葡萄砧木对接穗生长发育的影响

葡萄是世界上四大水果之一,据联合国粮农组织（FAO）的统计资料表明,2004年世界葡萄栽培面积767．万hm^2。总产量达6548．6万t。由于葡萄扦插繁殖容易,过去普遍采用自根苗栽培。葡萄砧木的研究始于根瘤蚜发现之后。1856年,Asa Fitch在北美发现了根瘤蚜,之后随着美国原产葡萄传人欧洲栽培,根瘤蚜在南欧葡萄栽培区迅速蔓延,仅在1860-1900年期间就造成至少26．67万hm0葡萄园被毁。为了探索有效的挽救措施,美国和欧洲国家都做了大量的工作,法国国家科学院成立了专门的葡萄根瘤蚜防治研究组织。通过改变栽培条件、使用化学药剂无法防治根瘤蚜,     

几类葡萄资源对根瘤蚜抗性的差异

采用离体根接种法对葡萄20个欧亚种、18个欧美杂种、11个种间杂种直接生产者(HPD) 、6种砧木、3个野生种和1个野生种与欧亚种的杂交后代接种葡萄根瘤蚜Dak tulosphaira vitifoliae, 测定根瘤蚜生长发育相关指标及根瘤比例。结果表明: 砧木RSB、Gravesac、520A和225R对根瘤蚜免疫, 砧木Fer2cal、1613C和供试的种间杂种对根瘤蚜有一定抗性, 根瘤比例均低于27%; 河南野葡萄和腺枝葡萄对根瘤蚜敏感, 根瘤比例分别为66.25%和56.67% , 总产卵量分别达到181.67粒和277.67粒, 广西毛葡萄对根瘤蚜有一定抗性, 根瘤比例为15.45% , 其与粉红玫瑰的杂交后代NW196抗性下降, 产卵量与根瘤比例分别比广西毛葡萄高46.13%和55.28%。以上结果表明, 葡萄对根瘤蚜的抗性受各亲本对根瘤蚜抗性能力和来自各亲本亲缘比例的双重影响。     

广西兴安县葡萄根瘤蚜危害调查初报

葡萄根瘤蚜是葡萄上的毁灭性害虫,2015年在广西兴安县溶江镇葡萄产区发现。为了了解兴安县葡萄根瘤蚜的发生及危害情况,2016~2017年对溶江镇11个村委的葡萄产地进行调查。调查结果表明,有9个村委发现有葡萄根瘤蚜的存在,溶江镇葡萄产区受害面积达85.46%;兴安县是广西最大的葡萄产区,95%以上为自根葡萄苗,葡萄根瘤蚜的发生对该县葡萄产业危害巨大。     

葡萄杂交后代对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性的遗传分析

利用室内离体根接种鉴定法,研究了6个杂交组合后代601个株系对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性的遗传特性,以期为葡萄抗根瘤蚜砧木育种提供理论依据。结果表明,亲本中SO4、5BB、1103 P、河岸葡萄580、燕山葡萄0947、香槟尼1148抗根瘤蚜,而贝达和山葡萄对根瘤蚜敏感;6个杂交组合后代的葡萄根瘤蚜抗性分离呈连续性分布,表现出数量性状遗传的特性;在双亲组合过程中,美洲种群组成比例的多少,与其后代根瘤蚜抗性强弱呈正相关,表现为基因的累加作用;杂交后代的葡萄根瘤蚜抗性呈现普遍下降的趋势;葡萄根瘤蚜的抗性在传递过程中表现向弱的方向回归,在葡萄砧木育种工作中,选择葡萄根瘤蚜抗性强的亲本是育种工作的首要任务。     

中国野生葡萄抗葡萄根瘤蚜的特性鉴定

采用离体根系接种鉴定法对12份中国野生葡萄、4份砧木品种、2份栽培品种和1份葡萄属近缘植物进行了抗性鉴定,结果表明,供试的中国野生葡萄,仅有燕山葡萄与砧木品种沙地葡萄、SO4、5BB相同,对葡萄根瘤蚜表现为高抗,接种后葡萄根瘤蚜迅速死亡或停滞在1、2龄幼虫阶段;复叶葡萄对葡萄根瘤蚜表现为低抗,接种28 d时其平均单雌产卵量为6.5粒,种群增殖倍数为1.1;而其他中国野生葡萄与栽培品种赤霞珠、巨峰相同,对葡萄根瘤蚜均表现为易感,并且刺葡萄、葛藟、华东葡萄万县株系、华东葡萄福建株系更容易感染葡萄根瘤蚜,在接种28 d时总产卵量均超过293粒,平均单雌产卵量在15.0粒以上,种群增殖超过15.8倍。研究结果表明,多数原产中国的野生葡萄不抗葡萄根瘤蚜,但不同种类之间的抗性存在一定的差异,燕山葡萄表现为高抗,在抗葡萄根瘤蚜砧木育种中应重视使用原产美国的野生种和燕山葡萄。     

葡萄种质抗葡萄根瘤蚜田间鉴定

采用田间自然鉴定法对我国常见的13份葡萄种质材料的葡萄根瘤蚜抗性进行了鉴定。结果表明,2个葡萄砧木品种SO4、5BB对葡萄根瘤蚜表现为抗;5个中国野生种山葡萄、刺葡萄、毛葡萄、蘡萸、华东葡萄,4个鲜食品种巨峰、京亚、红地球、克瑞森无核和2个砧木品种华佳8号、贝达对葡萄根瘤蚜表现敏感。说明葡萄根瘤蚜的再度发生对我国野生葡萄种质的生存和葡萄产业的健康发展构成巨大威胁。     

葡萄根瘤蚜监洲凋查与防控对策

近两年，国内局部地区发现葡萄根瘤蚜。葡萄根瘤蚜是全国植物检疫性有害生物和进境植物检疫性有害生物，可造成葡萄根的腐烂和叶的枯萎，果实品质下降，甚至植株死亡，严重危害葡萄生产。警惕和防范葡萄根瘤蚜疫情侵入，重视葡萄根瘤蚜的监测调查工作，做到早发现、早报告、早封锁、早扑灭，将疫情扑灭在萌芽阶段，杜绝扩散蔓延，对于确保葡萄生产安全有着重大的意义。     

葡萄根瘤蚜生物型和遗传多样性研究进展

葡萄根瘤蚜(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch.)是世界检疫性葡萄专性寄生害虫,19世纪末20世纪初根瘤蚜的大发生给世界葡萄产业造成了灭顶之灾,选育和利用抗性砧木成为葡萄生产的唯一选择。然而随着害虫的协同进化,一些强致病性类型不断出现,致使一些砧木的抗性正在丧失,如加州所使用的砧木AXR#1的抗性被强致病生物型B所克服;SO4、5C、104-14 Mgt等强抗性砧木在一些地区也受到了根瘤蚜的侵染。根瘤蚜新生物型和强致病基因型的出现,推动了对根瘤蚜遗传多样性的研究。我们对葡萄根瘤蚜生物型及其鉴定方法、根瘤蚜的遗传变异研究进展进行了介绍,并讨论了根瘤蚜生物型研究的意义。     

西安和上海两地葡萄根瘤蚜种群周年消长动态观察

2005年以来在我国多地发现葡萄根瘤蚜(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch.)。为了解其种群年增长动态,对西安和上海两地田间葡萄根瘤蚜种群进行了调查,结果表明,两地的葡萄根瘤蚜为根瘤型,以孤雌生殖为主,在8—10月出现有性世代更替,田间调查发现少量根瘤蚜有翅型若虫,但未发现有翅型成虫;虫口总量分别在7月和10月出现两次高峰。从11月开始,成虫大量死亡,卵的数量随之减少,种群数量开始下降,逐渐进入越冬休眠状态,1龄幼虫是其越冬的主要形态。春季当地温上升到13.0℃左右时,葡萄根瘤蚜结束休眠,幼虫开始取食,经过几次蜕皮逐渐转变为成虫,进行孤雌生殖产卵。     

葡萄亲本抗葡萄根瘤蚜能力强弱对其杂交后代抗性强弱的影响

刘崇怀等利用室内离体根接种鉴定法,研究了6个杂交组后代601个株系对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性的遗传特性。结果表明．亲本中SO4、5BB、1103P、河岸葡萄580、燕山葡萄0947、香槟尾1148抗根瘤蚜;贝达和山葡萄对根瘤蚜敏感;     

Measuring the effect of plant-community composition on carbon fixation on green roofs

Green roofs provide many ecosystem services such as regulation of building temperatures, reducing urban heat-island effects and draining rainwater. In addition, they are expected to reduce the high levels of CO₂ concentrations in big cities. Previous CO₂ fixation studies on green roofs were done by taking long-time-period samples using expensive equipment and with limited replication. To plan green roofs for optimal CO₂ reduction, a simple method to quantify CO₂ fixation rate in relation to plant species-composition is required. The method we tested is direct measurement of CO₂ concentrations with a portable air-quality meter, which allows a large number of samples. Here we focus on differences in the photosynthetic effect between plots containing the local Mediterranean succulent, Sedum sediforme and plots containing various annuals. In a factorial design (presence or absence of Sedum crossed with presence or absence of annuals), we tested the effect of sedum and annual treatments on CO₂ concentrations. To compare our results with a commonly used method, and to evaluate the role of the different species, we examined the photosynthetic activity at the single plant level under these treatments by using a portable gas-exchange measuring system. We found that our method can detect the effect of different green roof plots and can be used as a simple and reliable tool for green-roof planers. We found that annuals reduced CO₂ concentrations, but only in the absence of Sedum. Sedum alone had no effect on CO₂ concentrations. This emphasizes the importance of integrating plots with annual plants in Sedum-based green roofs.     

Differentiating anthropogenic modification and precipitation-driven change on vegetation productivity on the Mongolian Plateau

Context

The Mongolian Plateau, comprising Inner Mongolia, China (IM) and Mongolia (MG) is undergoing consistent warming and accelerated land cover/land use change. Extensive modifications of water-limited regions can alter ecosystem function and processes; hence, it is important to differentiate the impacts of human activities and precipitation dynamics on vegetation productivity.

Objectives

This study distinguished between human-induced and precipitation-driven changes in vegetation cover on the plateau across biome, vegetation type and administrative divisions.

Methods

Non-parametric trend tests were applied to the time series of vegetation indices (VI) derived from MODIS and AVHRR and precipitation from TRMM and MERRA reanalysis data. VI residuals adjusted for rainfall were obtained from the regression between growing season maximum VI and monthly accumulated rainfall (June–August) and were used to detect human-induced trends in vegetation productivity during 1981–2010. The total livestock and population density trends were identified and then used to explain the VI residual trends.

Results

The slope of precipitation-adjusted EVI and EVI2 residuals were negatively correlated to total livestock density (R² = 0.59 and 0.16, p < 0.05) in MG and positively correlated with total population density (R² = 0.31, p < 0.05) in IM. The slope of precipitation-adjusted EVI and EVI2 residuals were also negatively correlated with goat density (R² = 0.59 and 0.19, p < 0.05) and sheep density in MG (R² = 0.59 and 0.13, p < 0.05) but not in IM.

Conclusions

Some administrative subdivisions in IM and MG showed decreasing trends in VI residuals. These trends could be attributed to increasing livestock or population density and changes in livestock herd composition. Other subdivisions showed increasing trends residuals, suggesting that the vegetation cover increase could be attributed to conservation efforts.

     

蓄冷式保温集装箱在蔬菜流通中的保鲜效果研究

为了满足生鲜农产品公铁联运需求,推动我国冷链物流行业的发展,测试了自主研发的蓄冷式保温集装箱在蔬菜上的实际应用效果。使用温度记录仪采集了蓄冷式保温集装箱的前中后部的温度数据;以色差(L~*、a~*、b~*)、硬度、pH值以及可溶性固形物含量作为评价指标,分析了两种蔬菜(油菜、韭黄)采用蓄冷式保温集装箱不同包装处理运输前后品质的变化情况。结果表明,箱内温度随箱外环境温度的变化而波动,但波动较小,箱内温度后部≥中部≥前部;不同处理组油菜的色差(L~*、a~*、b~*)、硬度和pH值均无显著变化;可溶性固形物含量,泡沫箱组、泡沫箱+冰组的略有下降,筐装组明显上升;泡沫箱组、泡沫箱+冰组的韭黄较运输前偏红、偏蓝,色泽略有变化,筐装组无明显变化,不同处理组韭黄的可溶性固形物含量和pH值均无明显变化。整体上,泡沫箱组、泡沫箱+冰组的蔬菜品质优于筐装组,这为蓄冷式保温集装箱的优化设计提供了参考和依据。     

紫外线技术对草莓病虫害的防治效果研究

研究了紫外线-B(UV-B)对草莓病虫害的影响及防治效果,采用辐照度为0.25、0.5、0.75 W/m2的UV-B对章姬草莓照射2、3、4 h/d,间隔天数为0、1、2 d,每隔5 d测定一次章姬草莓各处理组蚜虫与红蜘蛛数量、灰霉病与白粉病病叶率及病情指数,试验周期为25 d。结果表明,辐照度0.5 W/m^2、照射3 h/d,间隔天数1 d处理对蚜虫、红蜘蛛、白粉病和灰霉病等草莓病虫害的综合防治效果最显著,抑制作用最明显。     

壳寡糖对茄子棒孢叶斑病的防治效果研究

采用盆栽试验研究壳寡糖对茄子棒孢叶斑病的防治效果和减药效果。结果表明,100μg·m L~(-1)壳寡糖喷雾诱导茄子幼苗3次,对茄子棒孢叶斑病具有良好的防治效果,防效达62.56%。防御酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著提高。100μg·m L~(-1)壳寡糖诱导3次后喷施50μg·m L~(-1)啶酰菌胺与单独喷施100μg·m L~(-1)啶酰菌胺均能显著降低茄子棒孢叶斑病病情指数,且二者防效相当,表明壳寡糖具有明显的减药作用。     

Studies on canning-qualities of tomato

Five tomato cultivars, ‘Pusa Ruby’, ‘Chico Grande’, ‘Sugar Gimar’, ‘Italian Red Pear’ and ‘Roma’, their F₁ hybrids, back crosses and F₂ progeny, were evaluated for fruit-quality and canning-behaviour.The fruits of ‘Pusa Ruby’ were many-loculed, thin fleshed, flat-to-round and soft with good flesh colour, while the others were few-loculed, thick fleshed, oval-to-pear shaped and firm, with poor flesh colour. Fruits from the F₁ generations of the crosses between the two types were intermediate in a majority of the above characteristics. Cut-out tests and evaluation of canned tomatoes revealed that ‘Roma’ and the F₁ and back-crosses to both parents of ‘Pusa Ruby’ × ‘Chico Grande’, and the F₁ of ‘Pusa Ruby’ × ‘Italian Red Pear’ were suitable for whole-fruit canning. The F₁s of ‘Pusa Ruby’ × ‘Chico Grande’, which out-yielded all others, hold promise as the best material for canning.     

Successful creation of species-rich grassland on road verges depend on various methods for seed transfer

This study focused on a suite of vascular plant species (six herbs and two grasses) common to traditionally managed, species-rich grasslands in Western Norway. We assessed the suitability of two species transfer methods (seed sowing and soil seed bank) for restoration of species-rich grassland on a newly established road verge. We compared the species' frequencies one and three years after they were sown on a naked, newly created road verge with their frequencies in aboveground vegetation and soil seed banks of comparable, local grasslands. Species frequencies in the aboveground vegetation differed significantly from those in the seed banks. Moreover, the frequencies in the seed banks differed from those recorded one year after sowing, and the frequencies in the aboveground vegetation differed from those recorded three years after sowing. Avenula pubescens and Knautia arvensis, found in more than 25% of the aboveground grassland plots, did not germinate from any of the seed bank samples. Festuca rubra, Galium verum, Pimpinella saxifraga and Silene vulgaris were more frequent in the aboveground plots than in the seed bank samples. Pimpinella saxifraga, Galium verum and Lychnis viscaria emerged quite well both from sown seeds and from the seed bank. Avenula pubescens was frequent in the aboveground vegetation, but did not germinate from sown seeds. Six species established well from seeds, and most increased in frequency in the sown plots from the first to the third year. No species was found in the sown plots only, but three years after sowing, three species were more frequent in the sown plots than in the aboveground vegetation of donor grassland plots. Our fine-scale, point-to-point study demonstrates that different restoration methods produce widely differing species composition even when the donor material is identical. We propose that different substrates and a combination of establishment methods (sowing and hay transfer) are needed as supplements to seed banks to re-establish species-rich grassland.     

内源ABA和GA3对欧洲甜樱桃花芽自然休眠的调控

 以8年生欧洲甜樱桃为试材，采用液相色谱法分析了自然休眠期间花芽内源GA₃，和ABA含量变化及相关环境因子的影响。结果表明，休眠期间，花芽ABA含量呈先升后降的趋势，11月上句达顶峰。GA₃含量变化与其相反，休眠初期急剧下降，11月下旬达最低谷，休眠解除期间含量不断上升。ABA/GA₃随休眠加深而升高，随休眠解除而不断降低。低温5℃显著增加了GA₃含量，降低了ABA含量，使ABA降低和GA₃升高的时间提前，较对照提早解除休眠。高温(20℃)则具有相反的作用，变温(5/20℃)处理对休眠解除有一定作用，但由于高温(20℃)对休眠解除的抵消作用，其破眠效果不如持续低温(50℃)处理明显。落叶前遮荫处理使GA₃ 含量稍有降低，但对ABA影响不大。长光周期处理促进了GA₃的合成，抑制了ABA的生成，从而抑制了休眠，而短光周期处理显著提高了ABA的含量，降低了GA₃ 的含量。     

Regional assessment on influence of landscape configuration and connectivity on range size of white-tailed deer

Variation in the size of home range of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has broad implications for managing populations, agricultural damage, and disease spread and transmission. Size of home range of deer also varies seasonally because plant phenology dictates the vegetation types that are used as foraging or resting sites. Knowledge of the landscape configuration and connectivity that contributes to variation in size of home range of deer for the region is needed to fully understand differences and similarities of deer ecology throughout the Midwest. We developed a research team from four Midwestern states to investigate how size of home range of deer in agro-forested landscapes is influenced by variations in landscape characteristics that provide essential habitat components. We found that for resident female deer, annual size of home range in Illinois (mean = 0.99 km²), Michigan (mean = 1.34 km²), Nebraska (mean = 1.20 km²), and Wisconsin (mean = 1.47 km²) did not differ across the region (F _3,175 = 0.42, P = 0.737), but differences between agricultural growing and nongrowing periods were apparent. Variables influencing size of home range included: distance to forests, roads, and urban development from the centroid of deer home range, and percent of crop as well as four landscape pattern indices (contrast-weighted edge density, mean nearest neighbor, area-weighted mean shape index, and patch size coefficient of variation). We also identified differences in model selection for four landscapes created hierarchically to reflect levels of landscape connectivity determined from perceived ability of deer to traverse the landscape. Connectivity of selected forested regions within agro-forested ecosystems across the Midwest plays a greater role in understanding the size of home ranges than traditional definitions of deer habitat conditions and landscape configuration.     

无锡市民家庭园艺消费现状研究

在无锡市主要行政区域进行市民家庭园艺消费的基本情况、消费心理、花园中心消费意愿等现状的随机问卷调查。结果表明：有94.8%的市民有购买过植物及花园用品的经历;1～2个月逛1次花市的人占35.2%;而每年花销在植物、园艺资材、养护上主要在100～500元的占47.6%;市民购买家庭园艺产品主要是家庭和个人用;有40.9%的市民更注重家庭园艺产品的外观;绝大多数市民对于城市现有花市的条件不太满意、不太满足;有74.5%的市民愿意尝试去花园中心购物;植物类在花园中心成为消费者的首选;希望通过广告媒体得知花园中心相关园艺产品信息的比例占29.4%。消费水平偏低、消费趋于大众化、现有花市条件的不满意、消费需求多样化、高效宣传渠道的注重、期待如花园中心全新消费环境,已成为无锡市民家庭园艺消费的基本特征。