基于MCGS的深水网箱自动投饵远程控制系统的设计

为提高深水网箱养殖投饵的自动化和工业化水平,设计并开发出适合深水网箱养殖投饵管理的自动控制系统。该自动投饵控制系统基于MCGS组态软件进行二次开发,采用PLC为控制核心,应用计算机与PLC进行通讯。介绍了深水网箱自动投饵系统的工作原理和系统设计框架,阐述了PLC控制系统的工作流程和程序设计,说明了基于MCGS组态软件的系统组态过程。运行试验的结果表明,系统具有性能稳定、可靠性高、人机界面友好、操作便捷等特点,实现了投饵控制、动画显示、系统状态监控、权限管理、历史数据输出、打印等功能,可以满足深水网箱集约化养殖精确投饵操作和管理等各项要求。     

基于PLC的深水网箱自动投饵系统

为提高深水网箱养殖投饵的自动化和工业化水平,设计并开发出适合深水网箱养殖投饵管理的自动投饵系统。该系统采用PLC为控制核心,继电接触器控制各个设备的启停,实现精确投饵。文章介绍了系统的工作原理和设计框架,阐述了系统控制电路、系统工作流程与PLC硬件结构,设计了系统关键设备控制方案并编写了相关控制程序。检测结果表明,在投饵输送距离为300 m时,投饵量为1 200 kg.h-1,系统风量为5.56 m3.m in-1,系统风压为49 kPa;吨料能耗最大为8.4 kW.h.t-1（平均为5.0 kW.h.t-1）,投饵破碎率小于0.7%,喷投距离达11.3 m;系统可实现动态定时、定点和定量投喂饲料,完全满足深水网箱集群养殖的要求。     

淡水网箱养殖自动投饵机设计

针对现有网箱养殖中投饵机位置固定,饲料投放不定量的现状,考虑网箱养殖环境的影响因素,利用传感器、轨道传动和PLC技术(方法),设计了一种可定量投饲的移动式网箱养殖自动投饵机。文章介绍了网箱养殖自动投饵系统的布局,投饵机的工作原理、技术要求,以及轨道铺设要求。然后,详细介绍了投饵机设计基本参数的理论分析过程,行走系统和投饲装置关键部件的结构设计计算过程(结果),行走系统可对多个网箱进行移动式投饲,定量下料机构可实现定量式投饵,提高了网箱养殖饲料投放过程的机械化水平和自动化水平,降低了劳动强度,增加养殖效益。以4m×6m×3m规格的网箱为例,进行成本分析,当网箱个数在10个以上时,使用该自动投饵机比一般的单个自动投饵机更经济。     

网箱养殖实时监测系统设计

网箱养殖需要随时了解网箱内海水的温度、盐度、溶解氧、pH值等养殖参数,因此设计了网箱养殖实时监测系统。系统由主机与从机构成,主机由PC机实现集中管理,从机以单片机AT89C51为核心来实现数据的分散现场测量。整个系统具有网箱养殖参数的实时监测、采集、显示、存储、查询、打印等功能。     

深海高产潜网养殖技术简介

RefaA／S（中译名：瑞发）公司──挪威最大的海水养殖、捕捞及其配套工业的生产商，于1998年以合资的方式在我国海南省建立了全国第一个深海潜网示范养殖场。该示范养殖场的先进养殖方式与技术，为我国水产养殖业的发展引入了一个全新的概念。经过近2年的养殖实践证明，其技术设备与我国现有的、传统的养殖方式相比有着无可比拟的优越性。现将其简单介绍如下：深海潜网的结构组成与特点深海潜网高产养殖系统由圆筒状养殖网箱、海底固定装置、水下监视系统、自动投饵机和全自动收鱼机等部分组成。其中圆筒状养殖网箱由高弹性塑胶支架。尼…     

深水网箱养殖自动投饵计量装置设计

计量装置是深水网箱养殖自动投饵系统装备中精准投饵的关键。由于不同型号的饲料颗粒密度与体积存在差异,投饵进程中饲料密实度不断变化,导致投饵系统存在计量不准、误差较大的缺点。利用科里奥利力学原理,开发出一种不受饲料特性与重力场变化影响的计量系统装置,进行了装置的整体设计、框架构建,分析了关键参数的测量与计算方法。采用DSP数字信号处理器为控制核心,通过对扭矩与转速的测量与反馈控制,对计量误差进行动态校正,运用PID控制方法实时控制转速,从而精确控制计量给料。该装置能满足颗粒饲料精准计量和定量给料的要求,结构简单,计量精确度可达±1％,量程范围为0～15t·h-1,适合深水网箱集约化养殖精确投饵操作和管理。     

鱼乡牌机械化网箱成套设备

一、概述该成套设备是湖北省机械化养鱼开发公司在引进吸收国内外同类产品优点的基础上,自行研制生产的独具特色的机械化网箱养鱼成套设备。它由指令系统、执行系统、能源系统、框架系统四部分组成。配套产品主要包括:控制仪、投饵机、太阳能电源装     

海水网箱养殖对近岸环境影响的研究进展

近年来,我国的海水网箱养殖业发展迅猛,已成为我国渔业新兴产业的生力军。海水网箱养殖系统作为一种高密度、高投饵的人工养殖生态系统,其输出的废物,残饵、代谢及排泄废物等是引发环境问题的主要污染源,再加上网箱养殖区布局不合理,通常设在水交换率较低的内湾,当养殖容量超出了海域的环境容量,就会引发一系列生态环境问题[1]。本文就海水网箱养殖对环境污染及防治的研究进展进行综述,并提出今后的重点研究方向。1养殖区水质污染网箱养殖对浅海生态系统的影响主要表现为养殖水域营养负荷增加[2]。一般来说,鲑鳟鱼类的网箱养殖,饲料中总氮的…     

深水网箱需求式自动投饵装置的初步研究

深水网箱的自动化控制是我国网箱事业发展的趋势。本文对现有投饵装置进行了分析，在此基础上，设计了一种需求式自动投饵装置，旨在提高投饵效果。网箱养殖鱼群经过驯化，有求食需求时自动触动水下金属管，并通过传感器启动下料机构。该装置通过可编程控制器(PLC)实现投饵过程控制，其优点是能根据养殖鱼类需求，实时投饵，饵料利用率高，水体污染少，满足当前深水网箱自动化发展的需求。     

养殖管理平台料仓视频监控系统设计

<正>引言水产养殖过程中的饲料投喂技术经历了由人工、传统小型投饲机、自动投饵系统、深水网箱投饵机、基于PLC的网箱自动投饵机、气力投饲系统、计算机自动控制投饵系统等发展历程。随着投饲技术的发展,不同功能的养殖管理平台相继出现,平台中除了投饲系统和配套的设备外,料仓是平台的主体,占据了平台的大部分空间,通常情况下处于整个平台的高处,随时掌握或了解仓内饲料的颗粒状态与剩余量,对确保投饲系统正常工作相当重要。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.