柳杉锯材过热蒸汽干燥与常规干燥的比较

【目的】比较柳杉锯材过热蒸汽干燥与常规干燥后锯材的干燥质量、微观构造和力学性能,探讨过热蒸汽干燥柳杉锯材的适用性,为柳杉木材的高附加值利用、降低加工过程能耗、提高生产效率提供依据。【方法】分别进行过热蒸汽干燥和常规干燥试验,依国家标准对干燥质量和力学性能进行检测,并通过扫描电镜观察分析不同干燥条件下木材微观构造的变化。【结果】50 mm厚柳杉锯材过热蒸汽干燥的干燥周期为110 h,平均干燥速率为1.18%·h-1;而常规干燥的干燥周期为193 h,平均干燥速率为0.64%·h-1。从含水率和应力方面分析,过热蒸汽干燥锯材在终含水率、厚度上含水率偏差以及残余干燥应力指标上的干燥质量等级为一级,常规干燥锯材在厚度上含水率偏差和残余干燥应力指标上的干燥质量等级为一级,终含水率指标的质量等级为二级,2种干燥方法锯材在含水率分布和残余干燥应力方面无显著差别;从外观干燥缺陷质量方面分析,过热蒸汽干燥锯材在顺弯、横弯和扭曲指标上的干燥质量等级为一级,翘弯指标的质量等级为二级,常规干燥锯材的可见干燥缺陷质量指标等级均达到一级。力学性能方面,过热蒸汽干燥锯材的抗弯弹性模量均值为5 508.37 MPa,略高于常规干燥锯材均值(5 237.52 MPa);过热蒸汽干燥锯材的抗弯强度均值为32.35 MPa,略低于常规干燥锯材均值(34.13 MPa)。对干燥锯材微观构造进行观察发现,过热蒸汽干燥后木材的纹孔膜破裂及脱落的数量和程度大于常规干燥,因此可增加水分的迁移途径,提高木材的渗透性,从而使干燥速率显著提高。【结论】干燥方法对锯材干燥速率具有极其显著的影响,过热蒸汽干燥比常规干燥的干燥周期缩短43%,干燥速率提高84%;干燥质量和力学性质方面,除终含水率和翘弯翘曲度外,2种干燥方法的干燥质量无显著差别;过热蒸汽干燥锯材的孔隙度大于常规干燥是造成过热蒸汽干燥速率显著提升的原因之一。总体分析,过热蒸汽干燥柳杉锯材质量可满足木制品对于干燥质量的要求。     

过热蒸汽预处理对50 mm厚杨木锯材常规干燥的影响

【目的】采用过热蒸汽预处理杨木锯材后进行常规干燥,探究过热蒸汽预处理对杨木锯材干燥速率、干燥质量和干燥时间的影响,以期提高杨木锯材干燥速率、缩短干燥周期、降低干燥能耗,为杨木锯材的高附加值利用提供技术依据。【方法】采用温度为110、120和125℃的过热蒸汽对初含水率100%~150%、规格900 mm×120 mm×50 mm(轴向×弦向×径向)的杨木锯材预处理5 h,之后进行常规干燥,分析过热蒸汽预处理对锯材含水率、应力、外观质量以及后期常规干燥速率的影响,依据国家标准对过热蒸汽预处理及未处理材常规干燥后的干燥质量进行评价。【结果】1)过热蒸汽预处理结果表明:预处理温度从110℃增加到125℃时,锯材含水率下降比例从59.26%增加到77.11%,含水率在较短时间内大幅度降低并接近木材纤维饱和点;预处理后锯材的残余应力较大,在2.71%~7.75%之间;锯材顺弯、横弯、翘曲和扭曲指标的干燥质量等级均为一级;锯材皱缩比例在25.00%~36.96%之间。2)常规干燥结果表明:经110、120和125℃过热蒸汽预处理后,锯材常规干燥速率较未处理材分别增大7.97%、16.23%和78.42%;从含水率和应力方面分析,过热蒸汽预处理材常规干燥后的干燥均匀度和厚度上的含水率偏差指标质量等级均达到一级,终含水率指标的质量等级为二级;锯材预处理过程中产生的残余应力在常规干燥过程中被释放,常规干燥后残余应力指标质量等级为二级;从外观干燥质量分析,预处理材常规干燥后的顺弯、横弯、翘曲和扭曲指标质量等级均达到一级;锯材在过热蒸汽预处理过程中产生的皱缩在常规干燥过程中部分得到恢复,常规干燥后锯材皱缩比例分别降低至28.60%、9.09%和15.00%。3)总干燥时间分析结果表明:与未处理材的常规干燥相比,110、120和125℃过热蒸汽预处理材的总干燥时间分别缩短了24.96%、44.22%和67.24%。【结论】过热蒸汽预处理可以显著降低杨木锯材的含水率,并提高杨木锯材常规干燥的干燥速率,缩短干燥时间。综合考虑杨木锯材干燥质量和干燥效率,50 mm厚杨木锯材过热蒸汽预处理温度以120℃较好。     

落叶松小径锯材干燥基准的初步研究

本主要研究了小径落叶松锯材的常规窑干干燥工艺。初步探讨了落叶松小径锯材的干燥基准。讨论分析了小径锯材在干燥过程中常易产生的干燥缺陷及其它相关问题的原因，给出了一些建议。     

锯材微波干燥机的研究

锯材的微波干燥是一项值得推广的先进技术。锯材微波干燥能节省干燥时间，减少缺陷和浪费，降低成本。本文论述了锯材微波干燥机的设计原理、计算方法、结构特点和使用性能。     

预热时间对柞木干燥质量的影响

以硬阔叶材柞木为研究对象，通过研究预热处理时间对锯材干燥质量和干燥速度的影响为制定节能预处理干燥工艺提供依据。结果表明：在相同条件下，25 mm厚的柞木锯材经常规预热处理（预热3.25 h）与预热2 h的干燥速度之间没有明显差异；预热2 h的锯材干燥质量能够达到GB/T 6491-2012《锯材干燥质量》规定的二级标准。     

木材干燥 第5讲 锯材干燥缺陷及预防

木材由各种不同的细胞组成,细胞中又含有水分和化学抽提物,在贮存和干燥过程中会受到周围环境及真菌、细菌的影响或侵袭;又木材是各向异性体,在干燥过程中会产生干缩,且不同方向的干缩数值是不同的;再有锯材干燥过程中,断面上的含水率分布是不均匀的,内外层的干缩也是不均匀的;加之木材构造本身的缺陷等等;因此,锯材贮存和干燥过程中可能会产生种种缺陷,从而引起锯材的降等损失。其主要缺陷有:变色、开裂、翘曲、皱缩和终含水率不均匀。     

板材干燥缺陷产生的原因及控制

楸木在干燥过程中易产生的质量缺陷主要有:板材弯曲、干燥不均和板材干燥后有湿心等。在干燥过程中若要不出现这些质量缺陷,则应采取适当的措施加以控制。1板材弯曲产生的原因及控制1.1产生的原因干燥后的板材,在板面的横纤维方向或顺纤维方向出现拱形,使木材失去坦直的平面。产生这一质量缺陷的主要原因是:①木材纹理不通直的大幅面木板弦向和径向干缩不一致;②材堆内的隔条厚度不均匀,隔条上下位置不在同一条直线上。1.2控制方法为了防止板材在干燥过程中发生顺纹弯曲或横纹弯曲,应采取下列措施。①在堆积时,将宽板放在材堆的下半部。②按…     

杉木生材含水率分布及其对气干的影响

以人工林杉木为研究对象,研究生材状态下不同厚度锯材含水率的差异,比较含髓心、钝棱与其他类型等3类锯材的含水率差异,建立生长轮宽度与锯材含水率的关系,分析生材状态含水率对锯材气干周期的影响。研究结果显示,25mm和40 mm的锯材含水率差异极显著;含髓心锯材含水率最低,其次是其他类的,最大是含钝棱锯材;随着生长轮宽度减少,锯材含水率增大;生长轮宽度为4 mm时,是生材含水率分界线,即当生长轮平均宽度小于和不小于4.0 mm时,锯材含水率差异极显著;25 mm和40 mm厚不同含水率锯材各2组气干至含水率25%,低含水率锯材较高含水率的气干周期分别缩短57%和66%。     

马尾松锯材常压过热蒸汽干燥脱脂特性研究

以速生马尾松锯材为研究对象,采用常压过热蒸汽对其进行干燥脱脂一体化处理,系统研究了干燥脱脂过程中马尾松木材内部温度及含水率变化规律,讨论了过热蒸汽温度对锯材干燥速率、干燥质量、颜色、表面溢脂及微观构造的影响规律。结果表明:过热蒸汽干燥脱脂过程中,锯材内部温度及含水率变化可分为快速升温加速干燥段、恒温恒速干燥段和升温减速干燥段三个阶段,干燥速率介于0.14~0.26%/min,过热蒸汽温度对干燥速率影响非常显著;过热蒸汽干燥脱脂材可达到锯材干燥质量指标二级以上标准,与常规干燥材相比,发生的表裂缺陷少,140℃时出现内裂缺陷;过热蒸汽干燥脱脂处理对木材颜色的影响不显著;过热蒸汽干燥材表面不发生溢脂,达到一级脱脂松木锯材标准;过热蒸汽干燥处理破坏了树脂道内的薄壁细胞,处理后的树脂道内残存有固态松香。     

40 mm厚黑木相思锯材干燥工艺研究

对我国40 mm厚黑木相思锯材干燥工艺进行研究,为其实际干燥生产提供参考。结果表明:黑木相思锯材由初含水率105.9%干燥至终含水率9.8%,干燥用时453 h(18.9 d)。干燥锯材的平均最终含水率满足GB/T 6491—2012《锯材干燥质量》中二级锯材干燥质量指标要求,干燥均匀度、厚度上含水率偏差、残余应力以及可见干燥缺陷满足一级质量指标的要求。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.