Epidemiological Investigation of Brackish Water Culture Systems in West Bengal,India

An epidemiological investigation was done in brackish water culture systems in three coastal districts of West Bengal. A total of 198 farms were randomly surveyed with a structured questionnaire. The data showed that there was a significant difference in outbreak of white spot disease (WSD) (p < 0.01), shell-associated problems (p < 0.01), and gill-associated problems (p < 0.05) among the culture systems. Among all systems, stunted and uneven growth and white fecal disease (only in shrimp monoculture) were the dominant emerging disorders. WSD remained the most prevalent disease. Some farms tested (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) positive for WSD, but the animals were apparently healthy. Chlorination, use of PCR screening, application of immunostimulants, and strict bio-security measures play major roles in containing disease outbreaks.     

河蟹工厂化育苗中人工半咸水的净化与循环利用

采用室内，室外大循环的水交换形式及生物净化和物理，化学处理相结合的方法，对河蟹育苗废水进行净化与循环利用，可将育苗用人工半咸水的利用率提高２－３倍，节约配水原料５０％。另外把育苗废水的生物净化与单胞藻，轮虫的培养结合在一起，既可净化水质，又能为蟹苗提供大量的生物饵料，试验池蟹苗的成活率较对照池提高１．０－２．５％。     

Comparative Performance of Four Strains of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Brackish Water Ponds in Indonesia

Four selectively bred strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were evaluated for production in brackish water ponds in Indonesia. Survival to 124 days was relatively low for all four strains (39%–48%), and growth during the later stages of the trial was poor (SGR < 1.5 %/day) due to water quality deterioration in the pond. Although the ‘Red’ tilapia strain demonstrated the best production parameters, red-colored tilapia bring lower prices in both our test markets (South Sulawesi and Aceh provinces). Of the four strains, the genetically enhanced supermale Indonesian tilapia?×?genetic improvement of farmed tilapia (GESIT×GIFT) cross provided the best economic return.     

Use of Underground Brackish Water for Reproduction and Larviculture of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

Broodfish were reared for 6 months in underground brackish water (11 ppt), and the quality of eggs and semen was evaluated in comparison to broodfish held in fresh water. Fry produced by the broodfish in brackish water (S) and freshwater (F) were then reared in different salinities (1, 4, 7, and 10 ppt). Broodfish successfully matured and spawned in underground brackish water, and gonad quality was better than of the broodfish in fresh water (p < 0.01). Growth indices of fry produced by both groups decreased with increasing salinity (p < 0.01). Survival was not affected by the salinities tested. Underground brackish water can be used as a source to induce successful sexual maturation and to produce high-quality gonads.     

土池低盐度水体河蟹生态育苗试验

2003年3~5月,在上海崇明进行了河蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)在低盐度水体的土池中育苗实验,主要技术措施包括亲本的强化培育、施肥养水、敌害生物的控制和利用、活饵料的科学使用和水质调控等。结果表明:(1)亲本强化培育可以提高其生殖性能;(2)土池育苗中各期幼体的变态时间长于工厂化育苗,因而总的出苗时间比工厂化育苗长5~7d;(3)通过综合管理措施,在低盐度(9~12)条件下河蟹土池生态育苗单产和出苗率分别为(60·18±30·17)kg/hm2和(3·12±1·55)%,总的出苗时间为(25·2±1·9)d。     

利用咸井水进行罗氏沼虾育苗技术研究

滨海盐碱地盐度为34．89的咸井水,经沉淀、曝晒、充气、消毒。施用EDTA2～3～106络合重金属离子,再用淡水调成盐度12的半咸水,进行罗氏沼虾育苗试验。当卵子由淡黄变为浅灰时,移至半咸水中孵化,每天5：00用120目筛绢网将孵出的蚤状幼体捞入幼体培育池,布他密度8～12万尾／m3。幼体在动期前,每天投喂卤虫无节幼体2～3次,Z6期后改投蛋黄、蛋羹,口喂8次。4000尾亲虾在290m3水体中,育出虾苗571．9万尾,幼体成活率25％以上。专家鉴定认为,在同类研究中居国内领先水平。     

盐碱地渗水调配养殖南美白对虾技术

本文介绍了利用黄河三角洲地区丰富、闲置的重盐碱地,经过合理调配水质,在反复试验的基础上设计出一套合理的健康养殖技术方案,实施了大面积南美白对虾盐碱地健康养殖。尤其是通过在用盐碱地渗出的咸水与淡水混合调配成的,盐度为5～20的养殖用水中,添加一定浓度的钾离子,有效提高了虾苗的成活率。     

Distribution and reproduction of Procambarus clarkii in relation to water management,salinity and habitat type in the Camargue

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基于水足迹理论的西北五省水资源评价

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内蒙古达里诺尔湖水质现状调查

通过应用各种物理及化学仪器分析了达里诺尔湖水温、酸碱度、溶解氧、各种离子、总含盐量等因子,根据以往水质调查结果及这次测定数据比较,达里诺尔湖的pH有不断上升的趋势,这将危及到雅罗鱼及水中生物的生存,而其他各种离子均有小幅度的上升,溶解氧基本能满足鱼类的生存需求.通过水质的调查结果分析,使瓦氏雅罗鱼及其他水生生物更好地发挥在达里诺尔湖中生存的潜力.     

Digestibility of Different Protein Sources by Penaeus monodon Raised in Brackish Water and in Sea Water

The digestibility of fish meal, soybean meal, and casein by Penaeus monodon was determined in both brackish water (16 ppt) and in seawater (32 ppt). Casein was the most digestible protein, followed by soybean meal and fish meal; the differences were significant (P <: 0.05). Salinity did not affect the digestibility of casein and fish meal but did affect digestibility of soybean meal: It was significantly lower when P. monodon was raised at 32 ppt.     

上海地区低盐海水中斑节对虾养殖试验

本试验共进行了两年。除88—2池跑苗外,试验组成活率达30%,产量均达到150公斤/亩左右,其中88—1池最高,为226.8公斤/亩。斑节对虾日生长率超过0.90毫米,与对照的中国对虾比,成活率、生长速度均高于对照组。在密度相近的条件下,生长速度快于中国对虾20%以上;饵料系数低于中国对虾,产量可达到或超过中国对虾产量,而生长期却缩短20天左右。试验结果说明,斑节对虾在上海地区养殖是完全可行的。     

Effects of salinity on growth and mortality of migratory and resident forms of Eurasian perch in the Baltic Sea

Abstract – In the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea, there are two forms of perch (Perca fluviatilis). One of the forms is migratory and spawns in streams entering the Baltic Sea. The other form is resident and spawns in brackish water. Both forms utilise the coastal habitat for foraging. We examined the spawning success of the two forms in fresh and brackish water (7‰, equal to salinity in the south Baltic Sea). The experiments showed that hatching success was equally high in freshwater and in brackish water despite female origin. The survival of yellow‐sac and free swimming fry was significantly reduced in brackish water, which was independent if the fish was of migratory or brackish resident origin. Further, growth rate of perch fry was severely reduced in brackish water. The results indicate that perch has not developed any tolerance to brackish water in the young life stages. The migratory life strategy of perch can thus be explained by higher survival of fry in freshwater.     

北运河浮游植物调查及水质评价

北运河水系是北京和天津的主要纳污水系,关乎着京津区域发展的供水安全和生态安全。为了合理开发利用水资源,保护生态环境,2009-2010年对北运河水系浮游植物和水质进行了4次调查,对浮游植物种类组成、密度、生物量和群落多样性指数等以及理化性状进行了分析。结果表明,北运河浮游植物有41种;其中,蓝藻门14种,占34.1%;绿藻门14种,占34.1%;硅藻门7种,占17.1%;裸藻门5种,占12.2%;其它种类2种,占2.5%。夏季以蓝藻为主,秋季、冬季和春季均以绿藻为主,整体表现为蓝藻-绿藻型,主要优势种为蓝藻门、绿藻门的耐污种;北运河的CODMn、NH3-N、NO3-N、TP和TN含量大于我国地表水环境质量V类标准的2.12～9.79倍,主要污染物为总氮、氨氮和总磷。北运河的水质普遍较差,大部分为中污染,部分断面为重污染,水体质量在中-重污染之间。     

高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在海水和半咸水中,用高锰酸钾(KMnO4)对黑鲷幼鱼进行急性毒性试验。结果表明:在海水盐度27.3和半咸水盐度10.4条件下,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼24h的LC50分别为3.41mg/L和4.78mg/L;最高安全使用剂量分别为1.12mg/L和1.68mg/L。半咸水条件下,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性相对较低,因此,高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼进行药物处理比在海水条件下更安全。高锰酸钾引起鱼体组织发生病理变化是暂时的,一旦受试鱼转到无高锰酸钾的清水环境中,鱼体就会恢复正常。     

利用盐碱地地下水养殖中国对虾试验

1999年在胶州市李格庄镇低洼盐碱地原淡水养鱼池塘改建中国对虾养殖池塘，在池塘边上打井提供养殖用水，井水盐度一般在10－12左右；虾苗在水泥池淡化7天使盐度降为15，经暂养后陆续分至养殖池，暂养成活率76．11％；养成阶段主要使用配合饵料，添加抗病药物；前期以添加水为主，养殖中后期少量换水，平均日换水量不超过5％，并定期使用水质净化剂。结果5个养殖池对虾平均亩产90．83kg。     

三角湖浮游植物群落结构与水质评价

2011-2012年对三角湖浮游植物进行季节性调查,以了解浮游植物群落结构特征及其对水质的指示作用,为污染防治和生态修复提供依据。结果表明,在三角湖共采集浮游植物94种(变种),隶属于8门、25科、51属;其中,绿藻种类最多,约占总种数的59.6%,其次是硅藻、蓝藻和裸藻,分别占12.8%、11.7%和8.5%,其他门类种类较少。浮游植物细胞密度平均值为(102.32±59.89)×106个/L;其中,蓝藻密度最大,占浮游植物总丰度的86.69%,其次是绿藻和硅藻,分别占7.77%和4.91%,其他门类密度较低。浮游植物密度具有明显的季节变化规律,夏季的密度最大,秋季次之,冬季和春季较低。夏季和秋季蓝藻细胞密度占绝对优势,绿藻和硅藻次之,而冬季蓝藻密度下降,硅藻和绿藻占优势,春季蓝藻又重新占据优势。三角湖浮游植物Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值分别为2.75、1.78和0.46。Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数以冬季和春季较高,秋季最低,表明冬季和春季浮游植物群落结构相对复杂,而秋季的群落结构相对简单。综合水质生物学和水体理化指标评价结果,三角湖水体为中-富营养型。     

基于雷达图的鄱阳湖湿地水质评价

采用雷达图的方法来评价鄱阳湖湿地的水质状况,验证其在鄱阳湖湿地水质评价中的可行性。基于鄱阳湖湿地30个采样点的实测水质数据,选取溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、氨氮(NH~+_4-N)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)及重金属铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)为水质评价因子,构建水质雷达图对鄱阳湖湿地进行水质评价,雷达图红色区域的面积大小和形状能直观反映采样点的水质状况及主要的污染因子,并基于雷达图红色区域的面积大小计算雷达图水质指数。结果显示,鄱阳湖湿地水体的主要污染物为氮、磷营养盐、重金属及Chl-a;自然保护区及周边湿地的水质较好,而河口附近湿地的水质最差;雷达图水质指数与内梅罗指数、主成分水质指数的评价结果间存在显著的相关性,表明其能较客观地反映鄱阳湖湿地的水质状况。与传统方法以单一数值呈现水质评价结果相比,水质雷达图以可视化的方式、多维度地呈现采样点的水质状况,其结果更直观易懂,尤其有助于增强公众对水环境污染的认知和关注度,为水质评价及评价结果的展示提供方法上的借鉴。     

盐碱地鱼池水化学因子与浮游植物的调查研究

对山东黄河两岸和河口地区盐碱地鱼池的水化学因子与浮游植物进行了调查研究，确认鱼池水型属ＣｌⅢ＾Ｎａ，ＣｌⅡ＾Ｎａ和ＣｌⅠ＾Ｎａ型的氯化水，ｐＨ变化在７．６－８．９之间，盐度在０．９－８之间，营养盐含量比一般淡水鱼池低，浮植物甚至不如小型水库，湖泊丰富。