基于改进坐标注意力和U-Net神经网络的淡水养殖区提取

针对淡水养殖区空间分布零碎以及样本数量不均衡等因素造成淡水养殖区提取不准确的问题,该研究提出了一种基于U-Net（U-shaped Network）的改进模型,制作了Landsat淡水养殖区动态监测的数据集,增加高、低维特征融合的坐标注意力机制提高模型的提取精度,构建多尺度特征学习更多位置信息,引入focal tversky loss损失函数提升零碎养殖区的识别率,实现1985—2021年研究区淡水养殖区的精确提取,分析近36 a年研究区淡水养殖区时空变化情况。结果表明：1）2021年淡水养殖区提取效果良好,改进后的模型总体分类精度为0.947,准确率为0.926、召回率0.966、F1分数0.946,均交并比0.899、Kappa系数为0.894,与其他模型相比,总体分类精度、Kappa系数大幅提升。2）1985—2021年,研究区淡水养殖区大致经历起步扩张、急速扩张、轻微萎缩3个阶段：1985—2000年研究区淡水养殖面积持续增加,总面积由1985年0.48 km²增长至2000年36.92 km²,年度增加量大于1 km²且小于5 km²;2000—2017年淡水养殖区面积急速增加至234.47 km²,年度增加量大于5 km²;2021养殖区面积209.58 km²,2017—2021年养殖区面积减少了24.89 km²,转出的淡水养殖区多为建设用地所取代。综上,改进的模型具有较高的识别精度,该研究可以为淡水养殖区的提取提供参考,为水产养殖业的科学化管理提供信息依据。     

Genesis and characterization of manganiferous soils in the Eastern Piedmont, USA

Manganese is normally a trace element in soils, but it is important due to its effects on soil chemistry and morphology. There are rare, Mn-rich soils in the Eastern Piedmont of the USA that have not been previously studied. The morphology, mineralogy, and chemical and physical properties of these manganiferous soils were documented in order to better understand their pedogenesis. The soils were found to contain as much as 169 g kg⁻¹ Fe and 140 g kg⁻¹ Mn as oxides (dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extractable). These high levels of Mn oxides impart an extremely dark color to the soil material (moist Munsell value and chroma commonly < 2/1). Manganiferous soil materials have unusual physical properties such as high particle density (up to 3.25 × 10⁻⁶ Mg m⁻³ on bulk soil), low bulk density (as low as 0.39 × 10⁻⁶ Mg m⁻³), and extremely high porosity (maximum calculated 88%). X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared spectra show that the dominant Fe oxide and Mn oxide minerals in the soils are hematite and lithiophorite, respectively. Samples of the parent marble were dissolved in acid for Fe and Mn analysis and collection of non-carbonate residues (NCR). Based on the quantities of Fe and Mn in the bedrock, the mineralogy of the NCR, and micromorphological observations, it appears that the black, porous, Mn-rich material is derived directly from the dissolution of marble bedrock and accumulation of silicate residues plus Mn and Fe from within the rock. These soils, which appear to have a similar origin to Mn wad deposits, offer a unique opportunity for future studies of soil Mn due to the naturally high concentration of this metal.     

水稻土中铁还原与无机磷有效性的关系

采集我国吉林省吉林市(1号)、四川省邛崃市(2号)、江西省安福县(3号)及广东省雷州半岛(4号)等地区的四种典型水稻土,通过模拟厌氧培养试验,研究在厌氧还原条件下不同水稻土中Fe(II)产生量、有效性磷浓度及A l-P、Fe-P和O-P等无机磷形态变化情况。结果表明,淹水后四种水稻土中Fe(II)含量均有不同程度的增加,土壤有效磷浓度也呈现相同的变化趋势。淹水60天后在1、2、3、4号土壤中,Fe(II)的净增加量分别为5.5mg g-1,4.3mg g-1,2.1mg g-1和3.7mg g-1;有效磷的增加量分别为50 mg kg-1,18.6 mg kg-1,23 mg kg-1和12.4 mg kg-1。厌氧培养30天内土壤Fe(II)产生量与有效磷浓度的变化呈极显著的相关关系。在1、2、3、4号土壤中,Fe(II)与有效磷的相关系数依次为0.9679、0.9744、0.8949和0.7501。     

陕西省农业气象业务服务系统

介绍了陕西省农业气象业服务系统的总体设计，系统特点及各系统主要功能，该系统具有信息采集，信息集成管理，信息加工处理，信息集成服务等功能，是集农业气象，遥感，服务于一体的业务服务平台。     

土壤铁氧化物与腐殖质的交叉染色效应研究

土壤颜色是土壤分类、气候重建和环境遥感的重要指标。铁氧化物和腐殖质是土壤的两大致色组分,主导了土壤可见光波段的光谱响应特征。基于土壤中铁氧化物和腐殖质交叉致色效应不明确的问题,以高岭石(Kao)为基底,选取典型铁氧化物赤铁矿(Hm)和针铁矿(Gt)以及典型腐殖酸胡敏酸(Ha)和富里酸(Fa),基于高分辨率漫反射光谱方法(DRS),系统探讨了不同含量单一致色组分的光谱特征、颜色指数及其二元交叉干扰效应。结果表明,就单一组分的致色效应而言,红色Hm强于黄色Gt,黑色Ha强于棕色Fa;腐殖质加入对铁氧化物致色有明显影响,通常会使可见光波段平均反射率、明度(V)和彩度(C)降低,色调(H)偏黄,但Hm抗干扰能力大于Gt。Lab颜色系统的a^*、b^*以及DRS的红度(Red%)与黄度(Yellow%)对Hm和Gt含量变化敏感,可作为土壤铁氧化物定量反演的指标,但Ha的加入可导致Hm和Gt估值偏低,Fa对估值的影响较小,干扰形式与Hm和Gt的含量范围有关。基于此,本文给出不同腐殖酸含量条件下土壤Hm和Gt的估算公式,为理解土壤的颜色变化及铁氧化物定量提供重...     

京津走廊麦田蒸散及其与地下水位变化关系研究

利用区域遥感模型rGIS-ET分析1992年4月至2001年4月京津走廊麦田蒸散及其与地下水位变化结果表明,同一县内麦田蒸散量空间变异明显,10年来麦田耗水呈减少趋势,但由于补给滞缓性等原因地下水位持续下降。且地下水位的季节变化和冬小麦用水密切相关,蒸散量的空间变化可间接反映地下水位采水变化。遥感技术可能为较准确估算小单位地下水用水量提供依据。     

Characterization of iron oxides in Fe-rich concretions from an imperfectly-drained Greek soil: a study by selective-dissolution techniques and X-ray diffraction

Fe-rich concretions commonly occur in Greek soils with alternating drying and waterlogging periods. This study was conducted to characterize the iron oxides in Fe-rich concretions from the upper solum of an Alfisol with seasonal perched water table by the combination of selective dissolution and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results showed that more than 75% of the total iron (Fet) was associated with the crystalline and the amorphous Fe oxides, indicating a strong accumulation of free iron oxides (Fed) in concretions. Amorphous iron compounds (Feo) was present at high concentrations and fluctuated with profile depth. The active Fe ratio (Feo/Fed) values that ranged from 0.35 to 0.41 reflected an association of poorly crystalline goethite with some ferrihydrite. The XRD data showed that the Fe-rich concretions consisted of quartz, feldspars, illite and gypsum. The mineralogy of iron oxides in concretions was determined by comparison of XRD patterns for dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) treated (deferrated) and untreated (non-deferrated) samples. Poorly crystalline goethite as demonstrated by broad lines in the diffraction patterns and ferrihydrite were the iron oxides detected in the concretions. This mineral assemblage appears to be related to the pedoenvironmental conditions in which the concretions were formed and indicates that the mechanisms governing the formation of crystalline Fe oxides from ferrihydrite are retarded by the presence of crystallization inhibitors.     

Ensemble models of habitat suitability relate chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) conservation to forest and landscape dynamics in Western Africa

Pan troglodytes verus is considered one of the most endangered primates in the world due to habitat loss or degradation, and it is considered extinct in several regions of West-Africa. This study aims at developing a model that predicts habitat suitability for chimpanzee under different land cover scenarios and supports a multi-temporal analysis of the recent habitat evolution in southern Guinea-Bissau. The model, built using a maximum entropy framework, is spatially explicit, uses eco-geographic variables derived from landscape compositional, structural and functional attributes, and is based on nest location data collected in the field. The results show that the developed model has good levels of reliability and the map produced through its application reveals a current extension of 752 km² of adequate habitat in a 2723 km² study area. Forest related EGVs (ecogeographical variables) had the higher importance for the model production. Habitat suitability maps produced for three dates in the last three decades show that there has been a marked decrease in habitat extension and in connectivity to neighbouring regions. We analyse the implications of these results in possible strategies for the conservation of chimpanzees in Guinea-Bissau.     

Soil and sediment properties affecting the accumulation of mercury in a flood control reservoir

Mercury accumulations in some fish species from Grenada Lake in north Mississippi exceed the Food and Drug Administration standards for human consumption. This large flood control reservoir serves as a sink for the Skuna and Yalobusha River watersheds whose highly erodible soils contribute to excessively high sediment yields and impaired water quality. This study was conducted to characterize the distribution of total Hg in watershed soils and determine the relationship between the easily transportable clay, organic C (OC), and Fe oxide fractions and the movement of Hg from upland sources to reservoir sinks. Cores were collected from soils, of different land-use, representative of the three soil orders (Alfisols, Entisols, and Vertisols) found in the watersheds. Sediment cores were collected from the Yalobusha River and Grenada Lake. In the laboratory, soil cores were sampled by horizon while sediment cores were sampled in 10 cm increments. These samples were characterized for total Hg, particle size distribution, OC, Fe oxide contents, and pH. Mercury concentrations ranged from 10 to 112 µg kg^− 1 in the soil profiles, with average regression coefficient (r²) values of 0.104, 0.362, and 0.06 for Hg versus clay, OC, and Fe oxides, respectively. River sediment cores had Hg concentrations ranging from 0 to 38 µg kg^− 1, and significant (1% level) r² values of 0.611, 0.447, and 0.632 versus clay, OC, and Fe oxides, respectively. Mercury concentrations in the lake sediment ranged from 0 to 125 µg kg^− 1. The r² values for Hg versus clay, OC, and Fe oxides in the lake sediment were 0.813, 0.499, and 0.805, respectively, all significant at the 1% level. These results indicate that total Hg is poorly correlated with the clay, OC, and Fe oxide fractions at depth in the soil profiles because maximum Hg concentrations occur in the surface horizons due to atmospheric in-fall. The statistically significant r² values for Hg versus these components in the sediment cores are the result of particulate clay, Fe oxides, and finely divided OC sorption of Hg from solution during the runoff and sediment transport process. The higher correlations for the lake sediment reflect an enrichment of the Hg-laden clay fraction relative to stream sediment through flocculation and sedimentation processes in the slack-water environment of the reservoir.     

厌氧条件下水稻土中铁硫循环与光照的关系

采用恒温厌氧培养试验研究了黑暗、光照、黑暗转光照和光照转黑暗条件下水稻土中硫酸盐还原和铁的氧化还原.结果表明光照是调控土壤铁、硫生物化学转化的一个关键环境因素,光照对铁、硫还原的抑制作用体现在5d后.黑暗培养30 d土壤游离铁的70.07％可被还原;光照培养时35.60 μmol g-1Fe(Ⅲ)先被还原后被氧化,30 d后仍有32.70％的游离铁被还原,转黑暗后被氧化的铁可再次被还原.黑暗时土壤中99.50％的水溶性硫酸盐(WSS)在可5d内被还原,光照培养30 d有42.73％的WSS被还原.水溶性无机碳(WSIC)与体系中Fe(Ⅱ)和WSS之间存在显著相关关系.无光照转换时水溶性有机碳(WSOC)与Fe(Ⅱ)和WSS的转化速率存在显著正相关关系;黑暗条件下WSOC＞ 7.89 μmol g-1时,体系中Fe(Ⅲ)和WSS还原;光照条件下WSOC＞ 8.27 μmol g-1时体系中Fe(Ⅲ)还原,WSOC＞8.40μmol g-1时WSS还原.     

我国土壤水分遥感监测中热惯量模式的研究现状与进展

简要介绍了土壤水分热红外遥感监测的热惯量模主国外在这一方面所取得的主要成果,阐述了我国利用热惯量模式监测土壤水分的应用性试验的现状,以及在模式研究方面所取得的进展。     

水耕人为土时间序列铁氧化物与磁化率演变特征

以我国亚热带地区不同母质起源的水耕人为土时间序列为研究对象,分析不同形态铁氧化物和磁化率随成土时间的动态演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明,石灰性母质起源的水耕人为土0~120 cm土体中全铁(Fet)、游离铁(Fed)和游离度(Fed/Fet)随时间序列演变均逐渐增加,0~50 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet增加速率分别为3.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、1.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.04%a~(-1),50~1 000 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet增加速率分别为0.1 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、0.15 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.01%a~(-1);而酸性母质起源的水耕人为土0~120 cm土体中Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet随时间序列演变均逐渐下降,0~60 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet下降速率分别为0.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、0.5 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.03%a~(-1),60~300 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet下降速率分别为0.9 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、1.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.06%a~(-1)。土壤pH、Eh、以及外源铁输入与土体内铁淋失的相对强度是控制不同母质水耕人为土中铁氧化物转化速率与途径的主要因素。石灰性母质起源的水耕人为土中不同磁学指标随时间演变分为三个阶段:0~50 a内表现为质量磁化率(MS)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和软剩磁(IRMs)的急剧降低;50~300 a内表现为MS、SIRM和IRMs的持续、缓慢降低以及硬剩磁(IRMh)的相对稳定发展;300~1 000 a内表现为MS、SIRM和IRMs的持续、缓慢降低以及IRMh的快速下降。酸性母质起源的水耕人为土0~20 cm和20~120 cm土壤中磁学指标演变呈现截然不同的两个阶段:0~60 a 0~20 cm内MS,SIRM和IRMs的急剧降低,IRMh具有明显增加;而20~120 cm内MS、SIRM和IRMs缓慢下降,IRMh明显降低。60~300 a 0~20 cm内不同磁学指标变化幅度均很小,而20~120 cm内IRMh相对比较稳定,MS、SIRM和IRMs在种稻150 a后快速下降。淹水还原条件下亚铁磁性矿物的破坏是不同母质水耕人为土演变过程中磁性衰减的主要机制。     

Urban forest in Jinan City: Distribution,classification and ecological significance

Urban forest mainly refers to urban green space and suburban forest. Urban forest is quite significant in reducing negative effects of civilization and preserving the ecological balance of city ecological system. This paper applied remote sensing method in the study of urban forest in Jinan City. Results show that there are various kinds of greenbelts in Jinan City, including public greenbelt, residential greenbelt, greenbelt attached to branches, protective greenbelt in production, landscape forest and road greenbelt. The urban greenbelt area is limited, the layout is irrational, and development of the scenery forest is slow.     

Spatial and spectral analysis of soil surface properties for an archaeological area in Aksum,Ethiopia, applying high and medium resolution data

The primary aim of this paper is to determine the spatial distribution of soil surface properties using high and medium resolution imagery data. Identification of these properties is important for determining environmental conditions resulting from anthropogenic influences, and for identifying land degradation processes within the study area which is an archaeologically important region situated to the north of Aksum (northern Ethiopia). Site specific field data were used to identify and verify the spatial distribution of soil surface properties such as soil colour, texture, and organic matter content obtained with IKONOS and ASTER images. As a result, distribution maps present the preliminary associations between land cover and soil characteristics as well as the location of archaeological sites. For all Aksumite cultural phases, the general pattern of ancient settlement remained the same and is similar to that of today: residential structures were built on well drained, high relief terrain.     

水稻土中铁氧化还原循环的光照水分效应

水稻土中铁的氧化还原循环与CO2和CH4排放关系密切。采用恒温厌氧培养试验分别在黑暗、光照条件下研究了不同水分状况对水稻土中铁氧化还原过程、水溶性碳含量及CO2和CH4排放的影响。结果表明,水分和光照是调控土壤铁氧化还原过程及其耦合的碳转化过程的关键环境因子。避光时增加含水量缩短铁还原最大速率出现的时间,促进CH4排放。光照条件下含水量小于50%时增加含水量可促进亚铁的再氧化,大于50%时则抑制了亚铁的再氧化。避光时增加含水量可增加体系的水溶性无机碳含量(WSIC),WSIC与CH4的排放存在显著正相关关系。光照可显著降低体系的WSIC,降低幅度随含水量的增加而增大。在含水量25%～200%范围内,光照可使CO2和CH4排放量分别降低95.80%和96.08%。     

NDMI与TCW在西藏低植被区土壤湿度监测中的比较

土壤湿度的遥感监测在农牧业生产中发挥着重要作用。基于Landsat TM影像,利用研究区不同深度的土壤湿度实测数据,对两种可以反映地表湿度的指标归一化差异湿度指数(Normalized Difference Moisture Index,NDMI)和缨帽变换的湿度分量(Tasseled Cap Wetness,TCW)在西藏低植被覆盖区土壤湿度的监测结果进行精度验证与对比分析。结果表明:在0~5 cm、10 cm和20 cm深度处,NDMI与土壤湿度实测值回归方程的回归系数分别为0.6181、0.6853、0.5764,TCW与土壤湿度实测值回归方程的回归系数分别为0.4586、0.5101、0.5628。此外,NDMI、TCW与实测值的变化趋势一致,但NDMI对土壤湿度变化更加敏感。通过对比NDMI与TCW反演结果的空间分布情况也表明,NDMI对土壤湿度的变化具有更好的区分能力,尤其是在高海拔的低植被覆盖区。该研究可为高原低植被覆盖区土壤湿度监测方法的选择与误差分析提供参考依据。     

铁氧化物对厌氧水稻土中乙酸的矿化、转化及其激发效应的影响

乙酸是甲烷产生过程的重要底物,其在水稻土中的矿化和转化过程对水稻土碳循环和固碳减排具有重要意义。在长期淹水的水稻土中,铁作为重要的变价金属元素,对乙酸的矿化和转化可能具有重要影响。因此,本研究向水稻土中添加13C-乙酸、水铁矿和针铁矿,动态监测厌氧培养（100 d）期间CO2和CH4排放规律和土壤环境因子的变化规律,同时分析乙酸的矿化和转化特征以及CO2和CH4的激发效应,并解析不同铁氧化物在其中的作用效应。结果表明,培养结束后,只添加乙酸的处理中33%和36%的乙酸分别矿化为CH4和CO2,另外0.12%、2%和28%的乙酸分别形成了可溶性有机碳（DOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）和土壤有机碳（SOC）。乙酸添加引起了CO2负激发效应和CH4正激发效应。土壤产生CO2和CH4比例因乙酸的添加由3.46:1变为1.83:1。针铁矿的添加显著增加了乙酸来源的CO2累积排放量,但水铁矿对乙酸来源的CO2累积排放量却无显著影响。水铁矿和针铁矿均显著降低了SOC来源的CO2累积排放量,加剧了乙酸引起的CO2负激发效应。水铁矿和针铁矿均显著降低了乙酸来源的CH4累积排放量,对SOC来源的CH4累积排放量无显著影响。水铁矿和针铁矿显著增加了乙酸转化为MBC和SOC的比例。因此,乙酸在土壤中的矿化和转化行为会影响土壤原有有机碳产生CO2和CH4;水铁矿和针铁矿结晶程度不同,对乙酸的矿化、转化及其激发效应的影响也不同。研究结果可为稻田的固碳减排提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

植稻年限对土壤铁锰氧化物的影响

以浙江不同耕作年限水田和旱地为研究对象,探讨了植稻年限对土壤铁锰氧化物的影响,并揭示了水稻土发育过程中铁锰氧化物的剖面运移规律和诊断意义。结果表明:①土壤剖面中,全Fe、游离Fe及全Mn的变异随着种稻时间的延长而增大。种植达到一定年限时,全Fe、全Mn以及游离Fe在土壤剖面下层出现淀积。在各种铁锰氧化物中,对水稻土最具诊断意义的是游离Fe和全Fe。②无定形Fe以及络合态Fe、Mn与有机质呈显著正相关。植稻年限对它们的影响是通过对有机质的影响达到的。     

基于遥感的广西甘蔗种植面积提取及长势监测

广西是我国最大的甘蔗种植和蔗糖产业基地,但长期受自然灾害影响甘蔗单产产量不高,及时获取其多年种植面积与长势的时空动态信息,可为区域甘蔗种植优化、灾害风险管理及蔗糖产业结构调整等提供重要科学支撑。首先,基于LANDSAT8OLI遥感影像的6-5-2优化波段组合,引入NDVI、DEM等辅助识别特征变量,采用随机森林分类法进行多时相连续解译,并借助Google Earth高清遥感影像比对修正,获得了高精度的2014—2018年广西甘蔗种植面积分布;其次,基于MODIS-NDVI数据,构建长势差值监测模型,实现了近5年广西甘蔗茎伸期长势动态监测。结果表明:1)本文解译方法效果良好,广西甘蔗种植面积的总体分类精度高于92%, Kappa系数均大于0.8,面积相对误差5年均值为-10.7%。2) 2014—2018年,广西甘蔗种植面积呈"前期急减,后期缓增"的变化趋势;主要种植区以崇左、南宁及来宾市为主,全区种植面积呈局部成片集聚、总体破碎分散的分布格局,并与研究区地形地貌、土壤类型、河流水系分布等下垫面环境要素密切相关。3)NDVI差值模型能清晰反映广西甘蔗茎伸期长势的年际和年内的时空变化特征,各年度内的甘蔗长势在好、正常、差等状态间交替转变频繁。上述成果可为揭示广西甘蔗对区域气候变化、旱涝交替及下垫面水土墒情动态的响应机制,开展区域甘蔗种植结构优化及其资源利用效率评估等奠定科学基础。     

基于土地监测调查的高分雷达正射纠正精度控制方法研究

为了控制高分雷达遥感数据正射纠正精度,选择满足要求的控制点采集方法,对图像采集和实地布设角反射器(CR)两种采集正射纠正控制点的方法进行对比分析,结果表明,传统图像采集控制点方法可以保证纠正精度整体控制在5个像素内,采用角反射器采集控制点的方法可以控制在半个像素左右。因此,在土地调查与监测中,以发现地物变化为主要目的,对地物绝对精度要求不高,可从参考影像采集控制点,否则需选择角反射器实测控制点。