不同杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的毒力作用特性比较

为筛选防治黄瓜靶斑病的有效药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和芽管伸长法测定了19种杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的毒力,探究了4种毒力较高杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝形态的影响。结果表明:氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素对黄瓜靶斑病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发和芽管伸长各生长发育阶段均有较强的抑制活性,其中,4种药剂抑制菌丝生长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.516 3、1.538、1.605和0.648 2 mg/L,抑制孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.164 4、1.359、1.127和0.002 5 mg/L,抑制芽管伸长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.189 6、0.144 7、0.060 4和0.001 5 mg/L;啶酰菌胺、百菌清和肟菌酯3种不同作用机制杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌孢子萌发和芽管伸长的抑制活性较强,3种药剂抑制孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值分别为1.564、0.373 0和0.021 3 mg/L,抑制芽管伸长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.629 5、0.233 4和0.405 0 mg/L,但对菌丝生长的抑制作用较弱,平均EC₅₀大于16 mg/L;氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素可引起黄瓜靶斑病菌菌丝不同程度的异常生长,主要表现为菌丝隔膜间距变小、菌丝节间肿大、主菌丝上二次分枝发生频繁、菌丝变形黏连、菌丝新分枝处生长受抑制或分生孢子生长变形。研究表明,氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素对黄瓜靶斑病菌具有较高的毒力,在黄瓜靶斑病的田间防治中具有较好的开发应用潜力。     

杀菌剂对玉米穗腐病菌的毒力及毒素产生的影响

为筛选防治玉米穗腐病同时减少病原菌毒素积累的化学药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、涂布平板法分别测定了4种药剂多菌灵、百菌清、吡唑醚菌酯和氰烯菌酯对玉米穗腐病的3种主要致病镰孢菌拟轮生镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌和禾谷镰孢菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,并采用高效液相色谱法测定了4种药剂对其毒素积累的影响。结果表明:层出镰孢菌菌株127-1和禾谷镰孢菌菌株125-3的最佳产毒时间为第10天。供试4种药剂对3种镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC50值范围为0.18~5.71μg/m L,对孢子萌发的EC50值范围为0.02~8.14μg/m L,均表现出一定的抑制作用。但对3种镰孢菌产伏马毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇的影响不尽相同,吡唑醚菌酯浓度在1~500μg/m L时能够抑制拟轮生镰孢菌和层出镰孢菌产生伏马毒素,氰烯菌酯能够在0.05~0.8μg/m L浓度范围内显著抑制禾谷镰孢菌产生玉米赤霉烯酮,当多菌灵浓度为0.05~0.5μg/m L时,几乎可以完全抑制禾谷镰孢菌产生脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇。     

新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺对水稻恶苗病的防治研究

藤仓镰孢菌Fusarium fujikuroi是引起水稻恶苗病的主要致病菌,氟唑菌酰羟胺 (pydiflumetofen) 是一种新型的琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂 (SDHI) 类杀菌剂。氟唑菌酰羟胺对藤仓镰孢菌的生物活性及其对水稻恶苗病的防治效果尚不明确。本研究从江苏和浙江两省不同地区分离鉴定出100株藤仓镰孢菌,通过菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法建立了藤仓镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性基线,测定了该药剂对藤仓镰孢菌的生理影响及其对水稻恶苗病的防治效果。结果表明:氟唑菌酰羟胺对100株藤仓镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀值的范围为0.0125~0.1118 μg/mL,平均值为0.0503 (± 0.0029) μg/mL;对100株藤仓镰孢菌孢子萌发的EC₅₀值的范围在0.0001~0.0245 μg/mL之间,平均值为0.0038 (± 0.0005) μg/mL。用0.05 μg/mL (EC₅₀值) 或1.3 μg/mL (EC₉₀值) 的氟唑菌酰羟胺处理藤仓镰孢菌菌丝体后,菌丝体顶端分支增多、产孢量下降、细胞膜和细胞器 (如线粒体) 受损、细胞内含物渗漏增加,胞外多糖产量无变化,而过氧化物酶活性下降。用200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂按有效成分10、15和20 g的剂量拌种处理100 kg水稻种子,对水稻恶苗病的防治效果分别为94.77%、98.60 %和100%。研究结果说明,氟唑菌酰羟胺对藤仓镰孢菌高活性,对水稻恶苗病具有优异的防治效果。     

苯并烯氟菌唑对尖孢炭疽菌的毒力及对其所致辣椒炭疽病的防效

为评价苯并烯氟菌唑对辣椒炭疽病的防治潜力，采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法分别测定苯并烯氟菌唑对108株辣椒炭疽病病原菌尖孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum acutatum菌株菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制活性，通过辣椒活体接种试验比较苯并烯氟菌唑对辣椒炭疽病的相对保护防效和相对治疗防效，测定其对辣椒炭疽病的室内相对防效和田间相对防效。结果表明，苯并烯氟菌唑对尖孢炭疽菌孢子萌发的抑制活性高于对其菌丝生长的抑制活性，对孢子萌发及对菌丝生长的有效抑制中浓度EC₅₀分别为0.005～0.196μg/mL和0.073～3.398μg/mL；苯并烯氟菌唑对辣椒炭疽病的相对保护防效优于相对治疗防效，240 g (a.i.)/hm²苯并烯氟菌唑对辣椒炭疽病的相对保护防效可达85.64%。240 g (a.i.)/hm²苯并烯氟菌唑喷雾处理对辣椒炭疽病的田间相对防效均在75.31%以上，显著高于相同剂量的氟吡菌酰胺、氟啶胺和多菌灵的相对防效。总之，苯并烯氟菌唑对尖孢炭疽菌有较高毒力，对辣椒炭疽病有稳定的田间防效，有开发为防治辣椒炭疽病新药剂...     

防治葡萄溃疡病的杀菌剂筛选与评价

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了7种杀菌剂对可可毛色二孢CSS-01s的室内生物活性,筛选出3种抑制效果较好的杀菌剂;通过对离体葡萄绿枝条及盆栽葡萄幼苗新梢进行人工接种病原菌,进一步评价杀菌剂的防治效果。结果表明,7种杀菌剂对可可毛色二孢菌丝生长和孢子萌发表现出不同的抑制活性,其中戊唑醇、氯氟醚菌唑、啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺对菌丝生长的抑制作用较强,EC₅₀分别为0.116、0.137、0.109μg/mL和0.119μg/mL;戊唑醇、氯氟醚菌唑、氟啶胺对孢子萌发的抑制作用较强,EC₅₀分别为0.420、0.595μg/mL和1.885μg/mL。CSS-01s接种离体葡萄绿枝条试验中,戊唑醇100、200 mg/L,氯氟醚菌唑100、300 mg/L和氟啶胺100、200 mg/L的防治效果无显著差异,在57.81%～65.31%;CSS-01s接种葡萄幼苗新梢试验中,氟啶胺200 mg/L的防治效果最好,为77.56%,与氟啶胺100 mg/L、氯氟醚菌唑100、300 mg/L和戊唑醇200 mg/L之间无显著差异,但显著高于戊唑醇100...     

1-[2-苄氧基-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)乙基]-1H-1,2,4-三唑衍生物的合成及杀菌活性

以抗真菌药物益康唑为先导化合物,设计合成了17个1-((2-取代苄基) 氧基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基) 乙基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑类目标化合物,其中14个为首次报道,其结构均经 1H NMR、13C NMR和HRMS确认。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对7种植物病原菌的抑制效果,并对毒力较高的化合物进行了其对水稻纹枯病和小麦条锈病的盆栽和田间药效试验,而且测定了其对水稻纹枯病菌麦角甾醇生物合成的抑制作用。结果表明:大多数目标化合物对测试病原菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,尤其对水稻纹枯病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制作用最好,其中对水稻纹枯病菌的EC₅₀值均低于3 μmol/L,明显高于对照药剂苯醚甲环唑和益康唑;化合物 4a 、 4b 、 4c 、 4g 、 4i 和 4l 对番茄早疫病菌的EC₅₀值均低于10 μmol/L。在浓度为250 μmol/L时,化合物 4b 和 4i 对小麦条锈病的盆栽防效均超过70%,在有效剂量为240 g/hm2时,化合物 4b 对小麦条锈病的田间防效达到81.93%。而且,化合物 4b 和 4i 在100 μmol/L时可有效抑制水稻纹枯病菌麦角甾醇的生物合成,抑制效果在80%左右。     

六种杀菌剂对黄瓜霜霉病菌不同发育阶段的影响

用Calcofluor荧光染色和显微观察的方法研究了6种常用杀菌剂对黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis不同发育阶段的影响。结果表明:烯酰吗啉和氟吗啉对黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子萌发、芽管伸长、附着胞形成、菌丝扩展、孢囊梗和孢子囊的形成具有明显的抑制作用,其EC50值分别在0.07~5.98 μg/mL和0.10~3.50 μg/mL之间,而对游动孢子释放、游动孢子游动和休止孢形成没有抑制作用;霜脲氰对休止孢萌发和芽管伸长的EC50值分别为1.10和0.002 μg/mL,对其他阶段无明显的抑制效果;腈嘧菌酯对休止孢萌发、菌丝扩展和孢囊梗产生无影响,对游动孢子释放、芽管伸长和附着胞形成的EC50值分别为0.018、0.008和0.010 μg/mL;代森锰锌对游动孢子释放、休止孢萌发和芽管伸长的EC50值分别为2.40、2.88和1.53 μg/mL;甲霜灵对该菌的整个发育期均没有影响,这可能是因为供试菌株对甲霜灵已经产生了抗药性。     

叶菌唑对轮枝镰刀菌的活性及作用机制

玉米穗腐病是严重的世界性真菌病害,而轮枝镰刀菌Fusarium verticillioide是我国玉米穗腐病的主要致病菌。为明确叶菌唑在我国玉米穗腐病防治中的应用潜力,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,分别测定了叶菌唑对2019至2021年采自我国山东、河南和江苏3个省份的35株轮枝镰刀菌菌丝生长以及分生孢子形成、萌发和芽管伸长的影响,并测定了该药剂对轮枝镰刀菌产毒(B族伏马毒素,type B fumonisins,FBs)能力及产毒基因表达的影响;通过测定叶菌唑处理后轮枝镰刀菌菌丝麦角甾醇、胞内甘油和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及电导率的变化,探究了其作用机制;同时评价了叶菌唑对田间玉米穗腐病的防治效果。结果显示：叶菌唑对35株轮枝镰刀菌均表现出较强的抑制活性,其对轮枝镰刀菌的菌丝生长以及分生孢子形成、萌发及芽管伸长具有显著的剂量依赖性抑制作用。其中：叶菌唑抑制菌丝生长的EC₅₀值在0.005～0.029μg/mL之间,平均EC₅₀值为(0.012±0.006)μg/mL;EC₅₀浓度的叶菌唑对轮枝镰刀菌分生孢子形成、萌发及芽...     

枯草芽胞杆菌SNUB16的抗真菌作用研究

本文测定了枯草芽胞杆菌SNUB16发酵液无菌滤液的抗菌谱及无菌滤液对尖镰孢和棉花枯萎病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌SNUB16发酵液无菌滤液对23株真菌有抗菌作用,尤其对植物病原真菌尖镰孢、棉花枯萎病菌、玉米大斑病菌、辣椒炭疽病菌和小麦根腐病菌有显著抗菌作用。发酵液无菌滤液可使尖镰孢及棉花枯萎病菌孢子萌发率下降,芽管顶端、菌丝末端及菌丝中央发生畸形的球状结构,菌丝干重减少,菌丝细胞损伤,使细胞内物质外泄。     

禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺敏感性基线的建立及药剂田间防效

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类新型吡啶酰胺杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺在中国小麦赤霉病防治中的应用潜力,分别采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定了氟唑菌酰羟胺对湖北省6个地区106株禾谷镰孢菌的室内毒力、田间防效及其与多菌灵和氰烯菌酯的交互抗性。结果显示:氟唑菌酰羟胺对106株禾谷镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀值为 (0.018 0 ± 0.209 0) mg/L,平均值为 (0.072 8 ± 0.025 9) mg/L;对分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀值为 (0.052 7 ± 0.473 2) mg/L,平均值为 (0.176 0± 0.059 6) mg/mL;且其EC₅₀值频率分布均呈单峰曲线,因此可分别将菌丝生长和孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值作为禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性基线。初步的交互抗性测定结果表明,抗多菌灵或氰烯菌酯的菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺均未表现出抗性。田间试验显示,氟唑菌酰羟胺有效剂量200 g/hm2处理的防效 (超过90.0%) 显著高于对照药剂氰烯菌酯600 g/hm2的防效 (78.0%),与空白对照相比增产效果在127%~135%之间。经氟唑菌酰羟胺处理后,小麦籽粒中由禾谷镰孢菌产生的毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON) 的含量比空白对照降低了55.09%。研究表明,氟唑菌酰羟胺对禾谷镰孢菌呈现出较高的室内活性且田间防效优越,同时还能降低小麦籽粒中DON毒素的含量及提高小麦产量,因此可作为生产中防治小麦赤霉病的替代或后备药剂,同时也可考虑用作为禾谷镰孢菌对多菌灵抗性治理的替代药剂。     

Application of reverse-phase h.p.l.c. for the determination of partition coefficients

Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.), using a C₁₈ analytical column, has been applied to the determination of partition coefficients for a range of agrochemicals and industrial chemicals. Using a correlation plot of the logarithm of the capacity factor (k) with the logarithm of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (P_ow), partition coefficients were predicted with a 95% tolerance interval of ± log 0.80 of the literature ‘shake flask’ value for compounds of random structure over the log P_ow range 0–6. Individual regression lines were fitted for compounds of comparable size and functional grouping, which reduced any bias and thereby enabled more accurate predictions to be made. The reverse-phase h.p.l.c. method has a number of advantages over the traditional ‘shake-flask’ method. Quantitative methods are not required or do not have to be developed and only the determination of the retention time is necessary. Quick and precise determinations of retention times are facilitated by h.p.l.c. and further improvement can be obtained by automation of solvent mixing, solute injection and data processing. H.p.l.c. was used to generate partition coefficient data for highly hydrophobic materials and, because of its resolving power, data for mixtures and solvent fractions. Dual detection, using u.v. and r.i. in series, was necessary for some compounds, particularly unknown mixtures and impure compounds. Calculations of log P_ow based on the fragment-addition method using the structural data file, MACCS, was of considerable value in confirming experimentally derived values. In certain cases, calculated log P_ow values were considered more trustworthy than experimental values.     

Dispersal of Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis by Ants

ABSTRACT A natural epidemic of Fusarium wilt on coca (Erythroxylum coca) in Peru prompted the suggestion of possibly using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli as a mycoherbicide against this narcotic plant. During field trials conducted in Kauai, HI, to test the pathogenicity of the coca wilt pathogen, ants were observed removing formulations from test plots. While removal of formulations by ants was considered detrimental with respect to conducting field tests, ant removal was considered potentially beneficial in disseminating the mycoherbicide. Thus, research was initiated to assess the ability of formulation additives to alter the preference of ants for the formulated mycoherbicide. In Hawaii, preference of indigenous ants for removing formulations was tested using three different food bases (rice, rice plus canola oil, and wheat flour [gluten]). Similar tests were conducted at Beltsville, MD, using F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, in which the formulation based on wheat flour was replaced by a formulation based on canola meal. Formulations based on wheat were preferred by ants in both locations; up to 90% of the wheat plus rice flour granules (C-6) and the wheat gluten plus kaolin granules (pesta) were removed within 24 h, while only 20% of those containing rice without oils were taken. However, when either canola, sunflower (Maryland only), or olive oil was added to the rice formulation, up to 90% of the granules were taken. The formulation based on canola meal was less attractive to ants, as only 65% of the granules were removed within a period of 24 h. Ants showed no preference with respect to presence or absence of fungal biomass. To alter the attractiveness of the C-6 formulation to ants, C-6 was amended with three natural products. Canna and tansy leaves were added to C-6 at a ratio of 1:5 (wt/wt), while chili powder was added at 1:25 or 1:2.5 (wt/wt). Canna, tansy, and the higher rate of chili powder significantly reduced the number of C-6 granules removed by ants. Canna and tansy leaves affected neither germination nor sporulation of the mycoherbicide, while the high concentration of chili powder reduced viability of propagules in the formulation. More F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli-type colonies were recovered from inside ant nests (9 cm depth) than from nest surfaces, indicating that ants may distribute the mycoherbicide in the soil profile. Ants passively carried propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli outside their bodies, as well as either very closely adhering to the outside or within their bodies.     

PCR-based differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum ff. sp. lycopersici and radicis-lycopersici and races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

The pathogenic type (form and race) of Fusarium oxysporum, which generates wilt symptoms on tomato, was rapidly identified with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique. We compared the partial nucleotide sequences of endo polygalacturonase (pg1) and exo polygalacturonase (pgx4) genes from isolates of F. oxysporum ff. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and radicis-lycopersici (FORL) from Japan and designed specific primer sets (uni, sp13, sp23, and sprl) based on the nucleotide differences that appeared among the pathogenic types. PCR with the uni primer set amplified a 670∼672-bp fragment from all isolates of FOL and FORL. With the sp13 primer set, an amplicon of 445 bp was obtained only from isolates of FOL race 1 and 3. With the sp23 primer set, a 518-bp fragment was obtained from isolates of FOL race 2 and 3. The sprl primer set yielded a 947-bp fragment from isolates of FORL, but not from FOL. A combination of amplifications with these primer sets effectively differentiated the pathogenic types of F. oxysporum in tomato.     

Attempted somatic hybridization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei

Attempts were made to produce somatic hybrids between isolates of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and f. sp. hordei. A mixed infection was produced on a common susceptible barley host, Fong Tien, using white-spored isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and yellow-spored isolates off. sp. hordei. Selection was made for non-parental spore colour on selective wheat and barley hosts, and variants thus isolated were analysed for virulence markers, and for isozyme and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) markers, all of which clearly differentiated the parental isolates. Two white-spored (non-parental) isolates were found on the selective barley host which otherwise resembled the parental f. sp. hordei isolate in virulence, isozyme and dsRNA markers. The most likely explanation of the origin of these isolates is mutation to white spore colour in the f. sp. hordei isolate.     

醉蝶白粉病的发生规律与防治

研究明确醉蝶白粉病菌以闭囊壳、分生孢子和菌丝在病残体上或土壤中越冬。醉蝶开花至盛花期为发生高峰期 ,高温干燥的气候条件发病严重。发生程度与土壤肥力、田间种植密度等关系密切。加强管理 ,清洁田园和30%特富灵、6%乐必耕、75%百菌清、25%粉锈宁可湿性粉剂等在定植后、开花前后喷药 ,每隔10d1次 ,连续5～6次 ,可基本控制该病发生。