基于土壤种子库的植被自然恢复作用研究

利用退化荒草地附近种源地表层土壤,通过客土和人工播撒乔、灌木种子的方式对荒草地进行土壤种子库的补充,比较植被恢复地、种源地、对照裸地的土壤种子库组成、密度、多样性、地上植被生物量和土壤理化性质,研究土壤种子库对荒草地在植被恢复方面的改良作用,以便为今后退化土地的自然恢复提供理论依据。结果表明:植被恢复地土壤种子库物种数量比对照裸地增加6种,地上植被有常绿乔木及多种灌木物种出现,种子密度由843.75粒/m~2增加至3 645.83粒/m~2;土壤种子库Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数顺序由大到小均依次为:植被恢复地、种源地、对照裸地;与地上植被的相似性指数也由0.12增加到0.23;植被恢复地地上生物量分别是种源地和对照裸地的4.28倍、4.85倍;植被恢复地的持水量增加,土壤结构改善,有机质及N、P、K的含量均显著提高。     

土壤种子库在植被恢复中的应用研究

指出了随着我国经济的发展,生态环境问题日益凸显,植被破坏严重。土壤种子库作为一种高效的植被自然恢复的途径,近年来受到了越来越多的关注。概述了土壤种子库的分类、大小、结构等特征,以及自然因素和人为干扰这内、外两个因素对其的影响。针对当前利用土壤种子库恢复重建区域植被的问题,提出了相应的对策建议。     

国内外退耕地植被恢复研究现状*

综述了国内外退耕地植被恢复的研究现状。重点讨论了土壤种子库在植被恢复过程中的作用 ,种子库与地上部分植物的关系及其演替过程中植物种类的变化、植被自然恢复过程中对土壤的影响程度 ,退耕地的还草和还林方法、过程和结果等。同时也介绍了微生物和动物对植物演替过程的影响。     

干旱河谷边坡海拔变化对土壤种子库的影响

为更好地利用土壤种子库进行植被的自然恢复更新实践,利用"萌发幼苗法"测定海拔差异对岷江干旱河谷灌丛植被土壤种子库特征的影响,相应地上植被的特征采用样方法进行调查。结果表明:各海拔的土壤种子库库容量和物种丰富度随土层加深而减小;海拔间隔100 m以上时,土壤种子库和地上植被的物种组成更易呈现出显著的差异性;3个样地中,各海拔的土壤种子库和地上植被的物种组成频数均呈显著的负相关,表明海拔这一局部环境因子对土壤种子库和地上植被物种组成关系的影响不明显,岷江干旱河谷局部地段土壤种子库的特征可能由河谷整体环境所决定。     

季风常绿阔叶林土壤种子库的恢复动态

通过对云南普洱地区季风常绿阔叶林原始林、恢复15年及30年群落的野外调查及土壤种子库的萌发试验,探讨其土壤种子库的基本特征、变化规律及与地上植被的关系。结果表明:试验中共有1667粒种子萌发,分属30科65属76种;恢复15年群落土壤种子库密度最高,每m2达(361±69.87)粒,原始林次之,为(142.5±27.5)粒,恢复30年群落最低,为(108.33±30.01)粒;恢复30年群落土壤种子库多样性最高。种子生存策略与群落结构是土壤种子库物种组成变化的主要原因,3种群落类型土壤种子库生活型主要由草本植物组成,恢复15年群落中1年生草本植物种子密度要显著高于恢复30年群落。恢复15年与30年群落土壤种子库与地上植被相似性系数要高于原始林群落;草本层对土壤种子库物种组成的影响要高于乔木层,幼苗库物种组成则与乔木层联系更加紧密。     

土壤种子库研究综述

指出了土壤种子库是存在于土壤中和土壤表面所有具有活力种子的总和,是植被生态学中的重要研究领域之一。总结土壤种子库的研究方法、种子库分类和大小、种子库与地面植被的关系的主要内容,并在此基础上探讨了土壤种子库未来研究方向和急需解决的问题。     

我国矿山废弃地生态恢复限制因素及恢复策略

矿山废弃地的生态恢复包括土壤恢复和植被恢复2个层面。文中分析矿山废弃地生态恢复存在着土壤因素、重金属含量、土壤生物肥力、土壤种子库等限制因素,提出矿山废弃地的土壤改良、植被恢复的物种配置、工程技术在矿山废弃地的应用等矿山废弃地生态恢复主要策略,进一步分析了采矿扰动下受损生态系统功能恢复存在的问题并进行了前景展望。     

土壤种子库的研究进展

文章对土壤种子库的形成分布、组成和大小、分类方法、研究方法进行了系统的分析,并阐述了土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,土壤种子库的时间动态及研究土壤种子库的意义。     

不同干扰条件下纳帕海湿地土壤种子库的特征研究

对不同干扰条件下纳帕海湿地植物土壤种子库物种组成、密度、多样性进行了研究,分析了地上植被与土壤种子库间的相似性关系。结果表明,纳帕海湖滨湿地土壤种子库物种在返青期有26个物种,在枯黄期有7个物种,蕨类植物仅在返青期生长。为旅游＋放牧干扰（Tr）;人工取草皮干扰（AR）和猪拱干扰（PF）3种干扰类型的土壤种子库中的植物物种数在返青期分别为21种、12种和12种;在枯黄期分别为2种、2种和6种。在返青期,1Tr和PF方式下土壤种子库的物种里多年生植物均高于1年生植物,只有AR方式下土壤种子库的物种为1年生植物高于多年生植物;在枯黄期,不同干扰方式下土壤种子库的物种1年生植物都均高于多年生植物,这是由于枯黄期的土壤中以当年产生的种子植物为主。不同时期和干扰方式下土壤种子库的物种为双子叶植物比例均明显高于单子叶植物,说明不同的干扰方式都使得单子叶植物减少。返青期和枯黄期种子库的总密度是PF〉TF〉AR;物种多样性在返青期是Tr〉AR〉PF,在枯黄期为AR〉PF〉Tr。在返青期,TT、AR、PF3种干扰下地上植被与土壤种子库物种组成相似性指数分别为0．53、0．30、0．44。因此,可以预测3种干扰后植物群落的恢复潜力是Tr〉AR〉PF。故在植被恢复的时候不仅要重视TT后的生态恢复,还要更加重视AR和,丌后的生态恢复。     

土壤种子库研究进展

土壤种子库是指地表植被种子成熟后落在土壤中并未萌发, 但仍具有活性的休眠种子的总量。在不同植被类型中, 土壤种子库具有不同的种子密度大小和不同的垂直与水平结构, 并随季节与年份产生变化, 有一定的动态特征。土壤种子库与地表植被结构和演替有着密切关系。除了气候、地表环境与林龄等非生物因素, 火灾、外来种入侵等各种天然与人为的干扰因子等对土壤种子库也产生一定影响。未来的研究趋势主要集中在土壤种子库的年际变化、持久性种子库、稀有物种保护与全球变化对其影响等方面。     

香格里拉亚高山大果红杉—高山栎群落种子雨与土壤种子库研究

采用随机取样的方法对香格里拉亚高山大果红杉、高山栎群落的种子雨和土壤种子库进行分析研究,结果表明,群落的种子雨由5个主要组成树种的种子组成,发生在每年的9~11月,强度为3 520粒/m2.土壤种子库由分属9科15属的17种植物组成,主要以多年生草本为主,且大约75%的种子均分布在较浅的土层.土壤种子库的物种组成与地上植被物种组成的相似性系数仅为0.042 6,表明土壤种子库与地上植被的相关性不明显.     

Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia

Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations.     

Regeneration strategies in a temperate hardwood floodplain forest of the Upper Rhine: sexual versus vegetative reproduction of woody species

The regeneration mechanisms of woody species in the hardwood floodplain forest of the Upper Rhine are not well known, although they are of primary importance for future forest development. To gain a better understanding of the balance between sexual and asexual regeneration strategies and to assess the role of the seed bank in regeneration, the similarities in species composition and abundance of four fundamental compartments involved in regeneration (the seed rain, the seed bank, the recruits and the canopy) were compared in three hardwood forest stands with different flooding conditions. The results show that the floristic composition of the recruits is very similar to that of the canopy, whereas the composition of the seed bank is very dissimilar to the latter and comprises very few hardwood species. However, some species such as Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus and Acer pseudoplatanus which are very rare in the seed bank release a high number of diaspores, and seedlings of these species germinate abundantly in the field in the year following seed release. Moreover, the germinating seeds originate from the litter layer and not from the soil itself. This shows that most woody species regenerating by seed in the hardwood Rhine forest build transient seed banks and that the role of persistent seed banks for regeneration is very limited. Furthermore, it appears that many woody species have developed strategies favouring vegetative propagation for their regeneration, particularly understorey species, such as Cornus sanguinea and Prunus padus. As vegetatively grown individuals better withstand prolonged inundation in their early life stages than seedlings, species relying on vegetative regeneration strategies might be advantaged by regular and prolonged flooding of the Rhine forest over species regenerating only by seeds.     

Floristic composition and spatial distribution of germinable seeds in a spruce plantation

Introduction

The logging of several spruce plantations is planned for the next years in the Eifel National Park (Western Germany). To understand the ecological mechanisms of spontaneous forest regeneration that follows these impacts, it is crucial to investigate the species composition and functional diversity of the buried germinable seeds in those stands.

Methods

We analysed the soil seed bank by germination method and characterised germination dynamics and distribution of seedlings throughout the samples according to a sigmoid model and cumulative curves, respectively. To compare the proportions of functional and syntaxonomical groups between seed bank and aboveground vegetation, we applied the Fisher??s exact test. Additionally, we described the spatial distribution of the species in the seed bank according to semivariograms.

Results

The studied seed bank reached a density of about 5,300 seed?m^?2. Most of the species detected in the seed bank are related to open vegetation, forest fringes and early successional stages of forest regeneration. In spite of a low floristic similarity between seed bank and aboveground vegetation, the functional and syntaxonomical composition is very similar. Further studies considering the distribution of seeds in the soil and the changes of the seed bank composition during the regeneration process are required.     

Soil seed banks in four 22-year-old plantations in South China: Implications for restoration

To better understand the potentials of the soil seed banks in facilitating succession towards a more natural forest of native tree species, we quantified the size and composition of the soil seed banks in established plantations in South China. The seed banks were from four typical 22-year-old plantations, i.e., legume, mixed-conifer, mixed-native, and Eucalyptus overstory species. Species diversity in the seed banks was low, and the vegetation species differed from those found in the seed bank in each plantation. A total of 1211 seedlings belonging to eight species emerged in a seedling germination assay, among which Cyrtococcum patens was most abundant. All species detected were shrubs and herbs, and no viable indigenous tree seeds were found in soil samples. Size and species composition of the seed banks might be related to the overstory species compositions of the established plantations. The seed bank density in soils was highest in the mixed-conifer plantation followed by Eucalyptus, mixed-native, and legume plantations. Species richness among the seed banks of plantations was ranked as follows: Eucalyptus > mixed-conifer > mixed-native = legume. The results indicated that the soil seed banks of the current plantations are ineffective in regenerating the former communities after human disturbances. Particularly, the absence of indigenous tree species seeds in the seed banks would limit regeneration and probably contribute to arrested succession at the pioneer community stage. It would appear from these data that the soil seed banks under the current plantations should not be considered as a useful tool leading the succession to more natural stages. Introduction of target indigenous species by artificial seeding or seedling planting should be considered to accelerate forest regeneration.     

凉风坳亚热带次生常绿阔叶林土壤种子库和种子雨的特征研究

选择四川省沐川县凉风坳亚热带次生常绿阔叶林为研究对象,在2004年5月、2004年12月和2005年5月对其林下土壤种子库、种子雨以及种子天然萌发状况等方面进行系统调查及分析研究。结果显示,种子下落前后土壤种子库储量,变动为643.2～889.2粒.m-2,物种和种子密度多年生草本物种均占优势。天然林土壤种子库Shannon-Wiener指数均在2004年5月最大,2004年12月次之,2005年5月最小;Simpson指数却和Shannon-Wiener指数H＇的变化趋势相反;Pielou均匀度指数在2004年12月有所降低,此后又升高。种子均呈明显垂直分布,其中0～2 cm土层种子数量最多,其次是枯枝落叶层,其数量随着土层加深而降低。土壤种子库年输入活力种子142.3粒.m-2,年输出活力种子268.9粒.m-2,动物取食是造成种子损失的主要原因。对照人工林土壤种子库物种和密度均低于天然林地;种子库与地上植被物种相似性系数,人工林较高,而天然次生常绿阔叶林较低。     

Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

Seed bank and regeneration dynamics of Emmenopterys henryi population on the western side of Wuyi Mountain,South China

Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.(Rubiaceae) is an endangered tree species that is native to China.The wild populations of E.henryi have declined rapidly because of its poor natural regeneration,but the actual regeneration processes are not yet understood.In field tracking surveys and experiments in the Wuyishan Nature Reserve in Southeast China to determine the most important stage that affects the regeneration process,seed bank characteristics,seed germination,and seedling growth dynamics were studied in the typical habitats of E.henryi,Phyllostachys pubescens and broad-leaved forests.Results showed that in both P.pubescens and broad-leaved forests,more than 70% of the E.henryi seeds were distributed in moss and litter layers,and few were found in the soil beneath them.However,seed germination in the soil layer was significantly higher than in the moss and litter layers.Seed density,overall seed quality,and germination rate in the broad-leaved forest were significantly higher than in P.pubescens forest.Seed germination was highest in the microsites around the edge of the crown projection area of E.henryi mother trees.The order of survival rate of the seedlings on different ground surfaces was soil mosslitter.In both habitats,the average seed density was 24.9 seeds m~(-2),and the total germination rate was less than 3.5%.However,seedlings developed from only 1% of the germinated seeds,indicating that the seed germination is the most important stage in the natural regeneration of E.henryi.     

Implications of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in an oil-producing community in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

The study evaluated the impact of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in a major oil-producing community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Three sites—unpolluted site(US), polluted and untreated site(PUS), and polluted and treated site(PTS)—were purposively chosen for the study. The seedling emergence method was used to evaluate soil seed banks in the various sites at two depths, 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm. Woody-plant species richness, abundance, and diversity were higher in the US seed bank than in the PUS and PTS seed banks. The highest number of non-woody plants was observed in the US, followed by the PTS, and then the PUS. Both species richness and diversity of non-woody plants were highest at the US, followed by the PUS, and lowest in the PTS. Woody species in the US seed bank were 87.5% and 80% dissimilar with those of the PUS and PTS at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm respectively. No variation was observed between woody species in the PUS and PTS seed banks. Non-woody species at 0-10 cm US seed bank were 73.08% dissimilar with those of PUS at the two soil depths and 81.48/88.46% dissimilar with those of the 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. At 10–20 cm, non-woody species of the US were 69.66% dissimilar with those from each of the two soil depths in PUS; and 73.91/81.82% dissimilar with those of 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. Non-woody species variation between the PUS and PTS was higher at 10–20 cm than 0–10 cm. The poor seed bank attributes at the polluted sites demonstrates that crude oil pollution negatively affected the natural regeneration potential of the native flora because soil seed banks serve as the building blocks for plant succession. Thorough remediation and enrichment planting are recommended to support the recovery process of vegetation in the polluted areas.     

Spatial variation of seed rain and seed banks in gaps of karst forest in the Maolan Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province

Based on an investigation on gaps and non-gap stands of the Maolan National Karst Forest Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, quantitative characteristics and dynamic changes of seed rain and seed banks in gaps were analyzed. The results show that the total amount of seed rain was 117.4 ± 32.6 seeds/m² during the period of observation. The number of immature seeds was 56.3 ± 10.3 seeds/m², that of mature damaged seeds was 15.7 ± 4.7 seeds/m², and the number of mature germinated seeds was 45.4 ± 8.2 seeds/m². It is suggested that the seed number is rich for gap regeneration. Seed rain in gaps has spatial and temporal heterogeneities which deeply affect regeneration patterns of gap plants. Along a gradient from the gap center to a non-gap stand, seed density in the litter layer, the number of species, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index were gradually reduced, but these indices increased in the soil. The seed density in the gap center was 2415 ± 639 seeds/m², near the gap center was 2218 ± 421 seeds/m² and at the gap border area 1815 ± 311 seeds/m². This shows that plants in gaps have good latent regeneration potential. In both gaps and non-gap stands, the Jaccard similarity index of seed in litter layer was the largest, second largest at 5–10 cm soil depth, and the least at the 0–5 cm soil layer the index. The Jaccard index between the soil seed bank and the present plant community was large in the litter layer, but decreased with soil depth both in gaps and non-gap stands. The results show that soil seed banks are the main source of gap regeneration in the karst forests of Maolan and contribute significantly to gap regeneration. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2007, 29(3): 327–332 [译自: 云南植物研究]