秸秆还田条件下内陆盐碱土腐殖质的动态变化

采用室内培养试验的方法,研究了秸秆加入条件下内陆盐碱土的腐殖质及其组分(胡敏酸、富里酸)的动态变化。结果表明,在秸秆腐解过程中,盐碱土腐殖质、富里酸、胡敏酸含量均呈现持续上升趋势,分别平均增加了112.5%,269.54%和92.9%富里酸的含量明显高于胡敏酸的含量,是胡敏酸含量的约3~10倍。土壤的HA/FA(腐殖酸/富里酸)呈现出先增长后降低的趋势,并且在90d时达到平均最高值(0.283)。尿素添加量7.2g的处理土壤腐殖质含量在0.19%~0.38%,该处理秸秆分解的速率最快。土壤腐殖质和富里酸随着尿素含量梯度的增加呈现先上升,后下降,再上升的趋势,且分别平均增加了46.7%和55.3%胡敏酸的变化趋势与腐殖质相反,平均减少了14.3%HA/FA呈下降趋势,但下降趋势不明显。     

施用生物质炭对黑土腐殖质组成及水稳性团聚体分布的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤腐殖质组成和团聚体特征的影响，以东北黑土区植烟土壤为研究对象，设置了3个处理，2019-2020年连续施用低量生物炭5t/hm2（C1）；高量生物炭25t/hm2（C2）和不施生物炭（CK），分析了不同用量生物炭对土壤腐殖质组分及水稳性团聚体分布的影响，并利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和13C核磁共振光谱(13C-NMR)对土壤胡敏酸化学结构进行表征。结果表明：C1和C2处理分别使富里酸减少了16.90%和40.85%，胡敏酸含量显著增加了14.86%和33.78%，胡敏酸在腐殖酸中所占比例（PQ值）也显著增加；FTIR和13C-NMR分析表明，C2处理的土壤胡敏酸的2920/1620值降低了11.82%，脂族C/芳香C比值降低了13.04%，表明高量生物炭使胡敏酸芳构化程度增强，脂肪结构比例降低；生物炭的添加促使土壤大团聚体（>0.25mm）比例增加，C2处理提升大团聚体的作用更显著。结合相关性分析发现，胡敏酸含量与2~0.25mm大团聚体含量显著正相关，胡敏酸分子的脂肪族官能团特征与>2mm粒级团聚体显著正相关。此外，C1和C2处理显著提高了烟叶产量。从而表明，生物炭能提升土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸含量和结构，有利于土壤大团聚体形成，提高土壤固碳潜力，对作物有一定的增产效果。     

石灰性母质对土壤腐殖质组成和性质的影响

本文研究了采自泰安、南京、昆明3地在相近植被类型下的石灰性土壤和非石灰性土壤的腐殖质组成和胡敏酸的结构特征。结果表明,和同一地区的非石灰性土壤相比,石灰性土壤不但胡敏酸/富里酸比值恒较高,活性胡敏酸的相对含量显著较低,且其胡敏酸的芳化度和羧基含量较高,全氮及酰胺态氮的含量较低。看来,土壤呈微碱性反应不仅有利于有机物质腐解过程的进行,而且有利于游离基的形成,从而有利于酚类物质相互之间以及酚类物质与含氮化合物之间的缩聚反应和腐殖酸的脱胺作用的进行。     

有机物料施用下原生盐碱土胡敏酸结构特征

为研究不同有机物料对原生盐碱土胡敏酸官能团组成的影响,以吉林省大安市原生盐碱地为研究对象,设置空白处理(CK)、颗粒状秸秆处理(KL)、正常玉米秸秆处理(JG)、牧草处理(MC)和羊粪处理(YF),通过红外光谱与主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)相结合,研究不同有机物料施用下土壤胡敏酸红外光谱特征。结果表明,有机物料各处理与CK处理相比增加了土壤胡敏酸中脂肪碳和芳香碳的相对含量,减少了羧基碳的含量。除KL处理外,其他处理均增加了土壤胡敏酸中氨基化合物的相对含量。同时有机物料的施用增加了土壤胡敏酸的脂族碳/羧基碳和脂族碳/芳香碳比值,表征有机物料的施用使得土壤胡敏酸结构缩合度和氧化度下降,脂族性增强,芳香性降低,胡敏酸结构趋于脂族化、简单化、年轻化。对比两种秸秆处理,发现KL处理更有利于土壤新形成结构年轻化、简单化、脂族性强的胡敏酸分子。根据PCA结果,有机物料的施用是土壤中脂族性碳、芳香族碳以及氨基化合物的主要来源之一,为探讨胡敏酸官能团的来源提供依据。通过红外光谱结合PCA,发现了土壤胡敏酸官能团组成对有机物料的不同响应,为研究有机物料的施用对土壤胡敏酸性质的影响机制提供理论依据。     

特定培养条件下土壤有机质分解转化规律的研究

通过室内培养实验,应用δ~(13)C方法研究了玉米秸秆分解期间,土壤固有及新形成有机质的分解转化规律。结果表明:玉米秸秆分解期间,土壤固有及新形成的有机质都逐渐分解,但前者的分解速度较慢。第360 d时,玉米秸秆和土壤固有有机质的残留率分别为30.0％和92.2％;720 d时分别为25.3％和78.8％。培养初期,富里酸的形成速度大于胡敏酸,而后富里酸转化为胡敏酸或相互转化;与新形成有机质相比,固有有机质中胡敏酸、富里酸的转化速度相对较慢。     

不同来源腐殖质的化学组成与结构特征研究

分析了木本泥炭与水稻土和黑土两种土壤、混合物料发酵肥和鸡粪发酵肥两种有机肥共5种样品在腐殖质含量、表面特征、元素组成和官能团结构等方面的差异,以研究木本泥炭对提升土壤有机质(SOM)和改良土壤的潜在作用。结果表明,木本泥炭腐殖质含量最高,可达862.7 g·kg-1,但其腐殖质富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)组分的相对比例与2种有机肥和2种土壤的腐殖质组分存在显著差异,其腐殖质以HA为主,腐殖化程度更高,颗粒更为细小致密。木本泥炭碳含量较高,但氮含量相对较低,导致其腐殖质碳/氮(C/N)比可达100以上,远大于有机肥和土壤。同时,木本泥炭腐殖质缩合度、芳香化度和聚亚甲基化程度更高,分子结构更复杂,难以被微生物分解。然而,木本泥炭腐殖质FA和HA组分仍具有较高的氧化度和羧基含量,表明其含氧官能团还未充分降解。本研究揭示,木本泥炭对提升SOM具有较大的潜力,但在实际施用过程中,应当调节其腐殖质组分至适宜比例,适度降低其颗粒大小和聚亚甲基链,同时添加生物激发剂和保持秸秆还田,以激发微生物快速转化,平衡木本泥炭的分解。     

设施土壤有机碳组成特征及光学性质研究

对沈阳市东陵设施栽培土壤有机碳组成特征及其光学性质进行研究,以棚外的露地土壤为对照,结果表明:随着有机碳的增加,设施土壤非腐殖物质碳、腐殖质碳数量均明显增加,分别是露地土壤的1.61～2.45倍、1.08～2.27倍。设施土壤非腐殖质物质碳占总有机碳的比例较露地土壤大,其水浮物质碳所占百分比是露地土壤的1.19～1.65倍,而水溶性有机碳,设施土壤和露地土壤所占百分比均在2%左右。设施土壤胡敏酸和胡敏素所占总有机碳比例表现出随着有机碳含量的增加而升高的趋势,但胡敏酸碳增加的比例小于胡敏素碳。设施土壤可提取腐殖物质、胡敏酸的光密度曲线斜率、E4/E6值、ΔlogK值都小于露地土壤,表明设施土壤可提取腐殖物质、胡敏酸的分子复杂程度、芳香缩合度低于露地土壤。     

秸秆均匀还田对东北地区黑钙土土壤理化性质及玉米产量的影响

为明确秸秆均匀还田在农业生产中推广应用的可行性,以吉林省农安县正邦农场黑钙土为研究对象,设置CK(未施用秸秆)、EIS(秸秆均匀还田)、SM(秸秆覆盖还田)、SP(秸秆翻压还田)共四种处理,通过环刀法及土壤紧实度仪测量土壤容重及土壤紧实度,湿筛法及干筛法测定土壤团聚体组成,腐殖质组成修改法提取土壤胡敏酸及富里酸,红外光谱法测定土壤胡敏酸结构特征,并对玉米产量进行计算。结果表明:秸秆还田有效降低了土壤容重及土壤紧实度,增加了土壤有机碳含量,有效促进了土壤腐殖质积累,显著提高了玉米产量,其效果在秸秆均匀还田处理中最为明显。与CK相比,EIS处理显著降低了土壤容重及土壤紧实度,降低幅度分别为33.11%、24.3%;EIS处理增加了土壤平均当量直径(MWD)、水稳系数(K)及大于0.25 mm团聚体组分含量,增加幅度分别为56.86%、33.69%及16.21%;EIS处理的土壤有机碳、腐殖质碳、胡敏酸碳和富里酸碳含量明显增加,增加幅度分别为27.8%、44.2%、63.3%及33.8%。EIS处理同时促进了秸秆的腐解与转化,促使土壤胡敏酸结构氧化度和缩合度呈下降趋势,脂族链烃和芳香碳含量增加,土壤胡敏酸结构简单化、年轻化。该结果对于指导东北地区秸秆还田实践具有重要意义。     

不同培肥方式黑土腐殖质形态特征研究

针对吉林省黑土区存在的土壤有机质下降、耕地质量退化等问题,利用公主岭国家黑土肥力与肥料效益监测基地连续20年的长期定位试验,采用核磁共振波谱分析法(NMR)、红外光谱分析法(IR)等现代分析方法,研究了不同培肥途径耕层土壤腐殖质的组成、形态结构及动态变化趋势。结果表明:不同培肥途径对耕层土壤腐殖质特征影响明显。施用玉米秸秆处理(S+NPK)和施用有机肥+轮作处理(M+NPK+R)均显著增加了土壤胡敏酸中脂肪族结构成分,单施有机肥处理(M+NPK)显著增加了土壤胡敏酸中羟基含量,S+NPK处理游离羧基含量显著增多。S+NPK、M+NPK及M+NPK+R处理,土壤富啡酸的甲基、亚甲基和次甲基结构成分显著增多,游离羧基含量也显著增多。单施化肥处理,浸提的富啡酸中无机碳酸盐和硅酸盐成分明显增多,化肥长期施用导致土壤中游离富啡酸数量显著减少,土壤的耗竭式利用,导致土壤中铁、铜结合态或络合态的富啡酸增加。不同培肥方式对黑土胡敏酸和富啡酸的元素组成影响有较大的差异,但均可引发胡敏酸C含量降低,N含量增加,富啡酸C、N、H含量增加,O含量降低,可通过不同的培肥方式对土壤腐殖质的元素组成进行调节。     

金属离子在铁(氢)氧化物与腐殖质微界面上的吸附机理和模型研究进展

铁(氢)氧化物和腐殖质是广泛分布在土壤中的重要天然活性物质,因其具有较大的比表面积并且铁(氢)氧化物表面的-OH与腐殖质表面的-COOH、-OH等活性官能团可通过静电作用、配体交换等多种机制对重金属离子产生较强吸附,从而影响重金属离子在环境中的迁移、转化和生物效应。深入了解重金属离子在铁(氢)氧化物-腐殖质复合体微界面相互作用的分子机理,对于阐明重金属离子在环境中的迁移、转化过程具有重要意义。本文综述了金属离子在铁(氢)氧化物与腐殖质上吸附机理和模型的研究进展,为重金属污染土壤的风险评估和控制提供理论依据。     

Some characteristics of the humus in soil types (part 3) composition groups of humus

In most literature on soil, the term humus has been used as synonymous with soil organic matter, on the other hand, it has been applied to a portion of soil organic matter that has decomposed and has lost the structure of the original matter, from which it has derived. Scheffer and Schachtschabel ¹⁾ defined the humus not synonymously with soil organic matter, but, in a broad sense, as all the dead organic substances which are accumulated on the soil surface as well as in the soil layer, and undergo continually decomposition, alteration, and synthetic reactions. According to them, the composition groups of humus are divided into non-humic and humic, and the latter group is sub-divided into (1) fulvic acid and humo-lignin acid, (2) humic acid, (3) humin, and (4) humus coal. Some natures of these composition groups of humus are shown in Table 1.     

我国几种土壤中腐殖质性质的研究

研究了几种土壤腐殖酸的基本性质,其中包括土壤的腐殖质组成,胡敏酸以及富里酸的元素组成,含氧官能团含量,光密度值与芳化度等,计算了E₄与E₄/E₆比值与上述性质的相关系数。结果表明土壤腐殖质组成和性质与其形成条件有着密切的联系,并且有一定的地带规律性。水稻土中有机质含量增加,HA/FA比值变高,其活性HA显著降低,说明水稻土有利于有机质的积累并改变了腐殖质的组成。E₄、E₄/E₆比值与元素组成,C/H比值,含氧官能团及芳化度之间的相关系数表明E₄除了与C%,O%,酚羟基-O%,醌基-O%呈极显著或显著相关外,还与C/H比值及芳化度呈极显著相关,因此E₄值可作为腐殖物质芳化度的一个指标。     

土壤水分状况对14C标记秸秆的腐解及腐殖质中碳素分布的影响

¹⁴C-tracer technique and closed incubation method were used to study straw ¹⁴C decomposition and distribution in different fractions of newly formed humus under different moisture regimes. Decomposition of straw ¹⁴C was faster during the initial days, and slower thereafter. Decay rate constants of straw ¹⁴C varied from 3.29 × 10^-3 d^-1 to 7.06 × 10^-3 d^-1. After 112 d incubation, the amount of straw ¹⁴C mineralized was 1.17~1.46 times greater in submerged soils than in upland soils. Of the soil residual ¹⁴C, 9.08%~15.73% was present in humic acid (HA) and 31.01%~37.62% in fulvic acid (FA). Submerged condition favored the formation of HA, and HA/FA ratio of newly formed humus (labelled) was greater in submerged soils than in upland soils. Clay minerals affected the distribution of straw ¹⁴C in different humus fractions. Proportion of ¹⁴C present in HA to ¹⁴C remaining in soil was greater in Vertisol than in Ultisol.     

Application of basic chemical concepts to understanding the formation and transformation mechanisms of humic substances: A revue of publications and own experimental data

Fundamental concepts of coordination and organic chemistry and their possible applications to understanding the formation and transformation mechanisms of humic substances were considered. In accordance with the electronic concepts of interactions between inorganic and organic molecules, the ash elements should be considered as structural components of soil humus determining its transformation. An important role of reactions with the participation of nucleophilic (electron-donating) reagents, including inorganic anions, in the transformation of the humus-mineral system of an acid soil is shown. Anion reactions can involve not only metal atoms of humus-mineral complexes but also the C and P atoms of the functional groups of humus macroligands. These reactions determine the transformation of humus molecules related to the formation of migration-capable compounds and the formation of new functional groups in a humus macroligand. The role of iron and phosphorus in the implementation of different transformation pathways of humic substances is shown.     

The role of amino acids and nucleic bases in turnover of nitrogen and carbon in soil humic fractions

Incorporation of labelled ¹⁵N and ¹⁴C amino acids and nucleic bases into soil humus fractions as well as humus turnover was investigated under field conditions. The dynamics of ¹⁵N and ¹⁴C incorporation into organic matter was characterized by the following main steps: rapid incorporation of the labelled substance prevailing for the first 1–3 weeks, and decomposition of included labelled fragments prevailing beyond one month after substance addition. The annual turnover rates of N and C in humus fractions due to incorporation of amino acids and nucleic bases were calculated. The turnover rate of N in humus is two to three times that of C. The contribution of amino acids to organic matter generation is about twice as great as that of nucleic bases and other N-containing organic substances. This indicates the important role of amino acids in the humification process and humus turnover. Turnovers of humic acids (0·002 year^?1 for C and 0·02 for N) are the most rapid of humic fractions investigated, and humin is characterized by the slowest turnover (0·0002 year^?1 for C and 0·007 for N). There are no significant differences in the turnover rates of fulvic acid fractions (0·0002 year^?1 for C) with different molecular weight.     

有机物料对白土土壤胡敏酸结构特征的影响

【目的】研究有机物料施入对白土土壤的腐殖质含量组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构特征的影响,为明确不同腐殖质组分对土壤肥力的影响提供理论依据。【方法】供试土壤为江苏省溧阳市南渡镇"白土改良大田示范试验核心区"的南方中低产水稻土(白土)。试验设秸秆还田(ST)、施有机肥(OM)和对照(CK,不施有机物)3个处理,培肥3年。同时采集试验田周围相邻的江苏省耕地质量监测点(2007~2013年)的每年施化肥(LAF)和长期不施肥(NF)的两种处理土壤进行比对研究。分别测定土壤的基本理化性质及其腐殖质含量的组成,并提取土壤胡敏酸(HA)固体样品利用红外光谱和元素分析来进行结构表征。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理的有机碳、全氮含量明显高于对照;与对照相比,施有机物料土壤HA的E4/E6比值增加,且秸秆还田施有机肥对照。红外光谱显示,试验区域和耕地监测点的不同处理土壤HA均在1650 cm-1处(酰胺I带)和1550 cm-1处(1500~1580 cm-1酰胺II带伸缩振动)有特征吸收。施有机肥和秸秆还田处理土壤HA的2920/1720、2920/1650比值显著大于对照。在元素组成上,OM、ST处理的土壤腐殖质(HA)中C、H、N的含量比均高于CK,相对长期施化肥(LAF)和不施肥(NF)的土壤有明显提高,而氧元素的含量呈降低的趋势;OM和ST处理土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均低于CK;与LAF和NF处理相比,试验区域各处理土壤腐殖质的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均有明显降低。【结论】有机物料施入土壤后可增加土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤理化性质,提高作物产量和品质,且施入土壤的有机物料可转化为新的腐殖质,降低土壤的腐殖化程度。土壤腐殖质(HA)的红外光谱分析说明,白土土壤HA具有明显的酰胺类化合物特征。有机物料施入后使得土壤脂族性增强,羧基量减少,芳香度降低;秸秆还田和施有机肥处理与对照相比,土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]比均有下降的趋势,且HA的氮素含量明显增加,这显示有机物料施入后白土土壤腐殖质发生"脱水"过程,同时也反映了白土土壤腐殖质形成的特征。     

Decomposition and distribution of residual activity of some 13C-microbial polysaccharides and cells,glucose, cellulose and wheat straw in soil

Studies were made to determine the rate of decomposition of some ¹⁴C-labeled microbial polysaccharides, microbial cells, glucose, cellulose and wheat straw in soil, the distribution of the residual ¹⁴C in various humic fractions and the influence of the microbial products on the decomposition of plant residues in soil. During 16 weeks from 32 to 86 per cent of the C of added bacterial polysaccharides had evolved as ¹⁴CO₂. Chromobacterium violaceum polysaccharide was most resistant and Leuconostoc dextranicus polysaccharide least resistant. In general the polysaccharides, microbial cells, and glucose exerted little effect on the decomposition of the plant products. Upon incubation the ¹⁴C-activity was quickly distributed in the humic. fulvic and extracted soil fractions. The pattern of distribution depended upon the amendment and the degree of decomposition. The distribution was most uniform in the highly decomposed amendments. After 16 weeks the bulk of the residual activity from Azotobacter indicus polysaccharide remained in the NaOH extracted soil. From C. violaceum polysaccharide both the extracted soil and the humic acid fraction contained high activity. About 50–80 per cent of the residual activity from the ¹⁴C-glucose, cellulose and wheat straw amended soils could be removed by hydrolysis with 6 n HCl. The greater part of this activity in the humic acid fraction was associated with the amino acids and that from the fulvic acids and residual soils after NaOH extraction with the carbohydrates. About 8 16 per cent of the activity of the humic acid fraction was present in substances (probably aromatic) extracted by ether after reductive or oxidative degradation.     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对低产黄泥田的改良作用

【目的】低产黄泥田是一种发育程度低的水稻土,土壤贫瘠,作物产量低。本文研究探讨了小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆还田及配施秸秆腐熟剂后秸秆还田对低产黄泥田的土壤改良效果。【方法】在荆门市双季稻区设置了单施化肥(对照),化肥配施小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆,化肥配施小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆同时添加秸秆腐熟剂等七个处理的田间试验。取样分析了这些处理对双季稻产量、 土壤理化性质、 土壤团聚体组成、 土壤腐殖质组成及结合形态的影响。【结果】1)在早、 晚稻上秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂增加了稻谷的产量,比单施化肥最多增产1423.2 kg/hm2,增幅为23.5%; 添加秸秆腐熟剂也能够增加稻谷的产量,比单独秸秆还田最多增产653.8 kg/hm2,增幅为9.6%。与对照比较,油菜秸秆+腐熟剂处理晚稻显著增产。2)土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量、 阳离子交换量秸杆+腐熟剂处理高于对应的秸秆还田处理,而土壤容重则下降。3)与对照比较,秸秆处理5 mm土壤风干团聚体含量增加3.78%~8.62%,0.25 mm土壤风干团聚体含量也都增加,0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体含量下降。秸秆还田有利于＞0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体总量的增加,减少了土壤团聚体破坏率。4)与对照比较,秸秆处理的土壤水溶性物质、 土壤胡敏酸、 富里酸、 可提取腐殖物质总量、 胡敏素含量增加。添加腐熟剂后,胡敏酸与富里酸比值低于相对应的秸秆还田处理; 土壤松结合态腐殖质、 稳结合态腐殖质、 紧结合态腐殖质含量及结合态腐殖质总含量都有所增加。结合态腐殖质中松结合态腐殖质含量最高,所有的处理都在60%以上。【结论】秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂不仅能够增加早稻和晚稻的稻谷产量,还提高了土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量及阳离子交换量,降低了土壤容重。秸秆还田主要提高了＞0.25 mm风干团聚体、 水稳性大团聚体含量,减少了土壤团聚体破坏率。秸秆还田处理显著提高了土壤松结合态腐殖质含量和结合态腐殖质总含量。秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂可以提高作物产量、 提高土壤肥力、 改善土壤结构、 增加土壤腐殖质含量与活性,能够改良低产黄泥田。化肥+油菜秸秆+秸杆腐熟剂处理是一种良好的低产黄泥田改良措施。     

Effects of in-situ straw decomposition on composition of humus and structure of humic acid at different soil depths

Purpose

Returning straw to soil improved soil carbon sequestration capacity and increase soil organic matter. However, in different soil depth, especially in subsoil, there were few studies on the effects of straw decomposition on soil carbon sequestration and the properties of humic substances. Therefore, an in-situ incubation study, with six different straw rates and three different soil depths, was carried out to explore the effects of straw decomposition on soil organic carbon and humic substance composition at different soil depths.

Materials and methods

The experiment was composed of six straw rates: 0, 0.44, 0.88, 1.32, 2.64, and 5.28% of soil dry mass. The maize straw was proportionately mixed with soil and put into nylon bags. Then, the nylon bags were buried in soil at three depths (15, 30, and 45 cm) and the straw decomposition trial lasted for 17 consecutive months in-situ. Soil samples were collected after completion of the field trial. Humic substances were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed using the modification method of humus composition and the methods specified by the International Humus Association. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were used in this study.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that CO₂ concentration increased with increase in soil depth. Compared with the “zero” straw control, soil organic carbon contents in the treatments amended with 1.32, 2.64, and 5.28% maize straw increased significantly, and most accumulations were at 30–45 cm depths. FTIR and fluorescence emission spectra analyses indicated that the addition of straw enhanced the aliphatic structure and decreased the aromaticity of humic acid (HA), that was to say that HA molecular structure approaches to the development of simplification and younger. The maximum change in HA molecular structure was under the 5.28% treatment in the 30–45 cm depth.

Conclusions

Returning maize straw to the subsoil layers is more conducive to the accumulation of soil organic carbon and improvement of the quality and activity of HA and the organic carbon in the subsoil can be renewed.