德国牧羊犬,中国地方狼犬及其杂种耐热性能观察

试验观察测定了德国牧羊犬(原种犬和纯繁犬各6头)、中国地方狼犬(2头)、德×中杂一代(5头)和级进二代(4头),在炎热季节里的体温、呼吸频率、采食量、饮水量、血液生理指标和行为等方面的变化。结果发现,纯繁德国牧羊犬的体温显著高于中国地方狼犬和杂一代(P<0.05);高温对纯繁德国牧羊犬采食量的影响显著高于中国地方狼犬和杂一代(P<0.05);其他方面,纯繁德国牧羊犬的应激反应也较中国地方狼犬明显。初步表明,中国地方狼犬和杂一代的耐热性较强,纯繁德国牧羊犬的耐热性较弱,级进二代的耐热性较杂一代有所下降。     

德国牧羊犬毛色遗传简析

德国牧羊犬原产德国,于第一次世界大战期间被德军募集,做为军犬随军。由德军取长补短培育后,基本定型。因为体型高大,外观威猛,并且具备极强的工作能力,因此在全世界范围以警犬、搜救犬、缉毒犬、导盲犬、牧羊犬、观赏犬以及家养宠物犬等身份活跃。德牧毛色有很多种,如狼青色、铁包金色、黑色、太极色、肝色、银色等等,本文将简单为大家讲解这些毛色遗传本质,毛色遗传不光有显隐性基因关系作用,还有基因互相作用的因素。     

德国牧羊犬毛色遗传简析

德国牧羊犬原产德国,于第一次世界大战期间被德军募集,做为军犬随军。由德军取长补短培育后,基本定型。因为体型高大,外观威猛,并且具备极强的工作能力,因此在全世界范围以警犬、搜救犬、缉毒犬、导盲犬、牧羊犬、观赏犬以及家养宠物犬等身份活跃。德牧毛色有很多种,如狼青色、铁包金     

中国黄牛毛色遗传标记的研究进展

中国黄牛毛色遗传标记的研究进展张文举,吕永锋（甘肃省畜牧兽医研究所平凉７４４０００）关于黄牛毛色遗传方面的研究,国外已有半个世纪的历史。欧美牛毛色基因位点遗传方式的确立为中国黄牛毛色遗传标记的研究起了抛砖引玉的作用。２０世纪８０年代以后,我国一大批畜...     

兔的毛色遗传规律及其应用

家兔毛纤维有各种各样的颜色＊它们都是由基冈所控制的。掌握兔的毛色遗传规律．对兔的品种（如彩色獭兔、彩色长毛兔）培育和生产实践具有重大意义。中图分类号：S813.1l家兔的毛色遗传规律控制家兔毛色的基因之间的作用各不相同．有些基因虽然作用不同却产生相似的毛色。因此．兔的毛色遗传是一种非常复杂的遗传现象。为使读者等握兔的毛色遗传规律．便于应用于生产实践．现将作用于毛色的基因系统和不同色型及基因符号介绍如下。回．1作用于毛色的基因系统1．l二IA系统基因的作用A系统中等位基因有3个．llljrt、a’和a。其中A基因的作…     

中国黄牛毛色的演变及其遗传（上）

本文论述了中国黄牛毛毛色的演变及共在黄牛分类中的应用现状，根据中国现代黄牛毛色的分布特征，确定其毛色遗传主要受１１个遗传位点制约，并运用现代群体遗传学的既有成果对中国８个黄牛群体毛色位点的基因和基因型频率进行了估测，结果表明，中国黄牛毛色具有明显的多样性和层次性，是进行中国黄牛品种分类和遗传资源检测的主要依据之一。     

猪的毛色遗传

猪的毛色遗传极其复杂,至少受7个基因座控制。此文综述了猪的毛色类型、猪毛色的遗传以及猪毛色基因的分子生物学基础研究进展,并对目前我国养猪业中出现的一些毛色异常现象进行了分析。     

The Hereditary Nature of Canine Pancreatic Degenerative Atrophy in the German Shepherd Dog

The incidence of pancreatic degenerative atrophy (PDA) was investigated in 59 German shepherd dogs from two kindred. The male progenitors were the same in both kindred. In the four litters of the first kindred the incidence of PDA was 24 % (10 dogs out of 41), and there was at least one affected dog in each litter. When one of the litter bitches, later affected with PDA, was mated with one of the obligate carriers of PDA, one of the resultant seven offspring has so far been found to suffer from PDA. In the second kindred when a PDA-affected bitch and a clinically healthy male (heterozygote) were mated, two of the resultant six offspring were found to suffer from PDA.These results indicate that PDA is a disease inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, although the possibility of dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance cannot be excluded.     

德国牧羊犬早孕的B/M型超声诊断

选取30只怀孕德国牧羊犬,在交配后20～40d用B/M超声进行早孕诊断。结果表明,75%的犬于第20天探测到孕囊,第24天可见胎心搏动,第27天怀孕诊断准确率为100%,第30天预测胎儿个数最准确,M型超声心动图可准确判断胎儿存活状态。     

遗传基因对德国牧羊犬被毛颜色的影响

随着德国牧羊犬在国内的兴起,德牧犬犬的外貌特征、被毛种类和毛色与基因遗传的关系已经变得越来越受重视.通过对影响犬被毛颜色色度的不同类型的黑色素,以及控制色素沉着的等位基因的深入分析探讨,了解不同位点基因的纯合子和杂合子对德牧犬犬毛色、虹膜、鼻子和眼圈的色素沉着的影响.旨在全面解答人们对德牧犬犬颜色差异产生的困惑.     

德国牧羊犬精子超微结构及超低温冷冻对精子超微结构的影响

为了研究超低温冷冻前后德国牧羊犬精子超微结构的变化,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜对冷冻前后德国牧羊犬精子超微结构变化进行研究,结果显示在扫描电镜下,鲜精整体呈“蝌蚪状”,头部呈扁卵圆形.在透射电镜下精子纵切面头部呈“楔形”,头部细胞膜由外向内分别由质膜、顶体外膜、项体内膜和核膜组成.精子尾部中段横切面由外向内可见线粒体鞘膜、9束外周致密纤维,9对轴丝和2根中央微管.精子头长约为5.40 μm,头宽3.26 μm,颈长1.25 μm,颈宽0.55 μm,尾部中段长11.34 μm,中段直径0.87 μm,尾部长55.70 μm,线粒体螺旋数为44旋.鲜精和冷冻前精子头部、颈部和尾部形态变化差异均不显著(P＞0.05).超低温冷冻后精子头部、颈部和尾部发生形态变化的精子数极显著高于鲜精和冻前精子数(P＜0.01).冻后顶体发生明显形态变化的精子占54.21％,高于发生颈部形态变化(10.61％)和尾部形态变化(28.83％)的精子数.结果表明鲜精和冻前精子形态变化不显著,而超低温冷冻后精子头部、颈部和尾部发生形态变化的精子数显著高于鲜精和冻前精子数.     

全基因组关联分析在德国牧羊犬髋关节发育不良研究中的应用现状

犬髋关节发育不良(canine hip dysplasia,CHD)是犬常见的骨科疾病,传统放射学诊断对降低CHD发病率的作用有限,而基因诊断技术则可以有效促进CHD的育种改良。全基因组关联分析(genome wide association study,GWAS)是一种全基因组范围内的遗传标记的检测技术,对复杂性状功能基因的鉴定十分有效,已成为挖掘畜禽复杂疾病和性状遗传的重要方法。随着犬全基因组测序的完成以及犬不同密度SNP芯片的商业化,GWAS已经成为CHD致病基因筛选的一个重要手段。本文综述了GWAS的定义与影响因素,CHD在国外的育种现状及GWAS在德国牧羊犬中的研究进展。     

德国牧羊犬生理生化指标及血清FT_3、FT_4水平

对 2月龄至 9岁德国牧羊犬生理生化指标及血清 FT3 、FT4的测定结果表明 :WBC,幼年组 (2～ 4月龄 )较低 ,成年组 (1～ 2岁 )最高 ,老年组 (7～ 9岁 )明显下降 ;RBC,老年组较其他年龄段组稍低 ;RDW表明 ,幼年组红细胞体积较其他年龄段组稍大 ;RL T,老年组较其他年龄段组稍低 ;TP、Alb,幼年组及老年组较低 ;AST,幼年组最低 ,为 (2 7.6 5±8.2 4) U/ L,而老年组最高 ,为 (36 .17± 8.47) U/ L;AL T,幼年组最低 ,为 (19.6 3± 7.2 1) U/ L,而老年组升高至(37.6 1± 11.6 5 ) U/ L;FT3 、FT4,幼年组最高 ,分别为 (116 .15± 19.6 3) μg/ L、(2 990 .17± 34 0 .6 0 ) μg/ L,进入老年期FT4下降至 (1180 .15± 46 0 .2 3)μg/ L     

Comparison of primary mitral valve disease in German Shepherd dogs and in small breeds

The case records of 58 German Shepherds (GS group) affected by mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and/or mitral valve regurgitation (MR), and 49 dogs weighing < 15 kg (D group), affected by chronic valvular disease (CVD) were reviewed. The dogs of the GS group were presented more often without a detectable heart murmur (p < 0.01), and less frequently with a high intensity heart murmur (p < 0.01). Atrial fibrillation (AF) was more common in the GS group (p < 0.001). MVP associated with mitral valve thickening was more common in the D group (p < 0.001). Fractional shortening (FS) was lower (p < 0.0001) and end-systolic volume index (ESV-I) was increased (p < 0.0001) in the GS group, whereas end-diastolic volume index (EDV-I) did not differ between the 2 groups. Prevalence and severity of pulmonary hypertension were similar in the 2 groups. Dogs with mitral valve disease weighing more than 20 kg had a 5.8 higher chance of developing decreased FS, increased ESV-I, AF and ventricular arrhythmias. In the GS group, the decreased FS and increased ESV-I were not associated with the presence of AF or ventricular arrhythmias (p > 0.05). It appears that GS may be affected both by mitral valve prolapse and mitral insufficiency. It also appears that a comparatively large proportion of GS shows no major mitral valve thickening or MVP, but still presents with significant mitral regurgitation, possibly suggesting a different cause for the important incompetence observed in most cases.     

拉布拉多犬的毛色遗传和繁殖选育

本文通过对影响犬被毛颜色色度的不同类型的黑色素,以及控制色素沉着的等位基因位点的深入分析探讨,了解和掌握拉犬毛色的表现型和基因型,以及B、b、E和e等位基因的遗传知识,就可以尝试利用谱系和后代的毛色信息确定父母本的毛色基因型,可以对拉犬的毛色进行所希望的繁殖选育,并可以预测后代中所有被毛颜色出现的比例。通过对色素修饰基因的分析探讨,了解和色素拉犬毛色的独特变化。     

Genetic analyses of elbow and hip dysplasia in the German shepherd dog

Results from radiographic screening for canine hip dysplasia (CHD) and elbow dysplasia (CED) of 48 367 German shepherd dogs born in 2001–07 were used for the population genetic analyses. Available information included CHD scores for 47 730 dogs, CED scores for 28 011 dogs and detailed veterinary diagnoses of primary ED lesions for a subsample of 18 899 dogs. Quasi‐continuous traits were CHD, CED and cases of CED without radiographically visible primary lesion (CED‐ARTH). Binary coding was used for fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna (FCP), borderline findings and mild to severe signs of dysplasia in hip and elbow joints. Genetic parameters were estimated in univariate threshold and multivariate linear and mixed linear‐threshold models using Gibbs sampling. Correlations between univariately predicted breeding values (BV) indicated genetic differences between borderline and affected disease status for both CHD (r_BV = 0.5) and CED (r_BV = 0.3). Multivariate genetic analyses with separate consideration of borderline findings revealed moderate heritabilities of 0.2–0.3 for the quasi‐continuous traits with positive additive genetic correlation of 0.3 between CHD and both CED and CED‐ARTH. For FCP, heritability of 0.6 and additive genetic correlations of +0.1 to CHD and ?0.1 to CED‐ARTH were estimated. Results supported the relevant genetic determination of CHD and CED, argued for both diseases against interpretation of borderline findings as healthy and implied genetic heterogeneity of CED. Accordingly, future breeding strategies to reduce the prevalences of CHD and CED in the German shepherd dog should be most efficient when based on BV from multivariate genetic evaluation for CHD, CED‐ARTH and FCP with use of the whole scale of categories for classification of CHD and CED.