我国海洋渔业资源管理中适用预警原则的探讨

海洋渔业资源的可持续开发和利用已成为全球海洋渔业资源管理的重心。预警原则作为一种新颖的环境资源管理手段,其在海洋渔业资源养护方面的有效性已为国际社会所认可。目前,我国海洋渔业资源养护现状不容乐观,而且随着我国与周边国家专属经济区的逐步确定,近海渔业资源管理压力将进一步加大,因而我国有必要在现有海洋渔业资源管理基础上引入预警原则,以扭转我国海洋渔业资源养护不力的状况。     

论海洋渔业资源的管理

水产品价格放开,冲昏了一些人的头脑,他们用各种不合乎规定的作业方式,向大海无度的索取,海洋渔业资源明显衰退,有些品种已到了枯竭的地步。要保护渔业资源,除采用大规模增养殖、扩大远洋捕捞生产等方式外,渔业管理部门还应从海上生产和市场经营这两个环节来抓。1海上生产管理1．1渔具渔法管理拖网主动灵活,能捕捞栖息于不同水层的各种渔获物,捕捞效率高。但高强度的捕捞结果,使鲅鱼、黄鱼、对虾等经济鱼虾资源显著下降。为此,国务院曾在1988年作出了“拖网船全部退出渤海”的决定。但是近几年北方沿海又出现了大面积的小拖网作…     

加强我国海洋渔业资源管理的思考

目前我国近海捕捞能力大大超过了渔业资源的再生能力,海洋渔业资源面临枯竭的严峻形势。加强渔业资源管理,保持海洋渔业资源的再生能力,实现可持续发展已经刻不容缓。在对我国海洋渔业资源管理现状深入分析的基础上,从改善和健全管理体制、建立健全法规体系、加强管理执法能力建设、完善各项管理措施等方面提出了一些具体建议。     

日本海洋渔业资源管理现状

作者于２０００年１－３月在日本长崎县综合水产试验场学习，本文主要叙述了研修期间所了解到了日本海洋渔业资源管理的状况。     

大连市海洋渔业资源的保护管理

在简述大连市海洋渔业发展现状和存在主要问题的基础上，提出了渔业资源管理的建议和对策。     

我国海洋渔业资源养护与管理的法律对策

海洋渔业在我国海洋产业中占有重要地位。目前我国海洋渔业的可持续发展同样面临着资源日益退化及环境污染等严重问题。渔业要实现可持续发展,需要建立合理有效的海洋渔业法律体系。     

唐山海洋渔业资源现状分析及可持续发展利用策略

随着现阶段我国经济取得了突破性的发展,海洋资源成为我国经济发展的重要转折点,海洋渔业资源属于海洋中的不可再生资源,对于我国沿海地区的发展有着非常重要的作用。然而,就目前而言,海洋渔业生态环境发展较差、渔业资源衰退现象过于严重,海产品生产加工技术相对落后,渔业资源可持续利用效率过低等问题,都会影响海洋渔业的可持续发展。本文主要研究了河北省唐山地区的海洋渔业资源发展状态,分析其中存在的问题,同时给出了未来河北省唐山市海洋资源的可持续发展对策。通过利用高新海洋生物研究技术,来实现海洋资源的发展与保护,是保障我国海洋渔业资源长期利用的有效策略。     

应用地理信息系统对福建海洋渔业资源进行管理的初步探讨

利用地理信息系统来存储、管理福建海洋渔业资源信息，除了可以将渔业资源信息形象直观地体现在电子地图上(可视化表达)外，还可以通过对这些渔业信息加以分析从而实现渔场综合分析、渔情动态的实时跟踪监测、渔业资源动态查询和统计运算等功能，为管理和利用福建海洋渔业资源提供更为有效的技术手段。     

浅谈我国海洋渔业资源增殖

随着社会的发展和人口剧增,陆地农牧业已满足不了人们对食物蛋白质的要求,人类与自然生态环境的矛盾日益加深,从而迫使人们向海洋进军,开展“蓝色革命”。许多权威人士认为,21世纪将是海洋开发的新纪元。在世纪之交的90年代末,提出海洋渔业资源增殖问题,旨在抛砖引玉,促进我国海洋渔业增殖业的发展。     

论我国海洋渔业资源的合理开发与有效管理

本文通过我国海洋捕捞业的简单回顾,以及对我国海洋捕捞业与我国国情和海洋渔业资源特点的关系分析,得出在我国海洋捕捞业中存在着“三大矛盾”,并提出解决这些矛盾的途径是积极发展外海,远洋渔业,重点改造近海,建立起符合我国实际的以食物链低、生命周期短、生长速度快的品种为捕捞主体的格局,并使捕捞手段多样化,合理化和科学化。其后,又通过对制约我国当前近海渔业资源管理有效的主要因子的分析,提出了实现渔业管理有效的途径是首先要努力改变目前沿海渔区就业门路单一的状况,以有效地把大量过剩近海捕捞劳力转移出来;其次是改革现行渔政管理体制,建立“责、权、利”三者紧密结合的新体制;最后要加强目前渔政的管理力量,改善管理手段,完善《渔业法》等。     

气泡幕在鱼类行为研究中的应用

气泡幕对鱼群有引诱、驱赶和阻拦作用,而气泡幕的这种作用是在鱼类的视觉、听觉、地震感觉和触觉的协同下完成的。本文介绍了气泡幕在鱼类行为中的应用,分析了气泡幕在鱼类行为控制方面的原理和作用,阐述了其在渔业捕捞、建设海洋牧场和减少港口噪音中的潜能和优势,以及使用与气泡幕相关的设备提高渔业高效节能和保护环境友好,并提出了气泡幕在鱼类行为控制方面的发展前景。     

莆田市海洋资源的开发利用

本文根据莆田市各类海洋资源开发利用的现状分析，提出了目前莆田市海洋资源开发中存在的环境问题、生态问题和社会经济问题。并针对存在的若干问题，如外来物种入侵、水产养殖业调整、港口建设和生态重建等问题的解决方案进行了初步的探讨。     

Thirty years later: the global growth of ITQs and their influence on stock status in marine fisheries

Individual transferable quota (ITQ) programmes have been incorporated into many marine fisheries management strategies for 30 years, but their implementation and utility remains controversial. This study provides an overview of the global status of ITQ programmes, the reasons they have been adopted and the changes in stock biomass after their implementation. Eighteen countries currently use ITQs to manage several hundred stocks of at least 249 species. ITQs were adopted in these countries for many reasons: overcapitalization, economic gains, safety concerns for fishers and political change. The implementation of ITQs does not translate into consistent changes in stock biomass. Improvements in 12 of 20 stocks after ITQs were introduced suggest that ITQs can be an effective component of fisheries management strategies, but eight of the stocks continued to decline after ITQs were introduced. This suggests that alternative or complementary measures are needed to sustain those fisheries, such as combining ITQs with more effective total allowable catches, better enforcement and monitoring, and implementing aspects of ecosystem-based fisheries management.     

Changing how we approach fisheries: A first attempt at an operational framework for ecosystem approaches to fisheries management

The increasing need to account for the many factors that influence fish population dynamics, particularly those external to the population, has led to repeated calls for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Yet systematically and clearly addressing these factors, and hence implementing EAFM, has suffered from a lack of clear operational guidance. Here, we propose 13 main factors (shift in location, migration route or timing, overfishing (three types), decrease in physiology, increase in predation, increase in competition, decrease in prey availability, increase in disease or parasites and a decline in habitat quality or habitat quantity) that can negatively influence fish populations via mechanisms readily observable in ~20 population features. Using these features as part of a diagnostic framework, we develop flow charts that link probable mechanism(s) underlying population change to the most judicious management actions. We then apply the framework for example case studies that have well‐known and documented population dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a clearly defined matrix of all the probable responses to the most common factors influencing fish populations, and to examine possible diagnostics simultaneously, comparatively and relatively in an attempt to elucidate the most probable mechanisms responsible. The framework we propose aims to operationalize EAFM, thereby not only better diagnosing factors influencing fish populations, but also suggesting the most appropriate management interventions, and ultimately leading to improved fisheries. We assert the framework proposed should result in both better use of limited analytical and observational resources and more tailored and effective management actions.     

我国海洋渔业捕捞限额制度实施试点评析与完善建议

2017—2018年我国沿海5省开展了捕捞限额制度实施试点,在实地调查的基础上,对试点渔业的捕捞限额制度实施情况进行了回顾和比较分析.试点渔业在利用专项捕捞许可制度限制捕捞准入、加强渔捞日志管理、试行观察员制度、吸纳基层渔民组织参与监管等方面进行了有益的探索.不同试点之间在实施捕捞限额管理的渔业资源种类选择、渔场和渔船...     

Implications of the precautionary approach for the management of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla

The European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), has a complex life history and many aspects of the biology and population dynamics of this species remain unknown or, at best, poorly understood. Relatively little is also known about the status of the stocks and fisheries, but available data suggest that recruitment of glass eels has been falling for the last 20 years and is at historically low levels. Yellow and silver eel catches have also been falling in many parts of the species range over a similar time‐scale. Re‐examination of the principles applied to fisheries management over recent years has resulted in the adoption of a ‘precautionary approach’ to the conservation, management and exploitation of fish stocks, and in an explicit need to take account of uncertainties in management to reduce risks to stocks and their environment. Such an approach is highly relevant to the management of the European eel and requires that urgent consideration is given to harvest strategies and decision structures for the national and international management of stocks and fisheries. Provisional biological reference levels should be established to provide an equable assessment of the status of stocks in all parts of Europe and to evaluate the need for management measures in all fisheries. These will need to be reviewed as further information comes available. Monitoring and research on eel stocks should therefore be enhanced and co‐ordinated to improve our understanding of the status of stocks throughout Europe and the biology of the species.     

气候变化对海洋渔业资源的影响

气候变化问题是近年来国际社会关注的热点,海洋是气候系统储存能量的主要载体,气候变化给生活于其中的鱼类带来的影响不可忽视。气候的变化影响着各大洋低频气候变化模式以及海洋环境要素的变化,这些变化通过对鱼类个体的直接作用或生态系统食物链传递的间接作用影响海洋鱼类,包括鱼类的生理(生长、繁殖、洄游)、物候、资源量以及分布等,并形成了对海洋生态系统的影响,最终影响人类对渔业资源的管理。本文通过收集国内外相关文献,侧重从海洋鱼类资源量、分布变化以及海洋生态系统和渔业资源管理4个方面,综述了气候变化对渔业资源产生的影响,为应对气候变化、实现对渔业资源开发的可持续发展研究提供基础。     

Rebuilding fish stocks no later than 2015: will Europe meet the deadline?

Maintaining or restoring fish stocks at levels that are capable of producing maximum sustainable yield is a legal obligation under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and has been given the deadline of no later than 2015 in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of 2002. Here, we analyse stock assessment data of all major fish stocks of the Northeast Atlantic to determine whether Europe will be able to deliver on this commitment, which it has helped to bring about. The analysis shows that, if current fishing pressure continues, 91% of the European stocks will remain below target. If European ministers in charge of fisheries were serious about meeting their obligations, they would have to reduce drastically fishing pressure and halt fishing completely on some stocks. But even if fishing were halted in 2010, 22% of the stocks are so depleted that they cannot be rebuilt by 2015. If current trends continue, Europe will miss the 2015 deadline by more than 30 years. We argue that, from a legal perspective, such repeated enactment of fisheries management measures, which are incapable of maintaining or restoring B_msy, does not comply with the requirements contained in UNCLOS and may constitute a breach of the precautionary principle of European Community law.     

红海苏丹沿岸渔场的调查与分析

本文系烟台海洋渔业公司于2000～2001年派出的两艘船对苏丹沿岸渔业资源的调查报告,着重对苏丹渔场的渔业资源、海洋环境等进行分析。结果表明：苏丹沿海渔场可供开发利用的经济鱼、虾品种资源数量有限,渔场底质结构复杂多样,工业化捕捞船队投入生产没有多大的商业开发价值。