大气CO_2浓度升高对粳稻稻米物性及食味品质的影响

在2009和2010年利用独特的稻/麦轮作系统FACE（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高）平台,以武运粳21、扬辐粳8号、武香粳14和武粳15为供试材料,研究了高浓度CO（2比大气背景CO2浓度高200 μmol·mol-1）对粳稻蒸煮米的硬度、粘性、香气、光泽、完整性、味道和口感等的影响。物性分析仪测定结果表明,高浓度CO2环境下粳稻熟米的硬度和粘性总体呈增加趋势,其中扬辐粳8号两指标的增幅均达显著水平。食味计测定结果显示,高浓度CO2对蒸煮稻米香气、光泽度、完整性、味道和口感等食味品质指标均没有影响。相关分析表明,CO2与品种的互作对米饭硬度和粘性有显著影响,但对食味品质参数均没有影响。CO2与年度、CO2与年度和品种间的互作对所有测定参数均无显著影响。两年数据一致表明,未来高浓度CO2环境下粳稻蒸煮米的硬度和粘性将呈增加趋势,增幅因品种而异,但米饭食味品质无显著变化。     

近地层臭氧浓度增高对稻米品质的影响: FACE研究

利用稻田开放式空气中臭氧浓度增加(FACE,Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment)平台,以常规粳稻‘武粳15’和杂交粳稻‘陵风优18’为供试材料,设置大气背景臭氧浓度(Ambient)和高臭氧浓度(比Ambient增高21%,模拟21世纪中叶臭氧浓度)两个水平,研究臭氧胁迫对大田生长水稻成熟期稻米加工、外观、蒸煮/食味和营养品质的影响及其种间差异。结果表明,近地层臭氧浓度增高使稻米糙米率、精米率和整精米率均不同程度下降,其中精米率降幅达显著水平。与Ambient相比,臭氧胁迫使两品种稻米垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度平均分别增加15.0%(P=0.10)、42.0%(P0.05)和60.5%(P0.05)。臭氧胁迫使稻米胶稠度平均降低7.1%(P0.05),但对两品种稻米直链淀粉和糊化温度均无显著影响。稻米RVA谱测定结果显示,臭氧胁迫对稻米最高黏度值、崩解值、冷胶黏度值、消减值和回复值均无显著影响。臭氧胁迫使两品种稻米蛋白质浓度呈增加趋势,但均未达显著水平。方差分析表明,多数情况下,两品种间稻米诸品质性状存在显著差异,但品种与臭氧的互作对所有测定指标均无显著影响,说明两品种稻米品质对臭氧胁迫的响应无明显差异。本试验在开放稻田条件下运行,适度臭氧胁迫使稻米垩白明显增加,胶稠度显著下降,但对其他米质指标影响较小,两品种趋势一致。     

施肥对中日水稻品系土壤养分及食味品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究不同施肥方法对5种水稻品系土壤养分与稻米食味品质的影响。结果表明:日本优质水稻栽培的施肥方法(日本施肥)比常规施肥产量低,5个品系以ZR13产量最低,ZR63最高。与日本施肥相比,常规施肥显著提高了5个水稻品系土壤NH4+-N含量,降低了土壤速效磷含量;从食味品质指标的变化看,日本施肥比常规施肥蛋白质和淀粉含量低,具有较高的食味值。从不同品系看,ZR63的产量和蛋白质、直链淀粉含量均最高,但食味值最低。日本施肥下,ZR13的食味值比ZR63高17.2%;常规施肥下,ZR51的食味值比ZR63高56.1%。综合产量和食味品质,ZR32、ZR51是比较理想的品系,ZR6、ZR13食味值高,但产量低,ZR63产量高,食味品质差。     

水稻淀粉合成相关基因SSⅠ、SSⅢ-1和PUL对稻米品质的影响

可溶性淀粉合成酶基因(soluble starch synthaseⅠgene,SSⅠ)和SSⅢ-1以及极限糊精酶基因(pullulanase,PUL)是淀粉合成过程中参与支链淀粉合成的关键基因。为了研究SSⅠ、SSⅢ-1和PUL对稻米(Oryza sativa L.)品质的影响,本研究以颗粒结合淀粉合成酶基因(granule bound starch synthas,Wx)与SSⅡ-3均相同的籼型(indica)光温敏核不育系广占63S与潜力三系恢复系CG173R为亲本构建的B1C1F9株系作为供试材料,分析回交重组自交系(backcross inbred lines,BILs)各株系的蒸煮食味品质。结果表明,双亲仅在焦磷酸化酶基因大亚基基因(ADP-glucose pyrophos-phorylase large subunit ADPG,AGPlar)、分支酶3基因(starch branching enzymeⅢgene,SBE3)、PUL、SSⅠ和SSⅢ-1基因位点存在差异;SSⅠ、SSⅢ-1和PUL基因在B1C1F9株系中分离对蒸煮品质指标具有显著影响。SSⅢ-1基因在后代分离过程中,不同基因型之间碱消值(alkaline spreading value,ASV)、峰值粘度(peak viscosity,PKV)、崩解值(breakdown value,BDV)和峰值时间(peak time,Pe T)4个指标具有显著性差异;PUL基因在后代分离过程中,不同基因型之间,胶稠度(gel consistency,GC)和回复值(consistence value,CSV)具有显著性差异(P<0.05);在SSⅢ-1和SSⅠ基因同时分离的株系中,裂区试验分析表明,SSⅢ-1和SSⅠ基因的互作效应对糊化温度(gelatinization temperature,GT)的效应达极显著水平(P<0.01),对表观直链淀粉含量(apparent amylose content,AAC)、GC、PKV和ASV的效应达显著水平(P<0.05)。说明SSⅢ-1和PUL基因对稻米蒸煮食味品质的部分理化指标有显著影响,且SSⅢ-1和SSⅠ基因之间存在显著的互作效应。在相同Wx和SSⅡ-3基因基因背景下,研究稻米淀粉合成途径效应较小的基因对稻米食味品质的影响,对改良稻米蒸煮食味品质和加快稻米品质育种研究具有重要意义。     

施氮量和穗粒肥比例对稻米营养品质及中微量元素含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了施氮量和穗粒肥比例对稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量及Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ca含量的影响。结果表明,稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量均随着施氮量和穗粒肥比例的提高而增加,但施氮量和穗粒肥比例对氨基酸含量的影响程度因品种和氨基酸种类而异。合系39的氨基酸含量受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较滇屯502的大;His、Val、Gly、Pro和Lys受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较大,Ile、Arg、Asp和Glu受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较小。稻米中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ca的含量和产量均随着施氮量的增加先上升后下降;从稻谷和蛋白质的产量、6种矿质元素的含量和产量看,供试粳型品种合系39的适宜施氮量较籼型品种滇屯502高。     

大气CO2浓度增高对不同水稻品种稻米品质的影响

大气CO_2浓度升高导致全球变暖,同时亦对作物生长发育产生深刻影响。作为光合作用的底物,大气CO_2的浓度升高增加水稻产量,但对稻米品质的影响及其品种间差异的研究相对较少且存在分歧。本研究利用稻田FACE (free air CO_2 enrichment)技术平台,以8个水稻品种为材料,设背景CO_2浓度(Ambient)和高CO_2浓度(增200μmol·mol~(-1), FACE)两个水平,研究大气CO_2浓度升高对稻米加工品质、外观品质、食味品质以及部分营养品质的影响及其种间差异。本研究所有测定的品质性状供试品种间均存在显著或极显著差异。与Ambient相比,FACE处理下水稻糙米率、精米率和整精米率略降,但单位面积糙米、精米和整精米产量平均分别极显著增加23.7%、23.5%和20.9%。FACE处理对整精米长度、宽度和长宽比影响较小,但使整精米垩白率和垩白度平均分别增加18.6%和31.8%,均达极显著水平。FACE处理使所有品种稻米直链淀粉含量和胶稠度平均分别下降6.5%和3.1%,但均未达显著水平。从淀粉RVA谱看,FACE处理使所有品种峰值黏度、崩解值平均增加1.3%、6.9%,使热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、消减值分别下降2.2%、5.1%和65.6%,其中消减值达显著水平。FACE处理使所有品种整精米植酸含量平均增加5.3%,而蛋白质含量平均减少9.9%,均达显著水平。不同品种稻米品质性状对高CO_2浓度的响应方向和程度存在一定差异,其中FACE处理与品种对整精米长度、垩白率、垩白度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度和最终黏度存在显著的互作效应。以上数据表明,大气CO_2浓度升高使水稻产量大幅增加,稻米加工、外观和营养品质呈变劣趋势,但适口性可能变优,稻米品质对大气CO_2浓度增高的响应存在不同程度的品种差异。     

臭氧胁迫对稻米淀粉热力学特征值影响及其强弱势粒间差异

地表臭氧浓度增高情形下水稻减产,米质呈变劣趋势,但稻米热力学特征值的变化及其与生长季、品种以及籽粒着生部位的关系均不清楚。本研究利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以8个水稻品种为材料,设置高臭氧浓度为100 nL·L^-1,对照浓度为9 nL·L^-1。连续两年系统研究了高臭氧浓度熏蒸对成熟稻穗不同部位糙米热力学特性（DSC）的影响。与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使稻米热焓值极显著下降4.15%,但对糊化起始温度、糊化峰值温度、糊化终止温度、DSC曲线峰宽和峰高均无显著影响;2017年度稻米热焓值、糊化峰值温度、糊化起始温度和峰高极显著大于2016年,但DSC曲线峰宽表现相反;稻米所有6个DSC特征值的品种间差异均达极显著水平。从稻穗不同位置看,所有测定参数均表现为稻穗上部 > 中部 > 下部,除糊化起始温度外差异均达极显著水平。方差分析表明,臭氧×年度对热焓值、糊化峰值温度和糊化终止温度的影响均达显著或极显著水平,臭氧×品种对糊化峰值温度、糊化终止温度、DSC曲线峰宽和峰高均有极显著影响,而臭氧×部位仅对DSC曲线峰宽有显著影响。以上数据表明,稻米淀粉DSC热力学参数因生长季、供试品种以及籽粒着生部位而异,臭氧胁迫环境下稻穗不同部位稻米的热焓值总体上均呈下降趋势,表现为更易糊化的特点。     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

油菜素内酯对水稻细胞伸长和分裂的调控

油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid,BR)是调控植物生长发育的重要的激素之一。为明确BR在调控水稻(Oryza sativa)细胞发育过程中的作用,本研究以不同浓度外源BR处理的水稻愈伤组织、悬浮系和内源BR信号增强的BR突变体Os BZR1-OE为材料,对BR处理后水稻愈伤组织的体积和细胞分布状况、单个悬浮细胞的形状和大小、Os BZR1-OE转基因水稻的细胞进行了观察,并对细胞分裂关键基因的表达量、对细胞分裂具有重要作用的细胞骨架蛋白(F-actin)的积累进行了分析。结果表明,低浓度(1×10-10 mol/L)BR处理的愈伤组织块体积(1.03 cm3)大于对照(0.73 cm3),但高浓度BR(1×10-6 mol/L)处理的愈伤组织块的体积(0.27 cm3)明显小于对照;从细胞核的分布也能印证上述结果,低浓度BR处理后的愈伤组织细胞核排列疏松,表明细胞体积较大,即1×10-10 mol/L BR促进了水稻愈伤组织细胞体积的增加,高浓度BR处理后的愈伤组织细胞核密度大,表明细胞体积较小,即1×10-6 mol/L BR抑制了水稻愈伤组织细胞体积的增加;低浓度BR促进水稻悬浮系单个细胞的伸长,而高浓度的BR抑制悬浮系细胞的伸长;内源BR信号增强的突变体Os BZR1-OE下胚轴细胞明显短于野生型水稻下胚轴细胞;本研究通过碘化丙碇(propidium iodide,PI)和异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate isomerⅠ,FITC)-鬼笔环肽染色对悬浮系细胞的形态和微丝细胞骨架进行观察,发现BR处理可促进水稻悬浮系细胞和微丝骨架的分裂,高浓度BR对细胞分裂的促进效果更明显;双向电泳结果表明,BR处理可促进微丝骨架蛋白的表达;RT-PCR结果表明,BR可增加促进有丝分裂的CDC48(cell division cycle protein 48)和能缩短细胞周期的CYCD2(cyclin D2)基因的表达。上述结果表明,低浓度BR促进水稻细胞的伸长,高浓度BR抑制水稻细胞的伸长,BR促进微丝骨架F-actin的积累,通过促进有丝分裂基因CDC48和缩短细胞周期的因CYCD2的表达而调控水稻细胞的分裂。本研究为BR在作物控高抗倒伏方面的应用提供了理论依据。     

Effect of CO2 enrichment on fruit growth and quality in Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Reheder cv. Kosui)

Six year-old Japanese pear (Pyrus seratina Reheder cv. Kosui) trees grafted on P. serotina cv. Nihonyamanashi were grown in containers filled with Granite Regosol under glasshouse conditions. At different stages of fruit growth, pear trees were exposed to an elevated CO₂ concentration (130 Pa CO₂ ) along with a control (35 Pa CO₂). For one group of plants, CO₂ enrichment was applied for 79 d from 52 d after full bloom (DAB) to fruit maturity (long-term CO₂ enrichment) and for another group the same treatment was applied for 35 d from 96 DAB to fruit maturity (short-term CO₂ enrichment). The effects of the elevated CO₂ concentration on vegetative growth, mineral contents, and fruit production and quality were examined. Long-term CO₂ enrichment enhanced vegetative growth, without any significant effect on the mineral contents in either flower bud or fruit except for a remarkable increase in the K content. Long-term CO₂ enrichment increased the fruit size and fresh weight, but had no significant effect on the fruit quality. On the other hand, the short-term CO₂ enrichment did not induce any significant change in the fruit size but increased the fruit sugar concentration. Along with the reduction of the sorbitol concentration in fruit, the fructose and sucrose concentrations increased and these changes occurred earlier at elevated CO₂ than at ambient CO₂ concentrations. From these results, we concluded that the effect of CO₂ enrichment on fruit growth varies depending upon the growth stages of fruit: during the initial and fruitlet stages when fruit expansion occurs, CO₂ enrichment increases the fruit size, whereas, during maturation when fruit expansion has slowed down and sugar accumulation in fruit is active, it increases the fruit sugar concentration.     

不同水分条件下CO2浓度升高对冬小麦碳氮转运的影响

CO2浓度升高对作物的影响日益受到重视,水分是作物生长的必要条件之一。冬小麦是我国的主要粮食作物之一,阐明高CO2浓度和水分条件互作对冬小麦碳氮转运的影响,对客观认识气候变化背景下作物的水分管理及肥料施用具有实际指导意义。本研究利用开放式CO2富集系统(FACE)平台,以冬麦品种‘中麦175’为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同CO2浓度[正常浓度(391±40)μmol·mol?1和高浓度(550±60)μmol·mol?1]及水分条件(湿润条件和干旱条件,即75%和55%田间土壤最大持水量)的冬小麦花前碳氮积累及花后碳氮转运的规律特征。结果表明:湿润条件下,与正常CO2浓度相比,高CO2浓度促进冬小麦地上部干物质及碳氮积累,开花期增幅分别为18.1%、16.5%、14.9%,成熟期增幅分别为6.6%、1.3%、4.5%,并提高碳氮转运能力及对籽粒贡献率,转运量、转运率及对籽粒贡献率的增幅碳素依次为39.3%、20.0%、30.0%,氮素依次为19.1%、3.8%、10.8%。干旱条件下,与正常CO2浓度相比,高CO2浓度对地上部碳氮积累有一定的促进作用,开花期和成熟期碳积累量分别增加3.0%和10.7%,氮积累量分别增加0和15.8%;但高CO2浓度阻碍了碳氮的转运,转运量、转运率降幅碳素分别为10.2%、12.8%,氮素分别为7.2%、7.1%;碳氮对籽粒贡献率则变化不同,碳降低14.4%,而氮升高31.3%。干旱及高CO2浓度互作与湿润条件正常CO2浓度处理相比,冬小麦碳素转运对籽粒贡献率降低更明显,地上部碳素转运量、转运率及对籽粒贡献率降幅分别为36.2%、16.9%、22.3%,但提高了氮素转运对籽粒贡献率,氮素转运量及转运率分别降低35.7%、15.2%,对籽粒贡献率增加7.0%。综合而言,高CO2浓度可促进冬小麦碳氮积累及其在花后向籽粒的转运,水分不足可能成为主要的物质转运障碍因子,限制CO2促进作用发挥。     

喷施不同形态硅对水稻生长与抗逆性的影响

本文研究了喷施纳米硅胶、无机硅和有机硅3种不同形态硅对水稻生长和抗逆性的影响。结果表明,在水分胁迫条件下,喷施3种形态的硅均能降低水稻叶片电解质的渗漏率,维持其较高的叶片水势和相对含水量,增加叶绿素的含量,提高植物的光合能力,促进水稻的生长。与喷清水的对照相比,喷施纳米硅胶、无机硅和有机硅的处理,水稻的生物量分别增加44.92%、29.08%和46.89%。喷施3种形态硅均促进了水稻对氮的吸收和累积。在不同形态硅的处理之间,有机硅在提高水稻叶绿素含量上优于其它两种形态硅。     

硒肥对水稻生长及其重金属累积的影响

以大田水稻作为研究对象,分析了不同硒肥量对水稻生长特性及重金属(砷、铬、镉、铅)累积的影响,探讨了通过施硒降低重金属在水稻可食部分含量的可行性。结果发现:施用不同量硒肥(30、60和120 kg/hm2)对水稻分蘖数、株高、单株干物重和产量有促进作用,但差异不显著。施用120 kg/hm2硒肥显著增加了大米中的总硒、无机硒及有机硒的含量,并使有机硒比例增加了16.6%。施用120 kg/hm2硒肥有效抑制了水稻穗部铬和镉的累积量(53%和45%),而对铅无明显抑制作用。施用硒肥促进了硒向精米、糠中转移,同时有效降低了精米中镉、铬、铅的累积量。     

Effect of levels and sources of nitrogen on concentration and uptake of nitrogen by a high yielding variety and a hybrid of rice

Field experiments were made on a sandy clay loam soil at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of levels and sources of nitrogen on concentration and uptake of nitrogen by a high yielding variety Pusa 834 and a hybrid PRH3 of rice. Nitrogen concentration in hybrid PRH 3 remained lower than in Pusa 834, but N uptake was significantly more in the hybrid PRH 3. Nitrogen fertilization increased N concentration as well as N uptake by rice. At 30 days after transplanting (DAT) N uptake was more in Pusa 834, but at 60 DAT and at harvest hybrid PRH 3 recorded significantly more N uptake than Pusa 834. Use of neem oil blended urea (PNGU) and neem coated urea (NCU) increased N concentration and uptake by rice in both Pusa 834 and hybrid PRH 3. Use of neem coated/blended urea is recommended for rice.