沙柳沙障对沙丘沙粒度组成与特征的影响

为揭示沙柳沙障对沙丘沙粒度组成与特征的影响,以库布齐沙漠流动沙丘为对照,以设障2a、7 a沙丘为研究对象,通过野外取样与室内激光粒度仪测试相结合的方法,研究流动沙丘与设障沙丘不同部位表层(0 ～5 cm)与下层(5 ～ 10cm)粒度特征的变化规律.结果表明:1)库布齐沙漠沙以细沙和中沙为主,3类沙丘各层次间的黏粒体积分数无差异,其他粒径体积分数均表现为流沙与设障2 a沙丘差异不显著,均与设障7 a沙丘差异显著.2)3类沙丘各层次的粒度参数差异性变化一致,平均粒径Mz和偏度SK表现为设障7a沙丘＞流动沙丘＞设障2a沙丘,分选系数σ和峰态Kg则为设障7a沙丘＞设障2a沙丘＞流动沙丘;3类沙丘各层次的分选性随设障年限延长而变差,偏度由近对称变为呈正偏分布,峰态Kg值逐渐增大.3)3类沙丘各粒度参数在不同部位的变化不尽一致.除设障2a沙丘外,流动沙丘、设障7a沙丘表层各部位的Mz差异显著,下层则相反;3类沙丘表层与下层各部位的σ和SK差异显著;除设障7a沙丘外,各部位的Kg差异明显;随设障年限的增加,粒径变细,分选系数逐渐变差,偏度和峰态增大.     

策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带不同沙丘的沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境

[目的]通过对策勒绿洲—沙漠过渡带不同沙丘类型下风沙沉积物粒度、磁化率分布特征及环境敏感粒级组分进行分析,探讨不同沙丘类型下风沙沉积物相关参数及分布规律。[方法]基于绿洲—沙漠过渡带4种沙丘各部位粒度数据及磁化率数据,采用数理统计方法进行相关性分析。[结果]4种沙丘在不同地貌部位表层的沙物质粒级含量有所差别,回涡、灌丛、新月形及风影沙丘表面沙物质主要由极粗粉砂、极细砂、细砂组成,百分含量总和由小到大依次为96.71%,97.54%,98.48%,98.65%。4种不同沙丘表面沙物质分选性均为分选中度好。不同沙丘的峰态平均值介于0.93～1.02,属于中等峰态,从总体上分析4种沙丘的峰态值从迎风坡底到顶部逐渐增大,顶部到背风坡底部逐渐减小。新月形沙丘偏度值最小,偏度值介于-0.03～0.01,主要表现为对称,风影、回涡及灌丛沙丘偏度值介于-0.04～0.44,为对称和正偏。风影、灌丛及新月形沙丘表面沙物质平均粒径与偏度值呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),表明沙粒平均粒径愈粗愈趋向正偏。风影、回涡及新月形沙丘表面沙物质偏度与峰态呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),沙物质分选性愈差,就...     

青海湖防沙治沙区土壤微生物特征初步研究

选择了青海湖防沙治沙措施区,通过野外调查、采样和室内实验分析,对该措施区及流动沙区的土壤微生物数量及垂直分布特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)微生物总数量为沙岛半固定沙丘> 克土丘间地> 克土灌丛> 沙岛灌丛> 湖东种羊场草方格区> 流动沙丘> 克土沙棘草方格> 克土青杨草方格> 示范区近年设置的草方格区。(2)早期治理区,植被覆盖较高,微生物数量垂直分布表现为上层的高于下层,微生物含量也较其他点高。(3)流动沙丘及草方格治理的沙丘,微生物数量非常少,而且下层的稍高于上层,这是因为流动沙丘下层土壤水分状况较好。     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同地貌部位生物结皮的选择性分布

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定和半固定沙漠，其间广泛发育着以地衣植物为主的生物结皮，是除种子植物以外的固定沙面的重要生物因子。研究表明，生物结皮的分布对地貌部位有较强的选择性，生物结皮的不同发育阶段种类组成亦有较大的差别。沙垄顶部为流动或半流动沙丘，主要以微生物种类分布为主。沿沙垄顶部向两侧坡间延伸，开始出现发育较弱的藻结皮，脆而极易破损。从坡上部至坡中部出现发育充分的藻结皮，具有一定的抗机械能力，并在局部微地形凸起部位有地衣植物出现。沿坡中部至坡下缘部，逐渐开始发育有良好的地衣结皮。同时，在蛇麻黄等低矮灌木群落下已经发育有苔藓结皮。丘间低地是生物结皮最为丰富的部位，苔藓植物除分布于低矮灌丛下外，还在灌丛间形成面积不等的纯群，与发育良好的地衣结皮镶嵌分布。     

Wind deposition of mud aggregates and their role in development of lamellae in the Fair Oaks Dunes,Indiana

Three parabolic dunes from the Fair Oaks Dune field in northern Indiana were excavated, in order to study the properties and genesis of lamellae. Reddish lamellae with sharp upper boundaries and diffuse lower boundaries are intercalated with yellowish sand layers within the upper 3–5 m of each dune. The thicknesses of the lamellae decrease from > 2 cm in the east (Winamac dune) to < 0.3 cm in the west (Shelby dune). In deeper parts of the dunes lamellae were absent, but straight or slightly convex, clay rich depositional laminae were present. Thin sections of lamellae reveal that most of the clays are depositional with a lesser clay amount resulting from in situ weathering of feldspar grains. Clays were deposited as sand-size mud (silt/clay) aggregates that winds removed from glacio-fluvial valleys. Lithic fragments, primarily mud aggregates and carbonates, are much more abundant in unweathered depositional laminae than in weathered lamellae. Weathering and depletion of exchangeable Ca⁺ and Mg⁺ led to breakdown of mud aggregates and clay dispersion from clay rich sand laminae through clay-poor sand laminae. The reddish color of lamellae results from oxidation of mafic grains. Sand-size mud aggregates were lighter than quartz or feldspar grains and were carried further downwind and, as a result, the clay in the dunes, and the thickness of the lamellae, increases to the east. At 5.6 m depth in the Winamac dune we found the straight depositional laminae transitioning into wavy lamellae. This is the most direct evidence of depositional lamellae (petrogenic) formation in the literature to date.     

科尔沁不同类型沙丘土壤水分时空变化特征及其环境影响因子

为了深入探究半干旱地区沙丘土壤水分时空变化特征及其与环境因子关系，以科尔沁沙地为研究区，综合运用原位观测、数值模拟和冗余分析等方法，对沙丘土壤水分的时空变化特征、变异性、水平衡及其与环境因子的定量关系进行研究。结果表明：沙丘土壤水分在垂直剖面呈现出由半流动沙丘"镜像S "形逐渐过渡为阴坡固定沙丘" S"形的趋势，在时间尺度上呈"正态分布"形；半流动、半固定和阴坡固定沙丘土壤水分变异性随深度的增加逐渐减弱，半阳坡固定沙丘呈"S"形分布，最大变异系数为75.45%，均属中等变异；半流动和半固定沙丘水分主要消耗于深层渗漏，分别占总水量的57.35%和54.56%，半阳坡固定和阴坡固定沙丘水分主要消耗于植被蒸腾，分别占总水量的77.15%和54.88%；沙丘土壤水分影响因子具有差异性，容重、砂粒含量、粉粒含量和饱和导水率是影响半流动、半固定和半阳坡固定沙丘土壤水分的主要环境因子，而有机质、砂粒含量、粉粒含量和饱和导水率是阴坡固定沙丘土壤水分的主要影响因子。研究表明，半阳坡固定沙丘小叶锦鸡儿易消耗深层土壤水，造成土壤干燥化，草本和半灌木有利于深层土壤水分保持。     

基于无人机技术黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度监测及影响因素分析

为更便捷地监测乌兰布和沙漠黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度并解析其影响因素,该研究以乌兰布和沙漠沿黄段沙丘为研究对象,应用无人机航拍技术开展沿岸沙丘的季节性地貌过程和影响因素研究。结果表明:1)研究区沙丘年移动速率1.08～2.27 m/a,多年平均输沙势为78.82 VU,年合成输沙势为25.92 VU,处于低风能环境,8～12 m/s等级风输沙势是年输沙势的主要部分,约占73.24%。方向变率(合成输沙势(Resultant Drift Potential,RDP)与输沙势(Drift Potential,DP)的比值)RDP/DP保持在0.30～0.46之间,属于中等变率。合成输沙方向RDD为57.83°～107.39°,与沙丘移动方向较为一致,西风组占全年输沙势的52.09%,是沙丘年移动的主要驱动力。2)沙丘移动速率具有明显的季节特征,整体呈现春季移动速率快,冬末-春初次之,秋季与秋末-冬末相近,夏季移动速率最慢。其中,秋末-冬末、春季和秋季输沙势DP 8.48～20.49 VU,合成输沙势方向在90.02°～95.54°之间,RDP/DP值均在0.3～0.8之间,属于中等变率,西风组作用显著,这与年合成输沙方向及沙丘走向较为一致;冬末-春初和春末-夏季分别受东北风(NE)和南风组(SSE、S、SSW)作用,沙丘通过形态变化适应风向,移动速度降缓。季节输沙势主要集中在8～10m/s风速等级,约占整个季节输沙势的40.76%～56.93%。3)综合各季节和年际输沙势与沙丘移动距离呈线性正相关,拟合方程为y=1.02+0.006 62x(R~2=0.339,F=5.616,P=0.045),方程总体显著,输沙势可以表征该地区沙丘移动距离。基于无人机监测的沙丘运动研究综合显示,风况是该地区影响该地区沙丘移动的主要动力,其中西风组8 m/s以上风速是研究区沙丘移动的主要驱动力。风向变率和合成输沙势方向与沙丘移动方向一致时沙丘移动则快,不一致时则缓;无人机可在较大尺度上为沙丘移动提供更为便捷的监测服务,研究结果可为同类地区沙丘移动的无人机监测提供参考依据。     

黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸风沙流结构与沙丘移动规律

为明确黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸的风沙活动及沙丘移动特征,该文以黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸的流动沙丘为研究对象,采用野外观测与实验室分析相结合的方法对沿岸沙丘的起沙风况、沙物质组成、风沙流结构及沙丘移动规律进行初步的定量研究。结果表明:起沙风的主风为西南—西风,集中于3-5月份,且5～6m/s风占起沙风的50.26%;沙物质粒径以细砂(0.1～0.25mm)为主,沿黄段沙丘粒径极细砂以下(≤0.1mm)的沙物质粒径组成比沙漠腹地减少8.92%;距地60cm高度范围内,81.75%的沙物质在0～10cm高的气层中通过。在沙丘的不同部位上,相对输沙量与高程之间有着良好的幂函数关系;沙丘向前移动的距离为8.19m/a,主要发生在3-5月份。该研究结果可为合理计算入黄风积沙量及完善黄河沿岸综合防护体系提供科学依据。     

沙柳沙障对沙丘土壤颗粒粒径及分形维数的影响

统计分析了库布齐沙漠流动沙丘、设置沙柳活沙障和死沙障沙丘的土壤颗粒粒径分布、分形维数及其与土壤砂粒(>0.05 mm)、粉粒(0.05~0.002 mm)和黏粒(<0.002 mm)含量的关系。结果表明:与流动沙丘相比,设置沙障沙丘的粉粒和黏粒含量增加,且随着土层的加深而表现为下降趋势,不同部位则均呈沙丘下部>上部>中部的趋势。土壤颗粒分形维数因设置沙障而呈增大趋势,且表现为活沙障沙丘>死沙障沙丘>流动沙丘;垂直分布上,设置沙障沙丘的土壤分形维数随土层加深而逐渐减小,而流动沙丘表现为表层与下层大而中层小的特征,沙丘不同部位的分形维数则均表现为沙丘下部>上部>中部。土壤颗粒分形维数大小与土壤质地的细粒化有一致的变化趋势,且与砂粒含量呈极显著负相关关系,而与黏粒含量、粉粒含量呈极显著正相关关系。<0.05 mm粒径物质含量的增加和>0.05 mm粒径物质含量的降低共同导致了土壤颗粒分形维数在设置沙障后的增大。     

The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Although the functions and characteristics of soil seed banks in topsoil layers have been described for various ecosystems, the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed bank in deep soil and its ecological implications for vegetation restoration of active sand dune have not been fully explored. In 2007 and 2008, seed densities with regard to dune position, soil depth and season were investigated on an active and a stabilized sand dune of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Seeds in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer accounted for 60% of total soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while more than 40% of seeds were stored in the 50–100 cm layers on the active sand dune. Seed density declined significantly with soil depth on the stabilized sand dune, but it was relatively constant across the 0–100 cm soil profile on the active sand dune. Seed density fluctuated with soil depth on the active sand dune suggesting that seeds were either relocated upward or downward over time. Seeds of annual non‐psammophytic species accounted for the majority of soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while pioneer psammophytes contributed more to the soil seed bank of the active sand dune. Our data suggest that seeds in the deep soil layers of active sand dunes account for a large proportion of the whole soil seed bank. Because of the effect of wind erosion, seeds in deep soil could be gradually exposed to shallow soil layers and potentially contribute to population recruitment and vegetation restoration on active sand dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库布齐沙漠半固定沙丘上2种草本植物的分布格局

采用空间点格局分析方法,对库布齐沙漠中典型半固定沙丘的沙地旋覆花、沙米2种主要草本植物的分布格局进行研究。结果表明:多年生植物沙地旋覆花在沙丘不同部位的分布数量变异较一年生植物沙米要大;沙丘上2种草本植物的总体分布格局基本上呈现群聚状态,并从沙丘上部到沙丘下部逐渐减弱,2种间相互关系从沙丘上部到沙丘下部基本表现为从相互促进转变为相互竞争的趋势。沙米作为流沙上的先锋植物,在沙丘从流动到固定过程中作用至关重要,建议在人工促进流沙固定的措施中,可以结合其他工程措施(如沙障等)进行人工沙米种子的撒播,以加速植被的恢复。     

Ciliates in coastal dune soils of different stages of development

Abundance and diversity of soil ciliates were studied in the dunes of the North Sea island Norderney (D). Live counts of ciliates were carried out in spring and fall 1999. The eight examined sites show a sequence from freshly thrown sand beach to heath, including primary dunes, white dunes, gray dunes, bushes and forest. Ciliate abundance was low (5–13 ind g^–1 dm) in the young sites without humus horizon (beach, primary and white dune), with dominance of hymenostomes and hypotrichs. The dune soils in older stages showed high abundance, between 39 and 264 ind g^–1 dm. Here, the Colpodea were the dominant group. Bacterial feeders were highly dominant at all sites. While in young sites nano- and microtrophic ciliates were important, in the older sites the community was much more diverse with fungivorous and omnivorous ciliates in addition. By using ordination methods, the young soil sites separated as a group, but the older sites, which differ clearly in community structure, did not. The results show the importance of organic matter as a factor for abundance and species richness of soil ciliates.     

内蒙毛乌素砂区中东部固定砂丘土壤的发生发育及其利用

毛乌素砂区位于我国内蒙伊克昭盟南部、陕西北部和宁夏河东地区。研究地区属毛乌素砂区中东部,为干草原淡栗钙土亚地带。经两年来的调查,发现该砂区中东部固定砂丘成土条件的植被因素较复杂,除砂生植物外,还夹有草本成分,个别砂丘全部生长针叶灌丛——臭栢。由于风积和风蚀频繁,砂丘上的土壤不易保存完整的剖面。因此,土壤形成中的时间因素也就起着明显的作用。     

神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷对风蚀的影响

[目的]探究神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷对风沙活动的影响,为矿区防治风蚀危害和植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]以塌陷区扰动地表为研究对象,通过野外定位观测,研究塌陷1~2a沙丘典型位置及不同的地表破损率对风蚀/风积量影响。[结果]塌陷1a、塌陷2a和对照(非塌陷)沙丘不同典型位置的风蚀/风积深度分别达到-28.2,-45.6和-2.8cm,其整体的风蚀概率达60%以上,90%以上和10%以下。地表破损率越大,其地表风积过程越显著,且随着地表破损率的减小,风沙运动状态逐渐由风积填缝过程转化为风蚀过程,其风蚀/风积深度(Q)与地表破损率(V)呈多项式函数关系。[结论]采煤塌陷有效地促进了风沙运动,改变了局部的风蚀/风积深度,可能引起固定半固定沙丘重新活化。     

腾格里沙漠宁夏回族自治区中卫市沙层水分入渗研究

为查明腾格里沙丘沙层水分渗透性及其原因,在该地区进行了沙层水分入渗试验。结果表明,在稳定前,流动沙丘入渗率最大,半固定沙丘次之,洼地最小。在达到稳定入渗后,半固定沙丘的入渗率较流动沙丘略大,洼地则最小,它们的平均稳定入渗率分别为16.8,16.2,12.0 mm/min。不同地貌类型的沙层达到稳定入渗的时间在6.3～8.8 min之间。流动沙丘与半固定沙丘水分入渗量基本相同,入渗量均较大,洼地入渗量最小。沙层具有入渗率高,达到稳定入渗快和入渗率变化小的突出特点,沙层粒度较粗,组成均一和孔隙连通性好,是其主要原因。沙层入渗率高为沙漠地区大气降水向地下水的转化创造了非常有力的条件。研究结果表明,在常用的3个入渗计算公式中,Koctakob公式最适用于沙丘水分的入渗研究,Horton公式也较适用沙层水分的入渗研究,通用经验公式不适于沙层水分的入渗研究。     

Studies on the ecology of actinomycetes in soil— VII. Actinomycetes in a coastal sand belt

Distribution of actinomyeetes in beach and dune sand at two sites was studied. At one site. dunes were eroding while at the other accretion of sand and dune development occurred. Actinomycetes occurred in low numbers in beach sand hul increased sharply when dunes were colonized by Ammophila arenaria (L) Link or Agropyron junceiforme (A & D Löve) A & D Löve. Micromonospora strains predominated in beach sand but Streptomyces was the predominant genus in dunes.Salinity tolerance of isolates was not clearly related to their source but tolerance of dune isolates was generally greater than those from the beach. Tolerance of Streptomyces strains varied but all Micromonospora isolates were intolerant of salinities above that of sea water.Evidence for increased growth of actinomycetes in the root region of A. arenaria and A. junceiforme was obtained but there was little qualitative difference between those in the root region and root-free sand. In laboratory experiments actinomycetes colonized old. dead Ammophila roots more readily than young ones and arose carly in succession on the former. Young, living roots stimulated bacteria and fungi but not actinomyeetcs. It was concluded that most activity of actinomycetes in the Ammophila root region occurred on old root tissue and it was suggested that this might be true of other plants.     

毛乌素沙地南缘3种灌草丛形态与阻沙能力的对比研究

灌草丛形态对其沙丘形态塑造具有重要作用.通过对毛乌素沙地南缘典型灌草丛沙堆形态参数的测量,定量分析了针茅、沙蒿、沙柳3种主要灌草丛形态对其沙堆形态的影响.并探讨了不同灌草丛的阻沙能力.对灌草丛及沙堆形态参数之间的相关分析表明,3种灌草丛沙堆的长度、宽度与灌草丛的冠幅长度、宽度存在显著相关;沙堆高度与灌草丛高度微相关、与冠层高度不存在明显相关关系;沙堆水平分量与灌草丛高度也存在较强相关关系,相关性强弱依次为针茅、沙柳、沙蒿;沙堆体积与灌草丛体积相关性显著,相关性强弱依次为针茅、沙柳、沙蒿;研究结果证明,阻沙能力沙蒿最强.其次为针茅、沙柳.     

Distribution of earthworms and influence of soil properties across a successional sand dune ecosystem in NW England

An investigation of earthworms across a sand dune system in NW England examined species distribution and abundance with respect to soil physico-chemical conditions and management. Replicated 0.1 m² quadrats were examined every 50 m along 700 m transects across areas of vegetation succession and samples were then taken every 10 m where earthworms were first encountered. A translocation of Aporrectodea longa assessed the ability of this species to live in soils with a high sand content and laboratory work examined growth, maturation and survival of this species in soils with increasing proportions of sand (0–100%). Nine earthworm species were found on the dunes, but none in yellow dunes where organic matter (OM) content was <1%. Dendrobaena octaedra and Lumbricus rubellus were located 300 m from the strand line in grey dunes with an OM content of 3.9%. Allolobophora chlorotica and Lumbricus castaneus occurred within a wet dune slack at 340 m (OM content 11%). In areas of human disturbance (dune car park), A. longa, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris were present, and in soil below pine trees L. castaneus and L. rubellus were present in litter. Laboratory growth of A. longa demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) increases in growth (2–2.75 g) with 25 and 50% sand compared with 0, 75 and 100% over 24 weeks and a greater rate of maturation. Initial results show earthworm colonisation to be influenced by dune successional stage. Laboratory findings suggested A. longa could exist in higher sand content areas but experimental design needs development. The translocation was unsuccessful. Future investigations could examine soil properties more closely and undertake monitoring on site throughout the year.     

库姆塔格沙漠西缘风况特征及沙丘运移规律

利用风况资料和Google Earth卫星影像，分析研究区域的风况特征及沙丘运移特征，并研究沙丘年运移速度、方向及其规律，对防沙治沙手段的提高具有重要意义。结果表明：（1）研究区年平均风速为1.535~1.768 m/s，起沙风平均风速最高值出现在5，6月，全年起沙风平均风速的最低值出现在1月。（2）起沙风和输沙势主要分布在WSW、W、WNW和NW方位。（3）输沙势为0~26 VU，属于低风能环境；风向变率为0.5~0.9，属于中风向变率，钝双峰风况。（4）研究区沙丘年平均移动速度为12.26 m/a，沙丘平均年前移值在10 m以上，属最快速类型，平均移动方向为125.13°，与当地合成输沙方向基本一致。（5）沙丘运移速度与沙丘高度、宽度呈负相关关系，除沙丘高度、宽度以外，风速、输沙势、沙丘密度也影响沙丘的运移速度。     

Microbial aggregation of sand in a maritime dune succession

Aggregation of sand by microorganisms was assessed in a dune succession ranging from unstable foredunes to stable fixed dunes. The microorganisms isolated from aggregates were fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and algae, including cyanobacteria. Aggregation increased as the dunes became stabilized and the higher plant succession developed. The number and weight of aggregates were interrelated and most aggregates were in the > 1 <1.4 and > 2 mm ranges. The smaller aggregates were colonized by fewer fungal species than the larger ones. The general aspects of microbial aggregation in sand dunes are discussed.