杂交稻新恢复系主要农艺性状的配合力分析

利用5个三系杂交稻不育系（金山2A、福伊A、京福5A、G201A、太香A）和5个杂交稻恢复系（22、制3、404、制6、明恢86）,通过不完全双列杂交配置了25个杂交稻组合,研究了这些新恢复系14个主要农艺性状的配合力。结果表明,14个主要农艺性状的一般配合力方差与特殊配合力方差均达显著或极显著差异水平,并且一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力方差,说明杂交稻主要农艺性状的遗传以加性效应为主。除有效穗和播始历期外,父本和母本对株高、穗长、穗颈长、剑叶长、剑叶宽、倒二叶、倒三叶、一次枝梗、二次枝梗、穗粒数、千粒重和结实率等12个农艺性状具有同等重要作用。杂交稻亲本的一般配合力和组合的特殊配合力是相互独立的,相同性状的亲本一般配合力和组合的特殊配合力效应不同,因此组合的特殊配合力是关键。制3、制6、404是一般配合力较好的恢复系,它们的杂种综合性状都比较好,是具有较好育种应用前景的恢复系。     

杂交水稻稳产性的遗传和相关初步研究

本文用不安全双列杂交折多点试验资料，在ＡＭＭＩ模型分析稳定性的基础上，进一步分析了稳产性的配合力及其与丰产性的关系，结果表明：１．杂交稻丰产性及其配合力与试点存在交互作用；２．稳产性与丰产性是两个独立性状，可以通过基因重组选育稳产性和丰产性配合力均高的亲本，从而育成高产稳产的杂交稻组合，３．杂交稻Ｆ１的稳产性同时受双亲一般配合力和特殊配合力的作用，且以基因加性效应为主，但均不可忽视，选育稳产性好的     

陆地棉常规亲本及柱头外露种质系主要经济性状配合力分析

本文研究了６个陆地棉常规亲本及３份典型柱头外露种质系９个主要经济性状的配合力。结果表明，一般配合力陆地棉常规亲本以石７１１选（产量性状方面）；冀８·中２１０８选系（品质性状方面）较好；柱头外露种质系以９２－４２和９２－４７（分别在产量和品质性状方面）较好。特殊配合力上，４个组合在产量性状方面均为正值；３组合在品质性状方面均为正值。不同性状间特殊配合力效应值存在着相关性，据此可进行间接选择。     

陆地棉族系种质系经济性状配合力分析及其利用评价

采用ＮＣⅡ交配设计选用６个陆地棉族系种质系材料和３个常规品种组配１８个Ｆ１，分析了１１个性状的配合力及遗传效应。结果表明，１１个性状的配合力效应显著，表明这些性状受加性效应控制；４个性状特殊配合力效应显著，表明这些性状受加性效应控制外，还有不可忽视的非加性效应作用。２８系、３１系为综合性状优良亲本，３５系为纤维品质较好的亲本     

小麦品质性状杂种优势及其配合力研究

采用二组品质性状不同的12个亲本材料,通过6×6NCⅡ完全双列杂交设计,配制了36个组合,对小麦品质性状的杂种优势及其配合力进行了研究。结果表明,除谷蛋白大聚合体的平均杂种优势较大外,其它品质性状后代的平均杂种优势较小,但组合间杂种优势具有显著差异;大多数品质性状都受基因加性效应和非加性效应影响,以加性效应为主。在亲本之间、性状之间以及组合之间一般配合力效应值和特殊配合力效应值的差异均较大。除干面筋含量以外,各品质性状的亲本间和组合间方差分别达到显著或极显著差异水平。     

南非地区红麻杂种优势及配合力的测定

按照完全双列杂交设计，分析了6个非洲地区主要红麻品种和30个F1组合的杂种优势以及配合力，试验结果表明：1）加性和显性效应对参试品种性状具有同样的重要性。2）大部分品种具有中亲和高亲杂种优势，证实了杂交育种将提高红麻的产量及品质。3）亲本Tainung在所有参试性状综合表现为超级亲本，亲本Endora在产量性状的一般配合力上表现最佳。     

两个棉花雄性核不育系材料的配合力分析

本研究利用不完全双列杂交法,分析了两个棉花雄性核不育系材料及四个棉花优良骨干亲本的配合力,以期为棉花核不育系杂交育种提供理论支持。研究结果表明,不育系S1的产量及品质性状一般配合均较高,是配制杂交组合的理想母本;四个优良骨干亲本中H3品质性状一般配合力较高、产量性状一般配合力中等,适合作为杂交配组的父本材料利用。     

大豆品种表现型与配合力的相关分析

大豆植株的表现型与配合力的相互关系分析结果表明，植株形态性状的亲本均值与Ｆ１、Ｆ２的一般配合力效应值里呈著或极显著正相关。Ｆ１、Ｆ２的主要产量性状的均值与相应世代的特殊配合力效应值呈显著或极显著正相关。植株形态性状和品质性状的Ｆ１育种值与Ｆ２均值呈显著或极显著正相关。植株形态性状、产量性状及品质性状总配合力效应值世代间相关显著。     

甜菜品系的一般配合力与性状水平的关系

依据自由授粉获得的２０个Ｆ＿１组合及相应母本系的鉴定结果，对亲本系配合力性状、经济性状的分析表明，一般配合力与品质、抗褐斑病性等由加性基因控制的性状密切相关，从而优势育种亲本系的选育应重视品质、抗性等性状的优异，一般配合力高，其它经济性状较好。由于根产量性状主要受非加性基因支配，与其一般配合力相关性很弱（ｒ＝０．１５５），以亲本根产量水平难以预测Ｆ＿１表现，故必须进行实际测配。     

大豆蛋白质及脂肪含量的遗传与选择效果研究：Ⅰ.正反交效应与配合力

以高产、高蛋白、高脂肪三类5亲本轮配杂交的F_1代资料,按Griffing方法模型1,对5种主要农艺性状分析了正反交效应和配合力。全部10组合平均各性状正反交差异均不显著,不存在母体效应。配合力分析表明:不同类亲本性状水平与值大小关系密切,值与值有一定关系。优质性状、产量性状与籽粒外观品质性状的配合力存在符合育种要求的互补作用。优质亲本的其它农艺性状水平也很重要。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.