棉花种子油分及油量的目标育种

纤维是棉花的第一产物 ,其次是种子 ,且其经济价值不菲 ,一般占子棉总产量的 2 / 3以上 ,全世界每年的棉子产量高达 380 0万～ 40 0 0万吨。在四个栽培种中 ,陆地棉的种子较海岛棉、草棉和亚洲棉的个大。棉花被栽培以来 ,其被研究和利用的产品主要是纤维 ,而具有极高经济价值和种子的含油成分和含油量却一直未被重视。其实 ,棉花种子的含油成分及含油量的用途很多 ,但至今 ,世界主产棉国家中 ,研究工作只限于种子的含油率以及环境对含油成分的影响 ,而将种子高含油量进行特定的目标育种工作迄今未见开展。一个有趣的现象是 ,目前世界上被广…     

棉花种子发育过程中脂肪及脂肪酸积累模式研究

通过对徐州142及其无绒无絮突变体不同发育时期棉子脂肪和脂肪酸组成含量的测定,分析棉子发育过程中脂肪及脂肪酸组成的积累模式。发现2个材料的棉子从开花后20 d到成熟这一阶段脂肪积累呈上升趋势,其中成熟种子含油量达到最高,且无绒无絮突变体材料各时期棉子脂肪含量都高于野生型。2个材料棉子发育过程中先后有8种脂肪酸成分出现,其中成熟棉子中油酸(C18:1)与亚油酸(C18:2)含量占脂肪酸总含量的72%左右,是棉子脂肪酸的重要组分。对棉子发育过程中各脂肪酸组成含量做相关分析发现徐州142中C18:1与C18:2呈一定正相关但不显著,而突变体材料中则呈极显著正相关。棉花的溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶基因(Gh LPAAT1和Gh LPAAT2)在不同发育时期棉子中的表达水平与棉子脂肪积累趋势基本一致,推测其参与了棉子脂肪的积累。     

棉仁高油分材料筛选及其脂肪酸发育分析

对2个主要栽培棉种共61个棉花材料的棉仁油分含量测定表明,棉花种间的棉仁油分含量差异较大。陆地棉和海岛棉材料的平均棉仁油分含量分别为30.42%和37.25%。陆地棉材料中棉仁油分含量变幅较大,从25.27%到35.42%;海岛棉材料的棉仁油分含量相对一致。分别以海岛棉‘Pima90-53’和陆地棉‘徐州142’、‘T586’为材料,考察了棉子发育过程中,油分含量及成分的发育变化进程。研究发现,棉仁油分含量在开花后20d时已达到棉仁干重的25%左右,棉子完全成熟时油分相对含量达到最高。气相色谱分析表明,棉仁脂肪酸主要包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸等,其中亚油酸的含量可达50%以上。随着棉子的发育,棉仁亚油酸含量逐渐减少,而棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量逐渐增加。棉花种间和种内材料的棉仁油分含量差异较大,说明对棉花材料的棉仁油分含量进行遗传改良具有较大的潜力。     

中国棉花主栽品种棉子营养品质及播种品质研究

为了明确中国棉花主栽品种营养品质及播种品质的状况,揭示中国当前的棉花育种现状,为合理利用棉副产品及棉花特定目标育种提供参考。对当前中国三大主产棉区的142份棉花主栽品种棉子的营养品质性状(蛋白质、油分含量)、播种品质性状(发芽率)及3个物理性状(子指、仁指和仁子比)进行检测分析。结果表明:当前主栽棉花品种的营养品质非常接近,油分含量集中于27.1%~33.0%,棉子的蛋白质含量集中区域为41.0%~45.0%,高油和高蛋白含量的棉花品种较少;蛋白质和油分总量变异较小,且两者呈高度负相关关系。棉种播种质量的4个必检项水分、净度、发芽率及纯度的平均值分别9.6%、100.0%、87.8%和97.1%,在连续3年的监督抽查中水分和净度的合格率均为100%,不合格项主要出现在纯度及发芽率上。研究结果较真实地反映了棉籽营养品质性状与播种品质的现状,适时开展棉花多目标育种十分必要,但对油分与蛋白质含量进行同步改良的难度较大。     

谈谈高油玉米

1 高油玉米的特点 与普通玉米相比，高油玉米有以下特点： 1．1 高油玉米的子粒含油量高。普通玉米的含油量为4％～5％，我国正在推广的高油玉米含油量都在7％～9％之间。而目前正在试验示范的一些高油玉米杂交种，如高油115、高油298，含油量更高达10％左右。我国玉米……     

RNA干涉技术与棉花高油育种

 棉子脂肪酸既是重要的食用油,又是重要的工业原料。但是关于棉子遗传改良的研究报道甚少。研究表明,PEPcase和ACCase的相对活性决定种子的蛋白质与油脂的含量,应用RNAi技术抑制PEPcase催化活性,可以提高脂肪酸总量。本文概述了棉花油分与RNAi技术的研究现状,并阐述了应用RNAi技术改良棉花高油分育种的技术路线。     

高油玉米及其栽培要点

高油玉米是一种籽粒含油量比普通玉米高50%以上的高附加值玉米类型,其突出特点是籽粒含油量高.普通玉米的含油量通常为4%～5%,而高油玉米的籽粒含油量却高达8%以上,使玉米从单纯的粮食或饲料作物变成了油粮或油饲兼用作物,大大提高了种植玉米的经济效益.     

棉花种子处理技术

棉花一播全苗是整个棉花生产过程中的重要环节,是获得棉花高产的基础。用质量高、高活力种子播种十分必要。根据实际需要,播前用物理、化学、生物等不同方法进行棉子预处理,则能收到很好的效果,随着科学研究的深入发展和植棉经验的不断丰富,棉花种子播前处理方法日益增多。本文主要就近年来国内外棉子处理方法的试验应用情况作一综述和评价,旨在为我国的棉花生产提供参考和借鉴。     

高油玉米漫谈

一、发展高油玉米的意义所谓高油玉米,顾名思义,就是油分高。普通玉米的含油量只有4％左右,而目前美国和中国所育成的高油玉米杂交种的含油量已达到7～8％,正在进行遗传改进的高油玉米群体的含油量最多的超过20％。     

利用RIL群体和自然群体检测与花生含油量相关的SSR标记

以远杂9102×中花5号杂交后代衍生的重组近交系F₈代家系为材料，在含油量测试的基础上，选用10份低油材料(平均含油量52.91%)、12份高油材料(平均含油量58.85%)以及亲本进行SSR引物筛选，通过631对SSR引物扩增，筛选出来源于7对引物的13个有显著差异的片段可以有效区分低油材料和高油材料。以这7对差异引物在F₈ RIL群体中扩增，对20份低油家系材料(含油量<55%)和45份高油家系材料(含油量>56%)进行统计分析，获得1个与花生含油量相关的分子标记2A5-250/240，其中，标记2A5-250为低油材料(含油量<55%)所拥有，相符率为95.0%，标记2A5-240为高油材料(含油量>56%)所拥有，相符率为88.9%。用SSR标记2A5-250/240检测11份高油(平均含油量为55.93%)栽培种花生和11份低油(平均含油量为48.41%)栽培种花生，结果表明，标记2A5-240与高油栽培种花生的符合率为63.6%，2A5-250与低油栽培种花生的符合率为90.9%。在19份高油(平均含油量为58.60%)野生花生中，10份野生花生能检测到标记2A5-240。综合分析RIL群体和自然群体的研究结果表明，标记2A5-250/240可用于花生含油量分子标记辅助选择。     

Correlation Analysis of Seed Kernel Oil Content and Major Economic Traits in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

One of the new directions in cotton breeding is to develop varieties with high oil content. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between the oil content of cottonseed kernels and other selected major economic traits of cotton. We used the DPS V3.01 data processing system to calculate linear correlation coefficients using experimental data for cottonseed oil content and other agronomic characteristics obtained from 108 cotton lines. There were no significant correlations between oil content and lint yield, boll numbers per plant, boll weight, and lint percentage. There were significant positive correlations between oil content and fiber uniformity, and oil content and elongation. The positive correlation between oil content and the fiber upper half mean length was not statistically significant. There were no significant correlations between oil content and fiber strength or fiber fineness. Oil content was weakly negatively correlated with Fusarium wilt resistance, but showed no correlation with Verticillium wilt resistance. The results of this study indicated that improvement of the oil content of cottonseed kernels will not affect lint production, and only weakly affect disease resistance. The results further indicated that such improvement may improve the fiber quality to some extent. Cottonseed kernel protein content and oil content were significantly negatively correlated. The findings indicated that it will be feasible to produce new varieties with high oil contents combined with good disease resistance, high lint yield, and better fiber quality. However, it will be very difficult to breed new varieties with both high oil and high protein content.     

半野生棉棉仁含油量与SSR标记的关联分析

为探究半野生棉群体材料的遗传变异和群体结构,挖掘与含油量相关的标记位点,利用215对SSR引物,对89份半野生棉自然群体进行遗传多样性、群体结构和亲缘关系分析,并进行棉仁含油量性状与标记的关联分析。结果表明,位点多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0222~0.7390,平均为0.3452;基因型多样性(H′)介于0.0616~1.4412,平均为0.5614。群体结构分析将89份材料分为2个亚群,群体结构简单,遗传变异比较丰富,可以用于半野生棉目标性状的关联分析。应用关联分析,在3个年份环境下重复检测出12个与棉仁含油量显著相关的位点(P0.05),这12个位点可能与含油量性状存在稳定的关联,可为棉仁含油量性状的分子标记辅助选择提供依据,为开展半野生棉其它性状的关联分析提供参考。阔叶棉141平均棉仁含油量为41.90%,为高油份含量品种的遗传改良提供理想材料。     

花生油掺伪棉籽油的检验鉴别

采用碱式甲酯化方法制备脂肪酸甲酯,用气相色谱方法分析、测定纯花生油、纯棉籽油和不同浓度模拟掺伪花生油的脂肪酸组成与含量。结果表明,不同浓度的棉籽油掺入纯花生油后,原有脂肪酸组分随掺入油种脂肪酸的含量而发生变化,以山嵛酸甲酯含量的变化趋势,能较准确地测定掺伪棉籽油的量。     

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Foliar Application of Plant Growth Retardants and Zinc on Cottonseed, Protein and Oil Yields and Oil Properties of Cotton

Field experiments were conducted in two successive seasons at the Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt (on a clay loam soil), to determine the effects of N fertilization (added at rates of 107 and 161 kg N ha^–1) and foliar application of plant growth retardants (Pix, Cycocel and Alar; each applied once at 300 p.p.m., 75 days after planting) and zinc (applied at 0.0 and 50 p.p.m., two times, 80 and 95 days after planting) on cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of the Egyptian cotton cultivar Giza 75. The higher N rate, as well as the application of all growth retardants and zinc, resulted in an increase in cottonseed yield ha^–1, seed index, seed protein content, oil and protein yields ha^–1, seed oil refractive index, unsaponifiable matter and total unsaturated fatty acid content (oleic and linoleic). However, those treatments decreased the oil acid value, saponification value, and total saturated fatty acid content. The seed oil content tended to decrease when the high N rate was applied, but tended to increase with the application of all growth retardants and zinc. There were some differences between Pix, Cycocel and Alar regarding their effects on the studied characters. The highest increase in seed yield ha^–1, seed index, and oil and protein yields ha^–1 was found with Pix, followed by Cycocel. The Cycocel treatment gave the lowest total saturated fatty acid oil content, followed by Alar.     

云南热带油料植物琴叶风吹楠种仁含油率的变异分析

对西双版纳采集并且经过风干处理的琴叶风吹楠种子测量其出仁率,并采用索氏提取法对琴叶风吹楠种仁油脂的提取。结果表明:34株琴叶风吹楠的种仁率为78.23%~86.75%,平均为84.36%;含油率为52.48%~71.09%,平均62.97%,属于高含油量种子,各单株间的种仁含油率达到极显著差异,有望从中选出种仁含油率高的单株,为该树种的保护与利用提供依据。     

Selection for Oil Content in East Indian Lemongrass

The response of oil content to phenotypic selection was studied in a population of lemongrass raised from seeds of a clonally propagated variety SD-68. During November-December 1982, 400 plants were evaluated for oil content. Five per cent of the evaluated plants were selected for high and low oil content and were separately intermated in isolated polycross (PC) blocks in November 1983-February 1984. The populations derived from high and low oil PC blocks were evaluated, along with the unselected parental population and OD-19, a variety used as a local check, in a randomized complete block design, during October 1984, January and May 1985 for leaf yield, oil content and citral content in oil. The high oil PC population had a significantly higher oil content than the unselected parental population and the local check OD-19, during all the three seasons. The low oil PC population had a significantly lower oil content than the unselected parental population in January and May 1985. Over seasons, the high oil PC population had 0.15 per cent higher oil content than the unselected parent population. Realized heritabilities for high and low oil content were 0.52 and 0.50, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the different populations for leaf yield in all the three seasons and for citral content in October 1984. In January and May 1985, the differences in citral content were not related to the differences in oil content.     

棉子油分近红外光谱测定技术研究

以近红外光谱分析技术无损、快速和高效等优点,建立棉籽油分含量的近红外分析模型,进行棉籽油分快速大批测定,提高分析水平和效率。218份陆地棉的脱绒光籽为定标样品,通过不同的光谱数学预处理和光谱反射方式,优化棉子含油量近红外光谱法所建立的回归方程。结果表明,采用(2,4,4,1)光谱数学预处理和散射校正(SNV)得到的回归方程效果最好,回归决定系数(RSQ=0.9773)和验证决定系数(1-VR=0.9646)最高,回归标准误差(SEC=0.6977)和交互验证标准误差(SECV=0.8714)最小。对30份验证样品的化学测定值和近红外光谱预测值相关系数高达0.9882,平均偏差0.65%,回归标方程具有很好的预测效果,可以在实践中应用。长江流域棉花杂交种棉子含油量平均值为28.05%,含油量在26.50%~30.05%区间的品种居多,具有很大的改良潜力。     

我国主栽棉花品种的棉籽油资源评价与分析

【目的】探讨不同地区、不同棉花品种棉籽油脂肪酸含量与组成的差异。【方法】以收集于我国棉花主产区的82份棉花品种的棉籽为试验材料,采用索氏法提取种子中粗脂肪,并利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸组成和含量,最后通过聚类分析等分析脂肪酸组成与棉花品种和产地之间的内在联系。【结果】棉籽仁脂肪总含量在188.4~302.8 mg·g~(-1),平均为249.52 mg·g~(-1)。棉籽仁中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(104.88~180.68 mg·g~(-1))、棕榈酸(41.53~69.77 mg·g~(-1))、油酸(28.29~48.86 mg·g~(-1))和硬脂酸(3.56~6.8 mg·g~(-1));各品种脂肪酸含量具有差异。聚类分析表明,棉籽脂肪酸总含量和脂肪酸组成与产地具有相关性。【结论】本研究筛选得到棉籽脂肪酸总含量以及油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸高的材料,明确了82份种质资源的棉籽油分特征、特性和利用价值。