蕺菜属植物富钾基因型的筛选

在低钾土壤培养和营养液培养的条件下,采用植株含钾量、吸钾速率和钾素利用率并结合植株根系形态特征,对蕺菜属(Houttuynia Thunb.)16份不同基因型材料的富钾能力进行筛选.结果表明,峨眉蕺菜W01-86以及蕺菜W01-34和W01-71在低钾土壤培养和溶液培养时植株含钾量分别高于9.0%,5.50%,吸钾速率大于1.50μmol/(g·h).低钾土壤培养和溶液培养时的钾素利用率分别高于2.50,0.30g/g,为富钾基因型;W01-4和W01-99低钾土壤培养和溶液培养时的植株含钾量分别低于8.5%,5.0%,吸钾速率小于0.65μmol/(g·h),低钾土壤培养和溶液培养时的钾素利用率分别低于2.00,0.30 g/g,为低钾基因型.     

籽粒苋富钾基因型筛选研究

在营养液培养或土壤培养条件下,采用植株含钾量、单株吸钾量和植株吸钾率等作为富钾基因型的筛选指标,对不同籽粒苋(红苋Amranthus crenentus)品种的富钾能力进行了筛选。结果表明,D8-1、R109、R104和K12等品种对钾具有较强的富集能力,在低钾溶液培养30d(不包括25d的育苗期)和缺钾土壤培养60d时,其植株含钾(K)量一般都在3%～4%之间,单株吸钾(K)量分别在50～75mg和100～120mg范围内,植株(鲜根)吸钾速率大于1 70mol (gh),为富钾基因型;而M9和Cr047等品种对钾的富集能力则相对较弱,其植株含钾量一般在2.7%以下,单株吸钾量低于40mg和80mg,植株(鲜根)吸钾速率小于1.35mol (gh),属一般型。在供钾正常(K5mmol L,)时,所有品种的含钾量和吸钾量均大幅上升,但随着培养介质中钾浓度的提高,两基因型的富钾能力差距逐渐缩小,低钾溶液培养时含钾量和吸钾量最高的品种分别是最低时的2 5倍和2 3倍,而供钾正常时含钾量和吸钾量最高的品种仅分别为最低的1.3倍和1.8倍。因此,在缺钾土壤上播后60d或0.5mmol L的低钾溶液培养30d,能较好地反映两种基因型在富钾能力上的差异。同时,两种基因型在缺钾土壤上的根冠比和主根长仅为低钾溶液培养时的一半左右。但无论在那种介质中,富钾型的根冠比和主根长均大于一般型;在供钾     

不同烤烟品种对钾素响应能力的研究

通过砂培实验研究了Ｋ３２６，ＮＣ８９，ＮＣ８２三个烤烟品种在不同供钾水平下生长状况和对钾素吸收与分配的影响。结果表明，烤烟品种间对钾素的响应能力存在很大差异，ＮＣ８２的生长速率和对钾素的吸收能力明显高于ＮＣ８９和Ｋ３２６，并且在低钾条件下就具有很强的吸钾活性和生长能力，吸收的钾素向叶片中分配的比率也较高。ＮＣ８９和Ｋ３２６要达到相同的吸钾量以及烟叶含钾量，只有在供钾水平成倍提高之后才能实现。     

不同玉米基因型吸钾能力的比较研究

通过耗竭试验采用供钾水平极低的沙土对不同基因型玉米吸钾能力进行了研究。结果表明,不同基因型玉米吸钾量的多少有显著差异,不同基因型玉米吸收土壤中各形态钾素的比例不同。供试品种中农大86的吸钾量和吸收土壤矿物钾的比例显著大于其它品种。不同玉米基因型其吸钾量的多少、吸收土壤矿物钾的多少和比例是判定其吸钾能力强弱的重要指标。     

籼稻不同基因型钾素吸收利用效率的调控

本试验研究了三叶期稻株不同钾素营养状态,IAA(indole-3-acetic.acid),REM(metal.mixture.including.rare.earth)和NaVO3对水稻基因型吸钾速率的调控作用。以1mol/L.K+处理15分钟后,NaVO3则极显著地抑制水稻对钾的吸收。REM和NaVO3的作用可以相互抵消。REM还可极显著地提高水稻的生物产量和钾素利用效率。说明水稻对钾的吸收可进行正向或反向调控。     

低钾胁迫对水稻苗期矿质营养吸收和植物激素含量的影响

以水稻（Oryza sativa L.）受体N27（对照）和来源于N27的耐低钾基因型水稻N18和N19为材料。采用溶液培养技术研究了低钾胁迫对其苗期矿质营养吸收和叶片植物激素含量的影响。结果表明,在低钾胁迫下,水稻幼苗吸钾效率和钾利用效率以及植株钾转运率降低,但N18、N19的降低幅度小于N27。同时,低钾胁迫下N18和N19与N27相比具有较强吸收和运输钠、磷、镁、铁和钙的能力。低钾胁迫使水稻叶片IAA、GA1和ZR的含量以及IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA和GA1/ABA比值均降低,N18、N19的降低幅度小于N27,且具有较高的IAA、GA1和ZR的含量以及IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA和GA1/ABA比值;低钾胁迫下N18、N19叶ABA的含量增加幅度小于N27。水稻耐低钾特性与其矿质营养吸收能力和植物激素水平或植物激素间比例关系有关。     

两个超高产小麦品种施钾效应的差异

通过大田试验和室内分析方法研究了潮土上两个超高产小麦品种吸钾能力、钾利用效率 ,初步研究结果表明 :两个超高产小麦品种在吸钾量、施钾效应、钾肥利用率、利用土壤钾素的能力以及钾效率等方面都存在着差异性 ,温麦 6号是一个耐低钾、钾营养高效基因型品种。     

不同基因型水稻钾素吸收利用对施钾量的生理响应

以常规粳稻武运梗7号、武香粳14号和杂交粳稻86优8号、泗优422为材料,研究了施钾量对不同基因型水稻钾素累积、分配和利用的影响.结果表明,施钾提高了水稻产量和经济系数,以12 kg/667 m2K2O处理最高;施钾提高了水稻群体吸钾量及拔节期到成熟期吸钾比例;施钾使植株钾素快速累积的平均速率和最大速率增大.但起止时间和持续时间缩短;施钾提高了水稻抽穗期和成熟期叶片、茎鞘和穗的钾素分配量及茎鞘分配比例,但降低了叶片分配比例,并以茎鞘分配量差异最大;随施钾量增加,水稻钾素回收效率、利用指数和植株钾生产效率降低.钾素农学效率、生理效率和生理指数则先升后降,以钾素生理指数、生理效率与产量的相关性较高.常规粳稻的产量、拔节期到成熟期吸钾比例、钾素快速累积的起止时间和持续时间及钾素生理效率、生理指数、植株钾生产效率高于杂交粳稻,但群体吸钾量、移栽到拔节期吸钾比例、钾素快速累积的最大速率和平均速率、茎鞘钾素分配量及比例、钾素回收效率低于杂交粳稻.     

钾肥和营养调节剂对烤烟含钾量及重金属含量的效应研究

通过田间试验,采用二元二次饱和D-最优设计,研究了钾肥与营养调节剂(NR)对烤烟产量、含钾量和重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量的影响,并对烤烟中重金属Cd、Pb的潜在危害性进行了初步评估。结果表明:钾肥和营养调节剂(NR)配合施用能够显著提高烤烟的产量和含钾量,其中施高量钾并配施较高量NR的处理5效果最佳,与单施低量钾的处理1相比,产量增加了29.03%,上、中、下各部位烤烟含钾量分别增加了109.09%、115.54%和86.29%;钾肥配施营养调节剂(NR)有效地降低了烤烟重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量,其中施较高用量钾并配施高量NR的处理6降低效果最明显,与单施低量钾的处理1相比,分别降低了27.30%,9.74%,34.46%,39.01%。供试烟区中烤烟重金属Cd、Pb的人均日暴露量都低于FAO/WHO规定的允许摄入量(ADI值),施用营养调节剂降低了烤烟重金属Cd、Pb人均日暴露量,从而降低了烤烟中重金属对人体的潜在危害性。     

水稻钾素营养的基因型特征及分子机制初探

理解水稻(Oryza sativa)的钾素营养特征是提高水稻的钾素利用效率及其生产效应的重要环节.本文针对土壤钾素供应的时空非均匀性,采用水培和分根模拟试验,研究了日本晴(NB)、武育粳18(WYJ18)、南光(NG)及桂单4号(GD4)4个水稻基因型品种的钾素营养特征.结果表明:低钾(0.1 mmol/L K+)或高...     

低磷胁迫对不同磷效率基因型烟草苗期生长及生理特征的影响

为揭示不同磷效率烟草对低磷胁迫的响应机理,以磷高效且耐低磷基因型K326和云烟105及磷低效且低磷敏感基因型G28和中烟101为试验材料,设置低磷(0.01 mmol·L^-1,LP)和正常磷(1.00 mmol·L^-1,NP)2个处理,研究不同磷效率基因型烟草苗期主要农艺性状及生理指标对低磷处理的反应。结果表明,磷高效基因型的农艺指标(株高、地上部干重、根系干重等)在2种处理中均显著高于磷低效基因型,表明磷高效基因型在LP和NP水平下均能较好生长,对磷素具有较高的吸收或利用效率;在LP下,磷高效基因型的主根长增幅较大,干重、株高等降幅较小,即磷高效品种的生长受低磷影响较小,耐低磷性较强。在生理指标方面,LP条件下磷高效基因型的3种保护酶[过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)]和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性及可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量的增幅较磷低效基因型大,丙二醛(MDA)含量的增幅较小,可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力的降幅较小,水培营养液的pH值降幅较大;磷高效基因型的农艺性状及生理指标的耐低磷指数均高于磷低效基因型。综上,在低磷胁迫中,磷高效基因型烟草具有较强的活性氧清除能力,可累积较多渗透调节物质以维持细胞渗透势,较好地保护细胞,增强体内ACP活性,提高对磷素的吸收利用效率,维持自身的正常生长与代谢。本研究结果为烟草磷素高效吸收利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

Genotypic variation of potassium uptake and use efficiency in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Potassium (K) deficiency is one of the main limiting factors in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. To study the mechanism of high K‐use efficiency of cotton, a pot experiment was conducted. The experiment consisted of two cotton genotypes differing in K‐use efficiency (H103 and L122) and two K‐application levels (K₀: 0 g (kg soil)^–1; K₁: 0.40 g (kg soil)^–1). Root‐hair density and length, partitioning of biomass and K in various organs, as well as K‐use efficiency of the two cotton genotypes were examined. The results show that there was no significant difference in K uptake between the two genotypes at both treatments, although the genotype H103 (high K‐use efficiency) exhibited markedly higher root‐hair density than genotype L122 in the K₁ treatment. Correlation analysis indicates that neither root‐hair density nor root‐hair length was correlated with plant K uptake. Furthermore, the boll biomass of genotype H103 was significantly higher than that of genotype L122 in both treatments, and the K accumulation in bolls of genotype H103 was 39%–48% higher than that of genotype L122. On the other hand, the litter index (LI) and the litter K‐partitioning index (LKPI) of genotype H103 were 14%–21% and 22%–27% lower than that of genotype L122. Lastly, the K‐use efficiency of total plant (KUE‐P) of genotype H103 was comparable with that of genotype L122 in both treatments, but the K‐use efficiency in boll yield (KUE‐B) of genotype H103 was 24% and 41% higher than that of genotype L122 in K₀ and K₁ treatments. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that KUE‐P was positively correlated with BKPI and negatively correlated with LKPI, while KUE‐B was positively correlated with BKPI and boll‐harvest index (HI_B), and negatively correlated with LKPI. It is concluded that there were no pronounced effects of root‐hair traits on plant K uptake of the two genotypes. The difference in K‐use efficiency was attributed to different patterns of biomass and K partitioning rather than difference in K uptake of the two genotypes.     

烟草含钾量的基因型差异及钾高效品种筛选

【目的】高含钾量是优质烟叶的一项重要指标。比较不同烟草品种的含钾量及其对施用钾肥的反应,为筛选高钾基因型烟草品种提供基础。【方法】以 93 份烟草种质资源为研究对象,在凉山州进行连续两年的大田试验。设置常规钾 (K₂O = 300 kg/hm2) 与低钾 (K₂O = 150 kg/hm2) 两个水平,成熟期测定烟叶含钾量,以聚类分析将烟草分类,并分析其在不同叶位间的基因型差异。【结果】施钾量影响烟草上、中、下部叶片钾含量,常规钾水平下的烟叶含钾量高于低钾水平,常规施钾量下的上、中、下部烟叶含钾量分别为低钾水平下的 1.13、1.14、1.15 倍 (2014 年) 和 1.10、1.25、1.35 倍 (2015 年) 。将烟叶含钾量进行聚类分析,供试材料被划分为高钾型、普通型和低钾型 3 类,并筛选获得了典型材料。高钾型烟草的上、中、下部烟叶含钾量均显著高于普通型及低钾型烟草材料。常规施钾水平下,高钾型烟草的上、中、下部烟叶含钾量分别是低钾型的 1.50～1.92、1.54～2.52、1.31～2.36 倍;低钾水平下分别为 1.27～1.93、1.66～2.24、1.72～1.73 倍。【结论】高钾基因型烟草上、中、下部烟叶的含钾量均显著高于普通型和低钾型;普通型上部叶的含钾量与低钾型烟草之间无显著差异,中、下部烟叶含钾量普通型显著高于低钾基因型。通过两年田间试验筛选获得了 6 份高钾型烟草材料,包括嘎吉红大、长叶红大、达白 1 号、达白 2 号、MFZS、930032-7,可应用于烟叶生产,亦可为富钾基因型品种选育提供育种亲本材料。     

EVALUATING POTASSIUM-USE-EFFICIENT COTTON GENOTYPES USING DIFFERENT RANKING METHODS

Identification of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes efficient in potassium (K) uptake and utilization, under K-deficient conditions represents a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for low-K-input agriculture. It would reduce the costly input of K-fertilizers and manage K resources in agro-ecosystems. We ranked 25 cotton genotypes for their K use efficiency under deficient and adequate K regimes in hydroponics, using two different methods. K deficiency generally reduced cotton growth; however, K-efficient genotypes accumulated more biomass due to higher K uptake. Genotype NIBGE-2 exhibited excellent adaptation potential in terms of high shoot dry weight under both K regimes and ranked as the only most desirable, “efficient-responsive” genotype. Genotype CIM-506 produced low shoot dry weight under low K condition and ranked as “non-efficient.” Genotype Desi okra produced low shoot dry weight at adequate K level and ranked as “non-responsive.” Genotype ranking using two different methods ensured the validity of results.     

Yield,Potassium Uptake,and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for higher plants. Information on K uptake and use efficiency of upland rice under Brazilian conditions is limited. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate influence of K on yield, K uptake, and use efficiency of six upland rice genotypes grown on Brazilian Oxisol. The K rate used was zero (natural soil level) and 200 mg K kg^–1 of soil. Shoot dry weight and grain yield were significantly influenced by K level and genotype treatments. However, K × genotype interactions were not significant, indicating similar responses of genotypes at two K levels for shoot dry weight and grain yield. Genotypes produced grain yield in the order of BRS Primavera > BRA 01596 > BRSMG Curinga > BRS 032033 > BRS Bonança > BRA 02582. Potassium concentration in shoot was about sixfold greater compared to grain, across two K levels and six genotypes. However, K utilization efficiency ratio (KUER) (mg shoot or grain yield / mg K uptake in shoot or root) was about 6.5 times greater in grain compared to shoot, across two K level and six genotypes. Potassium uptake in shoot and grain and KUER were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Soil calcium (Ca), K, base saturation, acidity saturation, Ca saturation, K saturation, Ca/K ratio, and magnesium (Mg)/K ratio were significantly influenced by K application rate.     

Genotypic variation for potassium efficiency in wild and domesticated watermelons under ample and limited potassium supply

Potassium (K) is an important nutrient for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. Matsum. & Nakai). However, there is little knowledge about genetic variations in K efficiency in watermelon. Sixty‐four watermelon genotypes were grown under conditions of ample (6 mM) and limited (0.1 mM) K supply in a glasshouse. Thirty‐eight wild genotypes (C. lanatus var. citroide) and 26 domesticated genotypes (C. lanatus var. lanatus) were cultivated hydroponically for 30 d. Shoot dry weight, shoot K concentration, K uptake, K‐use index (shoot dry weight / shoot K concentration), relative shoot dry weight (shoot dry weight under limited K / shoot dry weight under ample K), and relative shoot K concentration (shoot K concentration under limited K / shoot K concentration under ample K) were determined. Significant differences were observed among genotypes. The K efficiency was classified based on a medium‐efficiency interval which is equivalent to the 95% confidence interval of the mean relative shoot dry weight and relative shoot K concentration. Genotypic data above or below this interval were classified as either K‐efficient or K‐inefficient. We identified eight K‐efficient genotypes, of which four were wild types. Thus, wild watermelons can be used in breeding programs to improve the K efficiency of domesticated watermelons.     

不同烤烟品种不同成熟度上部叶烘烤特性研究

为明确烤烟叶片上部叶烘烤特性,以K326、毕纳1号、遵烟6号、贵烟1号、贵烟4号、红花大金元(红大)不同成熟度上部叶为材料,研究比较了烘烤或暗箱试验中烟叶失水速率、变黄变褐特性、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、颜色值、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性以及烤后烟叶化学成分含量的差异。结果表明,烘烤和暗箱试验中毕纳1号失水速率较小,红大和贵烟1号失水速率较大,毕纳1号和K326变黄时间最短,红大变黄时间最长;烘烤过程中毕纳1号PPO活性均值低于0.4 U,贵烟1号高于0.5 U;暗箱试验中红大SPAD值较大,其次是遵烟6号和贵烟1号,毕纳1号、贵烟4号、K326较小,红大和遵烟6号颜色值相对较差,毕纳1号变褐较轻,贵烟1号变褐最严重;烤后烟叶毕纳1号、贵烟4号和遵烟6号化学成分含量相对适宜。随着烤烟叶片成熟度的提高,烘烤试验中烟叶变黄时间缩短,PPO活性增加,烤后烟叶总植物碱、总氮含量降低,水溶性总糖、还原糖含量增加;暗箱试验中烟叶变黄、变褐时间缩短,SPAD值减小,颜色较好,但变褐后颜色较差。品种与成熟度不仅影响烟叶的外观表型,而且显著影响其内在生理。不同烤烟品种烘烤特性与化学成分和基因型均密切相关。对于暗箱试验,SPAD值可作为烟叶易烤性的表型判断指标,颜色参数可作为易烤性和耐烤性的表型判断指标。综合来看,K326、毕纳1号、贵烟1号、贵烟4号上部叶易烤性较好,遵烟6号较差,红大最差;毕纳1号上部叶耐烤性较好,其次是K326、贵烟4号、红大和遵烟6号,贵烟1号最差。根据不同烤烟品种烘烤特性差异,本研究有针对性地提出了上部叶烘烤工艺措施,为烤烟品种烘烤和上部叶品质提升奠定了理论基础。     

小麦对钾高效吸收的根系形态学和生理学特征

用 6个小麦品种作为试验材料 ,研究了钾效率不同小麦的根系形态学和生理学特征 ,以及对K+吸收的动力学参数。结果表明 ,高效吸收钾的品种根系长、半径小、吸收面积大、Km小、Imax大。低效低响型品种京核 1号的最小临界浓度值 (Cmin)小。根系形态学和生理学特征可以作为筛选高效吸钾小麦品种的参考指标。K+吸收的动力学参数可以作为钾高效吸收和低响型小麦品种的筛选指标 ,最好的筛选指标是将根系形态和生理特性相结合。根系分泌H+的能力与K+的吸收无明显相关。     

烤烟-油菜轮作体系的钾肥效应

采用田间裂区试验研究不同钾肥用量对烤烟-油菜轮作体系中作物产量、钾素吸收量以及钾肥利用率和后效的影响。结果表明:烤烟季产量随着钾肥施用量的增加呈现先增加后平衡的趋势,以K450处理的烤烟产量最高,达到2 067.64 kg/hm~2,比不施钾处理显著增产261.07 kg/hm~2,与K375处理产量差异不显著。与油菜季不施钾处理相比,油菜当季施钾(K_2O)75 kg/hm~2增加油菜干物质量1 223.58~1 468.78 kg/hm~2,其中油菜籽增产244.84~345.85 kg/hm~2,钾素吸收量增加5.2%~8.4%,以K375处理最高;烤烟季钾肥当季利用率22.27%~29.08%,残留利用率为10.52%~12.63%,累积利用率为32.79%~40.09%,烤烟季残留在土壤中钾肥的后效与钾肥用量显著正相关。在烤烟-油菜轮作系统中,推荐烤烟季施钾肥K_2O 375 kg/hm~2,油菜季充分考虑烤烟季钾肥后效的基础上少施钾(K_2O)16.92~21.90 kg/hm~2,烤烟、油菜增产效果好。     

磷水平对不同基因型玉米苗期磷吸收利用的影响

以齐319(对照)和来源于齐319的耐低磷突变体99037和99106为材料,在1mol/L和1000mol/L.KH2PO4两个磷水平下,通过水培实验研究了磷水平对不同基因型玉米磷吸收、利用和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,低磷条件下三个自交系的根冠比均显著增加,植株磷含量明显降低,生物量显著减小,磷利用效率和酸性磷酸酶活性大大提高。但不同基因型间存在显著差异,自交系99037与齐319相比具有植株磷浓度低、磷素再利用能力强、磷利用效率和净吸收量高等特征,是自交系99037磷高效的可能机理。