果表明:单一葡萄糖添加组,贮存30 d,干物质损失率为4.7%,以乳杆菌属、片球菌属、肠球菌多种乳酸菌主导,乳酸与乙酸含量(干基质量比)分别为36 g/kg和5 g/kg,秸秆产甲烷潜力比空白组提高6.8%;葡萄糖植物乳杆菌协同(同型发酵)组,贮存30 d,干物质损失率为4.6%,乳酸含量升高至62 g/kg;葡萄糖短乳杆菌协同(异型发酵)组,贮存30 d,干物质损失率为5.5%,乳酸与乙酸含量分别达到44 g/kg和12 g/kg;两类乳酸菌的协同添加均未对产气潜力产生进一步促进作用;葡萄糖乙酸协同组,贮存30 d,干物质损失率为3.6%,乳酸与乙酸含量分别升高至75 g/kg和20 g/kg,异型乳酸发酵魏斯氏菌属丰度升高至16.87%,有效抑制肠杆菌属(腐败菌)生长,秸秆产甲烷潜力提高8.7%。综合分析本试验结果,当原料可溶性糖含量不足时,外源糖的补充是保证原料高效贮存及产气的关键,协同乙酸添加可强化以魏斯氏菌属为主导的异型发酵过程抑制腐败菌生长,强化贮存过程的稳定性。     

蒲菜泡菜的生产工艺

研究了蒲菜泡菜的最佳生产工艺,考察蒲菜泡菜发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量的变化。结果表明,植物乳酸菌的添加量2 mLkg、食盐浓度8%、白糖添加量1.5%、发酵温度28 ℃、发酵5 d时泡菜的感官品质最好,且亚硝酸盐的含量较低。      

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。