油橄榄的生态特性及栽培技术

油橄榄是一种亚热带常绿乔木油料树种，原产地中海，我国６０年代开始引种，表现出性状良好，果期长，产量高，有很高的经济价值。文章介绍了油橄榄的生态特性与栽培技术。     

油橄榄落吉规律及与氮素营养相关性研究

在我国油橄榄叶片寿命比原产地要短，为１－２年，落叶高峰期为１１月初至１２月底，而且不同年份落叶率有显著差异，施氮肥能显著降低油橄榄落叶率，但各施氮量之间差异不显著，落叶前叶片氮素营养水平极显著影响落叶率。     

火炬树引种试验初报

<正> 火炬树,为漆树科漆树属落叶小乔木,原产北美。1959年北京植物园首先引进我国,1979年我所开始引种。现将引种试验情况和优良性状初报如下:     

油橄榄引种驯化试验初报

油橄榄原产地中海沿岸,栽培历史悠久。目前栽培地区已扩展到北纬47°、南纬37°。我们于1960年,开始进行油橄榄的引种驯化,最先栽植在成都,1964年移植到泸县玉蟾山地。1969—1970年普遍开花结实,1971年平均单株产果量达13市斤。通过几年来的引种实践,我们对油橄榄在我省泸县山地的生长发育规律,有了一些初步认识。     

辽西干旱地区火炬树引种初报

火炬树(Rhus typhina L.)为漆树科漆树属落叶灌木或小乔木,最高可达10～12m。原产北美,广泛分布于加拿大东南的魁北克、安大略省到美国中部的佐治亚、印第安纳、衣阿华等州;在欧洲经引种后亦有分布。我国北京植物园从1959年开始引种,目前在甘肃、陕西、宁夏等省、区已有部分栽培.我所自1980年开始引种,81年在荒山上进行栽培试验。在特殊干旱的一年里     

我国油橄榄种植区温度条件的初步研究

油橄榄在我国引种已有近30年的历史,是我国引种范围最广,引种株数最多的树种之一。国内外专家大多认为中国引种油橄榄的最大问题是气候,它将影响到油橄榄生产的发展。本文将就如何根据油橄榄特殊的生物学特性,结合我国现有种植区的气候特征和近30年的引种经验,综合地研究了我国油橄榄种植区的温度适应性。这对于油橄榄的生产、科研和全面地评价油橄榄在我国的气候适应性,可能有参考价值。     

从意、西、法三国引进我省油橄榄品种穗条的带菌检查

我省从1964年引种油橄榄以来,有了很大的发展.但各引种区先后发生多种病害,尤其油橄榄孔雀斑病在重庆地区普遍发生,引起大量落叶,不仅影响当年结实,而且对来年植株生长发育和产量带来严重的恶果.     

油橄榄丰产经营及果实加工

油橄榄(Olea europaea L．)系木犀科木犀属的常绿乔木，是在亚热带干旱条件下演替形成的优质油料树种，主要分布在地中海沿岸一带，已有四千年的栽培史，被30多个国家引种和栽培。贵州省林业科学研究院1960年开始引种，1981年建立油橄榄品种园，收集油橄榄品种70个，1996年建成丰产园3．33hm^2，推出了一套完整的油橄榄丰产经营技术及果实加工技术。     

油橄榄落叶规律及与氮素营养相关性研究

在我国油橄榄叶片寿命比原产地要短,为1—2年。落叶高峰期为11月初至12月底,而且不同年份落叶率有显著差异。施氮肥能量著降低油橄榄落叶率,但各施氮量之间差异不显著。落叶前叶片氮索营养水平极显著影响落叶率。     

油橄榄引种栽植及幼林管护技术

油橄榄是世界名贵的木本油料兼果用树种，越来越被人们高度重视。根据赣南的自然条件较适宜油橄榄生长，赣州市林业科学研究所于2009年、2014年分别从甘肃、四川引种油橄榄优良品种进行栽植，通过对油橄榄的栽培试验，总结出引种、栽植及幼林管护的技术要点，为油橄榄的产业化发展提供技术支撑。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.