臭氧处理技术在工厂化水产养殖中的应用研究

臭氧消毒是工厂化水产养殖中水处理的关键技术之一。本文详细介绍了臭氧的物理、化学性质,论述了臭氧制造、水中溶解及水中溶解浓度的检测方法。结合国内外有关水产养殖水处理技术的研究成果与发展趋势,分析了臭氧在工厂化水产养殖水处理中的一些作用和应用特性。介绍了臭氧在工厂化水产养殖中消毒杀菌、氧化有机物、凝聚悬浮物、除臭与除色方面的作用,阐明了臭氧在工厂化水产养殖中的应用前景。     

工厂化水产养殖中的水处理技术

水产养殖的水处理技术是发展工厂化养殖技术的关键,本文根据我国现代渔业发展的趋势,结合国内外有关水产养殖水处理技术的研究结果与发展趋势,从增氧、悬浮物处理技术、氨氮处理技术、有害气体处理技术、消毒杀菌技术等方面,论述了目前水产养殖水处理技术的主要方法以及进一步研究的发展趋势,为实际应用和开发新技术提供参考依据.     

Aquaculture Feed Management System Powered by Renewable Energy Sources: Investment Justification

Fish feed accounts for more than 50% of aquaculture farms’ operating costs and thus careful feeding planning is vital. In the case of the Mediterranean, most farms have their installations in coastal waters, hence this is relatively easy to perform. Low magnitude environmental conditions (winds, waves and currents) as well as easy and quick access ensures high consumption rates and smooth operation. Nevertheless, as competition for these waters increases the option of moving to offshore waters is seen as a solution. Moving further away from shore means exposing installations to harsher environments and lower degree of onshore monitoring. As a result, environmental conditions must now be monitored on-site, especially the ones affecting operations and feeding planning. For this reason, this article presents a feed management system powered by a stand-alone renewable energy sources system. The system provides energy independence and mobility by wirelessly transmitting important parameters onshore. An investment appraisal cost model is also described. The model compares the system’s costs over the fish feed cost saved by a priori feeding planning through better monitoring of on-site conditions. It concludes that such synergies have profitable potentials.     

Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) in Bardiya National Park,Nepal: Population,habitat and threats

1. The Critically Endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) residing within Bardiya National Park (BNP) in Nepal constitutes the sixth major sub-population of this unique lineage; however, this population is not well studied. A 46 km protected stretch of the Babai River and a 60 km stretch of the Karnali River in and around BNP were surveyed for gharials in early 2017 and in 2019.
2. Gharial counts in 2017 – 17 from the Babai and one from the Karnali rivers – consisted of 10 adults, five sub-adults and three juveniles. In 2019, 19 gharials were counted – 18 for the Babai and one for the Karnali – comprising 11 adults, six sub-adults and two juveniles. In the Babai River within BNP, four breeding groups were identified. Gharials in BNP prefer sandy vs. rocky banks for basking and completely avoid sand-grass and clay banks. Habitat preference did not vary with size class.
3. Protected stretches of both rivers inside BNP (76 km) have resident gharial, intact habitats and few human threats. In contrast, the unprotected stretch of the Karnali (30 km) is threatened by boulder quarrying, sand mining and unlicensed fishing, and is avoided by gharials despite the availability of habitat.
4. This study established baseline data, including indices of population size, distribution and habitat preferences, and documented resident gharials that are breeding in the Babai River in BNP. The conservation of this Babai population is crucial for the species’ survival in BNP.
5. Based on this study, we recommend the following conservation actions on the Babai stretch: (a) determine hatching success; (b) assess juvenile recruitment; (c) consider supplementation by releasing captives; (d) study riverine features important as baselines; (e) accommodate upstream movements on the protected Babai stretch; and (f) protect the downstream Babai outside the boundary of the BNP.

     

The Potential and Sustainability of Aquaculture in India

ABSTRACT

India is a very populous country with more than one billion people. In order to provide food for this growing population, serious environmental problems may result. Despite many benefits from the green, blue, and silver revolutions adopted in India, there has been much concern resulting from intensive agricultural practices that led to environmental problems in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Increasing demand for aquatic resources also caused inland fisheries to decrease over the past few decades. The location of aquaculture projects, landscape destruction, soil and water pollution by pond effluents, over-exploitation of important fish stocks, depletion in biodiversity, conflicts over agriculture and aquaculture among various stakeholder groups over resource and space allocation, and international fish trade controversies have threatened the long-term sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture industries. The subject of sustainable aquaculture has not been adequately projected in terms of current aquaculture practices aimed to boost a rural economy. This review briefly describes the key issues of aquaculture unsustainability in terms of intensive aquaculture, nutrient enrichment syndrome, soil and groundwater salinization, destruction of mangroves, loss of biodiversity, marine pollution and loss of fish stock, use of aquachemicals and therapeutics, hormone residues, etc. The strategies for sustainability have been highlighted with respect to rice-cum-fish culture, carp polyculture, integrated farming with livestock, rural aquaculture, intensification of small farms, wastewater-fed aquaculture, crop rotation, probiotics, feed quality, socioeconomic considerations, environmental regulations and fisheries acts, transboundary aquatic ecosystems, impact of alien species, ethical aspects of intensive aquaculture, responsible fisheries, and environmental impact assessment. A suggested model outlines the feedback mechanisms for achieving long-term sustainability through improved farm management practices, integrated farming, use of selective aquachemicals and probiotics, conservation of natural resources, regulatory mechanism, and policy instruments.     

影响海水养殖系统中泡沫分离器效果的因素

工厂化循环水养殖系统得到越来越广的应用,去除水体中有机物的重要性逐渐得到人们的重视,但去除有机物的主要设备———泡沫分离器在技术应用上还不成熟,本文通过实验逐步改变充气量、水流量、有机物浓度、分离器高度等影响因素,以确定这些影响因素对泡沫分离器有机物去除效率的影响,研究结果表明:(1)由于气流紊动的影响存在最佳气液比,本实验中气液比为6时有机物去除率最大。(2)有机物浓度是影响有机物去除效率的主要因素,本实验中当有机物浓度在4.32mg/l时去除率明显增大。(3)分离器高度对去除率的影响是随着有机物浓度等因素的变化而不同。     

基过鱼对象多维量化体系在南渡江流域的应用

过鱼对象的确定对于过鱼设施建设至关重要。量化评定过鱼对象优先保护次序，为南渡江过鱼设施建设、鱼类保护提供决策依据。基于过鱼设施建设目的及过坝鱼类的生境适宜能力，从过坝需求度、生境适应度、资源丰富度、物种效用度、物种濒危度和遗传损失度等6个维度，建立多指标量化的过鱼对象选择体系。采用主客观结合的组合权重，构建基于逼近理想排序法的过坝鱼类优先等级评定模型。以南渡江流域为实例进行初步分析，结合南渡江流域梯级建设，运用过鱼对象评定体系确定花鳗鲡、鲢、鳙等洄游性鱼类为首要过鱼对象，?、月鳢、鲇、海南长臀鮠为主要过鱼对象；乌塘鳢、红鳍原鲌、赤眼鳟、蒙古鲌为次要过鱼对象；鲮、倒刺鲃、马口鱼、纹唇鱼、唇?、翘嘴鲌、东方墨头鱼等鱼类为兼顾过鱼对象。本研究通过构建科学合理的多指标体系对南渡江流域过鱼设施过鱼对象优先保护次序进行量化，有助于指导过鱼设施效果评价，对过鱼设施建设具有一定参考价值。     

养殖水体生物脱氮技术研究进展

近年来,水产养殖业在全球范围内迅速发展,我国水产养殖产量已达到世界养殖产量的50％以上。同时,随着人们生活水平的提高,尤其是我国加入WTO以后,人们对水产品的品质提出了更高的要求,循环水养殖系统因其高度集约化和水质相对容易控制等优势在国内外得到了广泛应用,它是实现高效、绿色和清洁水产品生产的重要途径。在循环水养殖系统中,鱼类所食饵料的70％～80％通过鳃的扩散、离子交换以代谢产物或残饵的形式排入水中。     

Fish to 2030: The Role and Opportunity for Aquaculture

Seafood sector can contribute to the global food supply in an important way, and provide an important source of animal protein. Based on observed regional trends in seafood production and consumption and using a global, partial-equilibrium, multi-market model, this study investigates what the global seafood market may look like in 2030. The model projects that the total fish supply will increase from 154 million tons in 2011 to 186 million tons in 2030, with aquaculture entirely responsible for the increase. The fastest aquaculture growth is expected for tilapia and shrimp, while the largest expansion is expected in India, Latin America and Caribbean and Southeast Asia. Fast-growing seafood demand in China and elsewhere represents a critical opportunity for global fisheries and aquaculture to improve their management and achieve sustainable seafood economy.     

The role of river confluences and meanderings in preserving local hot spots for threatened plant species in riparian ecosystems

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气/水混合溶解机在封闭式循环养殖系统中的应用试验

在封闭式循环养殖系统中,采用气／水混合溶解机调节虹鳟养殖水中的溶氧量。设置4种溶氧量,分别为7．05、8．82、11．84、15．80mg／L,其中8．82mg／L为对照组,充空气;试验30d,对虹鳟幼鱼（体长13．0—18．5em）的生长率、能量收支及机体的营养组成进行研究。试验结果表明,7．05mg／L的低溶氧组鱼在生长率和饲料转化效率方面均明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,而11．84mg／L和15．80mg／L的高氧组鱼食物转化效率高,生长率明显提高。由摄食能的分配结果可见,随着溶解氧的升高,虹鳟幼鱼的摄食能用于生长和代谢的比例提高。表明在封闭式循环养殖系统中高溶解氧对虹鳟幼鱼生长具有良好的促进作用。     

The importance of spatial scales to analysis of fish diversity in Amazonian floodplain lakes and implications for conservation

The Amazon River Basin has the highest fish species diversity of any region in the world, but is under threat from anthropogenic perturbations including overharvesting, alien species and drought. We asked whether species diversity in this region is more a function of within‐lake species richness (i.e., α diversity) or differences among lakes (β diversity). Although many studies have reported on species richness and diversity in single habitats, the importance of measuring diversity at different spatial scales is not yet well established. We collected fish in 10 floodplain lakes along the Solimões River (Brazil), divided evenly between two lake types: those on islands in the river channel (island lakes) and those on the margins of the river (coastal lakes) during 2006. We partitioned fish diversity into three spatial scales: α = within each lake; β₁ = among lakes of the same type (coastal or island) and β₂ = between the two types of lakes, and compared their relative contributions to regional (γ) diversity. β₁ + β₂ contributed as much or more to γ diversity than did α. Although many of the 116 fish species were shared between lake types (S = 72), 32 species were found exclusively in coastal lakes and 12 species were found exclusively in island lakes. Coastal lakes, which were deeper and cooler than island lakes, consistently had higher fish species richness than island lakes. We suggest that it will be necessary to set areas large enough to contain multiple lakes of both types to preserve regional fish diversity.     

黄河干流山西段鱼类组成及群落结构分析

2011年6月3日～6月21日和8月2日～8月20日,调查了黄河干流山西段鱼类组成的现状及群落结构特征。结果表明,全段共采集鱼类42种,隶属5目9科,其中以鲤科鱼类最多,共24种,占总种数的57％。渔获物数据表明,该流域小型鱼类较多,小型化现象明显,优势种为鲤、残、鲶、鲫,和麦穗鱼。物种组成差异和多样性分析结果表明,不同河段鱼类群落有明显的空间分异,风陵渡、刘家畔、关河口、圣天湖物种丰富,多样性水平高,群落结构稳定,而军渡和老牛湾物种少,群落较为简单。与历史资料相比,黄河干流山西段鱼类物种数减少,群落结构发生了较大变化。水体污染、大量水工建筑以及过度捕捞等因素是导致变化的主要原因。     

Large‐bodied fish migration and residency in a flood basin of the Sacramento River,California, USA

River–floodplain complexes represent some of the most variable and diverse habitats on earth, yet they are among our planet's most threatened ecosystems. Use of these habitats by large‐bodied fishes is especially poorly understood, particularly in temperate regions. To provide insight into the factors that affect floodplain assemblages and migration, we sampled large‐bodied fishes with a fyke trap for 7 years in the Yolo Bypass, the primary flood basin of the Sacramento River, California. We collected a total of 18,336 individual fish comprised of 27 species, only 41% of which were native. Year‐round resident species white catfish Ameiurus catus, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and common carp Cyprinus carpio (all alien species) were the most abundant and comprised 74% of the total catch. Splittail Pogonichthys macrolepidotus (3.8%), white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus (2.3%) and Sacramento sucker Catostomus occidentalis (1.1%) were the primary native species. We found that seasonal variation in water temperature and flood stage were important factors affecting the fish assemblage structure and the presence of migratory species. American shad Alosa sapidissima, an alien species, showed highest abundance during the early summer upstream migration, when temperatures were warmer. For native species, the abundances of white sturgeon, splittail, Sacramento pikeminnow Ptychocheilus grandis and Sacramento sucker were all highest during flood pulses. While our results suggest that flow alone is not sufficient to control alien species, the strong linkage between native fish migration and flow pulses highlights the importance of river–floodplain connectivity for the conservation of native fishes.     

长江口海域营养盐的形态和分布特征

利用2007年4月对长江口海域航次的调查结果,对该海域营养盐的形态和分布特征进行了探讨,并对其主要控制过程进行了讨论.结果表明:长江口海域营养盐的浓度变化范围较大,整体分布趋势是由近岸向外海逐渐降低,且明显受水文状况影响.在长江口海域,磷主要以磷酸盐的形式存在,其余依次是溶解有机磷、颗粒态磷;氮主要以硝酸盐的形式存在,其余依次是溶解有机氮、颗粒态氮、氨氮、亚硝酸盐.硝酸盐和硅酸盐的行为是保守的,其行为主要受咸淡水混合过程控制;磷酸盐、溶解有机磷、颗粒态磷、亚硝酸盐、氨氮和溶解有机氮的行为是非保守的.     

Ecological drivers of fish metacommunities: Environmental and spatial factors surpass predation in structuring metacommunities of intermittent rivers

Metacommunity theory is a new approach for explaining how local and regional processes contribute to community organisation and integrative studies are needed to fully characterise the processes underlying its structure and function. We analysed, through variation partitioning and distance decay relationships, how metacommunities of fish in pools of intermittent rivers are structured by environmental, species interaction and spatial factors. The results indicate that both species sorting and dispersal limitation (spatial factors) were important in shaping fish metacommunities. Species sorting was the most influential driver within fish metacommunities, but predation was much less relevant and did not show any pure effect in metacommunity structure. However, environmental factors were determinant among metacommunity patches.     

Spatial patterns of lacustrine fish assemblages in a catchment of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

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Movement of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in a regulated lowland Australian river: implications for management

Abstract  Introduced common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., is the most abundant large fish in the Murray-Darling Basin and past studies have considered it non-migratory. Movement information is, however, important for targeting control efforts to appropriate habitats and spatial scales. Movement patterns of common carp in the Murray River were investigated between November 1999 and August 2001. In total, 3337 common carp were boat electric fished and externally tagged. Of the 293 (8.8%) fish recaptured, up to 1898 days later, the majority (80%) moved <5 km. However, over 7% of the tagged population moved ≥100 km, and the maximum distance was 890 km. Intermediate-sized males moved the greatest distances, usually downstream. Conversely, females and larger males remained close to floodplain spawning areas. For improved management, there is a need to recognise different movement strategies within common carp populations.     

二氧化氯消毒对循环水养殖系统的影响评价

使用质量浓度1mg/L的二氧化氯对循环水养殖池进行月1次、分2d进行的直接泼洒消毒试验,从杀菌效果、对生物膜的损害程度及对养殖鱼体生活状态的影响3个方面进行二氧化氯消毒对循环水养殖系统的影响评价。在第一次消毒前及消毒后24h时,第二次消毒前(即第一次消毒后48h时)及第二次消毒后24h时分别进行水样采集,测定养殖水体的异养菌总数变化,结果显示,第一次消毒后24h时水体的异养菌总数较消毒前有极显著降低(P0.01),而48h时降低不显著(P0.05),第二次消毒后亦变化不显著(P0.05)。同时分析了消毒前后2个月内的养殖水体氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的变化情况,以间接评价二氧化氯对循环系统生物膜的损害性大小。结果显示,在消毒工作完成后7d时水体氨氮、亚硝酸盐含量有明显上升,分别由消毒前的1.0mg/L、0.30mg/L升至1.25mg/L、0.36mg/L的水平,持续约10d才开始降低恢复。在消毒前后观察鱼体生长状态及摄食量结果显示,水体消毒对鱼体状态及摄食量无明显影响(P0.05)。研究表明,在循环水养殖系统中质量浓度为1mg/L的二氧化氯消毒可极显著降低异养菌总数,对鱼体生长状态及摄食量无明显影响,但对生物膜有轻微的损害作用,在养殖生产中应规范使用。