解淀粉芽胞杆菌JDF-6液态发酵条件优化及抑菌蛋白的分析

为探讨解淀粉芽胞杆菌JDF-6液体发酵条件及抑菌蛋白性质,以菌量和抑菌蛋白粗提液活性为指标,采用单因素和正交试验对菌株的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化,同时通过硫酸铵沉淀法提取抑菌蛋白粗提液,并进行稳定性试验。结果表明,菌株JDF-6最适培养基配比为3.0%蔗糖,1%酵母粉,2%茶渣饼,0.3%硫酸锰;最适发酵条件为发酵时间120 h,发酵温度30℃,初始p H 6.5~7.0,接种量5%,250 m L装液量为100 m L。优化后菌株JDF-6抑菌活性提高51.6%,经50%饱和度硫酸铵沉淀获得的抑菌蛋白的粗提液对蛋白酶、高温(100℃以上)、紫外光(光照8 h以上)敏感,抑菌活性均下降。     

螺旋毛壳ND35抗生素的产生及其在病害生物防治中的作用

内生菌螺旋毛壳Chaetomium spirale ND35是一株广谱拮抗性生防因子。为了阐明菌株ND35抗生素在植物病害生物防治中的作用机制,系统研究了抗生素的产生、提取纯化及其在离体和温室条件下的抑菌防病作用。菌株ND35的发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,浓缩得黄褐色抗生素粗提液。平皿抑菌试验表明,抗生素粗提液对20余种植物病原真菌有抑制作用,浓度为400μg/mL时对病菌菌丝生长的抑制率范围从14．4%到72．6%。浓度为500μg/mL和1000μg/mL的抗生素粗提液对新月弯孢分生孢子萌发的抑制率分别是54．2%和75．9%。发酵时间也影响抗生素的产量,马铃著葡萄糖液体培养基中发酵15天时,抗生素产量最高。经薄层层析和高效液相色谱检测,证明有两个活性组分。温室试验表明,该抗生素粗提液稀释50倍液对玉米弯孢叶斑病的防治效果可达85．5%,稀释250倍液防治效果达63。3%。试验结果表明,抗生素是菌株ND35重要的生防决定因子之一,抗生素粗提液也展示了对玉米弯孢叶斑病具有较好的生防潜能。     

新疆沙漠放线菌XSS040811菌株抗生素合成条件

放线菌XSS040811菌株是从新疆吐鲁番鄯善县沙漠中采集的样品中分离获得的,该菌株能产生抗菌活性较高的抗生素,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、黄曲霉具有不同程度的抑制作用;优化发酵培养基,发酵时间、pH条件对放线菌XSS040811菌株合成抗生素的影响。结果表明:发酵培养基A、发酵时间96 h、发酵温度30~35℃,pH值7.2~8.0为抗生素合成的最佳条件。根据该菌株在高氏I号和燕麦粉培养基上的生长特性、菌落和形态特征,初步鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。     

小孢拟盘多毛孢PM-1菌株的液体发酵及除草活性物质的分离

前期研究发现分离自毛竹的小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora PM-1菌株具有较强的除草活性,为了明确其产生除草活性物质的最佳液体发酵条件,对培养基种类及成分、培养温度、培养时间和培养方式进行了探讨,并利用薄层层析(thin-layer chromatography, TLC)和高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)对除草活性物质进行了分离。小孢拟盘多毛孢在含硫酸亚铁的PD培养基中,30 ℃黑暗静止培养15天,得到的粗提物除草活性最强;除草活性物质经TLC分离获得7个条带,其中条带6具有较强的除草活性,HPLC分析发现该条带含有7个组分,其中组分3对马唐的活性较强,其保留时间为46.3 min。研究结果表明,利用最佳液体发酵条件对PM-1菌株进行发酵培养,可分离获得除草活性化合物——组分3。     

短短芽孢杆菌A57菌株对棉花主要病原真菌的拮抗作用及其最佳液体发酵条件

研究了分离自棉花根际土壤的短短芽孢杆菌A57菌株对棉花立枯病菌、枯萎病菌和黄萎病菌的拮抗作用,在PDA平板上对峙培养,平均抑制率分别是33.5%、39.5%、29.5%。通过显微镜观察,发现拮抗细菌的主要拮抗机理是通过产生拮抗物质能够造成病原真菌菌丝体断裂、扭曲、畸形,抑制分生孢子的萌发,造成孢子畸形。以枯萎病菌为指示菌,研究了该菌株表现最佳拮抗活性时的菌液发酵条件,结果表明,A57适宜培养基为LB培养基,pH8,好气条件下抑菌活性最好。用硫酸铵沉淀法提取A57菌株的粗提蛋白,对供试的病原菌仍具有较高的拮抗活性,70%浓度时其拮抗活性最大,A57粗提蛋白对枯萎病原菌的最大抑制率为23.7%,同时该菌经硫酸铵沉淀后获得的粗体蛋白的上清液对病原指示菌仍具有一定的拮抗活性,说明A57拮抗细菌起拮抗作用的不仅有大分子蛋白类物质还有小分子拮抗物质。     

极长链霉菌SL01菌株抑菌活性物质的发酵条件优化和稳定性研究

为了获得极长链霉菌Streptomyces longissimus SL01菌株发酵的最佳培养基配方和发酵条件,采用单因素和正交试验法对SL01菌株的发酵液配方进行了优化,采用离体枝条和果实病斑抑制试验检测了其配方优化效果,并测定了SL01抑菌活性物质对温度、酸碱度和紫外光照射的稳定性。最终获得最佳发酵液的配方（质量分数）为:小米粉2%、酵母粉1%和MgSO4·7H2O 0.15%。以在28℃、初始pH 7.0、接种量2%、装液量50 mL/250 mL和转速180 r/min的条件下培养7 d得到的发酵液抑菌活性最强。采用优化的培养基配方发酵所得的SL01发酵液对苹果枝条和果实上的苹果树腐烂病的防效,分别比对照提高了39.86%和10.15%。所得发酵液在低于40℃、pH在6~10或紫外光照射12 h时,抑菌活性仍较为稳定。研究表明,通过培养基优化,可以显著提高SL01发酵产物的抑菌活性。     

葡萄霜霉病菌拮抗放线菌PY-1发酵条件优化

为探讨暗黑链霉菌Streptomyces atratus PY-1液体摇瓶发酵条件,提高其活性次级代谢产物的产量,以菌体生物量和发酵液抑制葡萄霜霉病菌Plasmopara viticola活性为指标,采用单因子试验和正交试验对菌株PY-1的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株PY-1最适发酵培养基为玉米粉50 g/L、葡萄糖5 g/L、蛋白胨5 g/L、氯化铵5 g/L、氯化钠 0.5 g/L;最佳发酵培养条件为培养温度28 ℃、培养时间5 d、初始pH 7.0、250 mL三角瓶装液量90 mL、接种量体积分数5%、摇床转速180 r/min。在最佳发酵培养基和培养条件下,菌株PY-1发酵液抑菌率达到99.26%,抑菌能力提高8.35%。     

地黄根圈土壤拮抗放线菌筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

为研究中药地黄根圈土壤拮抗性放线菌在植物病害生物防治中的应用潜力,用常规方法从地黄根圈土壤中分离获得42株放线菌。采用琼脂块法进行初筛,用纸片扩散法和生长速率法对抑菌效果最好的菌株DHR11进行抑菌活性复筛,通过形态、培养特征及16S rDNA序列分析研究其分类地位,并采用正交设计对从6种培养基中筛选的最佳培养基进行优化。结果表明:4株放线菌对供试植物病原真菌有较好的拮抗作用,其中菌株DHR11对苹果炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeospori-oides的抑菌活性最高,抑菌圈直径达30mm,抑菌率达52.5%;菌株DHR11发酵9天时抑菌活性最高;最优培养基组成为:蔗糖15 g、可溶性淀粉25 g、大豆粉10 g、酵母膏7.5 g、K2HPO40.5 g、自来水1000 mL;最佳发酵条件为:培养基初始pH7.5,接种量15%(v/v),摇床转数220 r/min,装瓶量80mL/250 mL,28℃发酵9天。根据形态、培养特征及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定DHR11为加利利链霉菌Streptomyces galilaeus。     

利迪链霉菌E12发酵液及其粗提物的抑菌活性初探

利迪链霉菌E12的发酵液对多种植物病原真菌具有较强的抑制活性。采用琼脂稀释法考察了淀粉和葡萄糖对利迪链霉菌发酵液抑菌活性的影响;采用大孔树脂吸附层析和浓缩沉淀提取发酵液中的抑菌活性物质;利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDS-PAGE)与含β-1,3-葡聚糖的琼脂糖凝胶直接反应测定粗提物的分子质量及β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性并采用琼脂扩散法测定其抑菌活性。结果表明:当以淀粉作为惟一碳源时发酵液的抑菌率为89.2%,当以葡萄糖作为惟一碳源时发酵液无抑菌活性;在SDS-PAGE上仅出现1条大小为3 kDa左右的条带,且该条带具有抑菌活性,与其位置对应的琼脂糖凝胶上出现透明带。以上结果表明,利迪链霉菌E12可能产生一种具有β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的抑菌活性物质。     

两株对辣椒疫霉菌有拮抗作用的拮抗菌分泌蛋白的研究

用平板对峙生长法筛选到两株对辣椒疫霉菌具有较强拮抗作用的细菌,经鉴定为芽孢杆菌属。测定了无菌滤液的抑菌活性及两菌产生拮抗物的热稳定性。用硫酸铵沉淀法提取到对辣椒疫霉菌有拮抗作用的抗菌蛋白。发酵条件的研究表明,用Ｇ培养基、ｐＨ７、培养３２小时,ＸＡ１、ＸＦ１能产生具有较强拮抗作用的拮抗物。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.