Survival and movement of hatchery-reared red snapper on artificial habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract  Hatchery-reared age-0 red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey), were released onto artificial habitats in the Gulf of Mexico. Fish showed 12.7% survival after 7 months on small habitats (0.86 m³) and 3.1% survival after 8 months on large habitats (3.9 m³). Emigration was estimated by the movement of fish to unstocked habitats and accounted for 76.8% of the total decline in abundance at release sites after 26 days. Fish showed higher survival and growth rates on small habitats (27.6% at 26 days; 0.33 mm day⁻¹) compared with large habitats (13.2% at 34 days; 0.26 mm day⁻¹), which may have been due to increased predation and competition on large habitats. Fish became evenly distributed among adjacent habitats 26 days after release, indicating that stocking densities at release habitats were above carrying capacities. These observations suggested that providing additional habitat around red snapper release sites would increase survival.     

养殖鱼类同类残食现象研究进展及其预防措施

残食行为被定义为同物种间相互杀戮与掠食的现象。在鱼类人工育苗阶段,同类残食行为普遍存在,是制约育苗阶段苗种存活率的主要因素之一。本文针对海水鱼类育苗期间出现的残食行为问题,结合笔者的前期研究发现,对鱼类残食行为的发生、形态学制约、摄食规格、生长优势和影响因子进行了概述。根据残食方式,鱼类的自残现象主要分为Ⅰ型残食现象和Ⅱ型残食现象。Ⅰ型残食中,残食者首先咬住被残食者的尾部,逐渐吞食至头部后将剩余部分丢弃,被残食个体通常会被部分吞食、消化;Ⅱ型残食中,残食者自被残食者的头部开始将其完全吞食,被残食个体通常会被完全吞食、消化。残食者口裂大小是自残行为发生的主要限制因子,而且越是在鱼类的早期阶段,口裂大小差异越明显。在鱼类残食行为中,残食者倾向于由小到大的顺序选择被残食者。残食现象对群体的影响取决于残食者的相对生长速度。本文还探讨了减少鱼类自残行为发生的措施,以期丰富海水仔稚鱼行为学理论,为建立优质苗种繁育技术提供理论依据。     

3种常见消毒药物对纤毛虫种群动力学的影响

盐蚕豆虫 (Fabrea salina) 可作为海水经济动物的开口饵料。为探究高锰酸钾、聚维酮碘、二溴海因3种消毒剂对盐蚕豆虫产生的毒性效应和种群动力学影响,采用静水实验法测定盐蚕豆虫在不同浓度的3种消毒剂下,种群的生长率 (r) 和世代时间 (G) 变化。结果表明,高锰酸钾、二溴海因、聚维酮碘对盐蚕豆虫的24 h 半数致死浓度 (Lethal concentration 50, LC₅₀) 分别为1.182、1.067、18.451 mg∙L⁻¹,48 h LC₅₀分别为0.925、0.748、19.620 mg∙L⁻¹;安全浓度 (Safe concentration, SC) 分别为0.170、0.110、6.655 mg∙L⁻¹。盐蚕豆虫对3种消毒剂的敏感性依次为二溴海因>高锰酸钾>聚维酮碘。二溴海因、聚维酮碘、高锰酸钾的质量浓度分别为0.074 8、1.962 0、0.092 5 mg∙L⁻¹时,对盐蚕豆虫的种群生长抑制最显著 (p<0.01),r分别为 (0.57±0.009)、(0.57±0.005)、(0.47±0.007) d⁻¹,G分别为 (1.23±0.2)、(1.22±0.011)、(1.30±0.078) d。研究获得的高锰酸钾、聚维酮碘、二溴海因的安全浓度均低于水产养殖中的施药量,因此当以盐蚕豆虫作为开口饵料时,应注意消毒剂的使用剂量。     

The effects of epibenthic communities on reef fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract  Reef fishes were compared between artificial reefs with ( n  =   20) and without ( n  =   20) epibenthic communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Artificial reefs were built in June 2003; half were coated with copper-based paint to prevent epibenthic community development. Reefs were surveyed by SCUBA divers to estimate fish abundance in the autumn and winter 2003 and spring 2004. Total fish abundance and abundance of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey), and gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, were significantly ( P  ≤   0.05) higher on reefs with epibenthic communities. In the spring 2004, the abundance of belted sandfish, Serranus subligarius (Cope), the size of red snapper and community measures of diversity and evenness were significantly ( P  ≤   0.05) greater on unpainted reefs. These significant differences provide evidence that reef fishes were positively affected by the presence of epibenthic organisms that probably provided increased food resources.     

海洋仔鱼消化酶变化及饵料的影响

近年来海洋仔鱼消化系统,包括胃、肠道以及胰脏发育的研究进展进行了综述,描述了其消化系统在发育过程中形态和功能的变化,对仔鱼发育过程中包括胃蛋白酶、胰酶、肠酶及其他消化酶的变化以及饵料组分的影响进行了总结。     

提高卤虫休眠卵孵化率的技术因子探讨

卤虫休眠卵的孵化是目前海水鱼虾育苗工作中的活饵料供应体系,本文结合上海地区低盐度海水对虾育苗工作,经多年实验观察,归纳总结提高卤虫休眠卵孵化率的主要技术措施,其中包括孵化设备装置、水质控制、加快脱壳处理、以及鉴别卵的质量标志等     

Survival and growth of selected marine fish larvae first fed with eggs and endotrophic larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Two sets of experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of eggs and endotrophic larvae of captive Paracentrotus lividus as alternative live prey for marine fish larvae first feeding. The first consisted in rearing sparids, Diplodus sargus and Sparus aurata, larvae until 15 days after hatching in a recirculation system. Compared with the commonly used live prey – rotifer Brachionus spp. – general lower values of survival and growth were obtained when fish larvae were fed with the alternative live prey. Among these, eggs showed to be the preferred feeding. Broodstock feed showed to play a fundamental role on prey quality and consequent fish larvae survival. In the second set of experiments, the 24‐h ingestions of the first feeding larvae in static water were determined for five currently cultured fish larvae species. Except for larger and more predatory Dicentrarchus labrax larvae, there was a trend for higher P. lividus egg ingestion, followed by pre‐plutei and prisms. Prey size, colour and movement affected food selection by fish larvae. It is concluded that, in spite of the alternative live prey being readily consumed by all tested fish larvae, they cannot however presently compete with rotifers in marine fish larvae first feeding.     

Nutrient composition and metamorphosis success of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus, L.) larvae fed natural zooplankton or Artemia

Atlantic halibut larvae were fed docosohexanoic acid- (DHA) selco enriched Artemia (RH-cysts) or wild zooplankton in duplicate tanks from first-feeding and 60 days onward. The zooplankton were collected from a fertilized sea water pond and consisted mainly of different stages of Eurytemora affinis and Centropages hamatus . There were no differences in survival, or in growth during the first 45 days of feeding, between larvae fed the two prey items, but the larvae fed Artemia showed much higher incidence of malpigmentation and impaired eye migration than larvae fed zooplankton. The prey organisms contained similar amounts of dry matter and protein, but Artemia was higher in lipid and glycogen than the zooplankton. Larvae fed Artemia were higher in both glycogen and lipid than the zooplankton-fed larvae towards the end of the feeding period. There were large differences between the prey organisms in the concentrations of essential fatty acids (% of total fatty acids) which was reflected in the fatty acid composition of the larval body. It is concluded that the macronutrient composition of Artemia in the present study was probably within the optimal range for promotion of growth and survival in young Atlantic halibut. The concentration of n-3 HUFA, and especially DHA, is however, very much lower in enriched Artemia than in copepods, and may be one of the factors triggering developmental errors in Atlantic halibut.     

Nutrition of Marine Fish Larvae

ABSTRACT

In the hatchery production of aquatic animals for aquaculture, livefoods such as diatoms; rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis and brine shrimp, Artemia salina, have been used throughout the world. However, such production requires large facilities, maintenance expenses, and labor to produce a desired amount of live foods constantly and reliably. Also, the nutritive value of planktonic organisms is occasionally variable, indicating that the dietary quality of these live foods varies with the content of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA). Therefore it is necessary to develop microparticulate diets as a substitute for live foods to further increase theproductivity of seed for fish culture. The nutritional components of microparticulate diets for fish larvae should be determined on the basis of requirements of the larval fish for proteins and amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, the efficient development of microparticulate diets for the fish larvae has promoted the improvement of nutritional requirement studies. The present reviewconcerning the nutrition of marine fish larvae focuses on the proteins, amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, phospholipids, depigmentation of flatfish, stress tolerance of lipids, incorporation of HUFA in neural tissues, HUFA in egg and larvae, HUFA enrichment of live food, carbohydrates, vitamins, energy source during embryo and larval stages, enzyme supplement in microparticulate diets, and application of microparticulate diets inaquaculture.     

鱼类早期生活史研究与其进展

鱼类早期生活史的研究,主要涉及卵和仔鱼发育,仔鱼最佳饲养条件、饵料密度、营养、生长、临界期、饥饿、捕食、环境耐力和毒性反应等和渔业密切相关的诸因子,是鱼类自然资源繁殖保护和养殖业苗种培育的基础。近二、三十年来,鱼类早期生活史研究已成为水产科学的一个崭新领域,在国际上受到广泛重视并迅速发展。国际海洋开发理事会(ICES)曾三次举行鱼类早期生活史学术讨论会,