Book Reviews/Buchbesprechungen

Book Reviewed in This Article:
Braun, B., (Hrsg.): Ultraschalldiagnostik. Lehrbuch und Atlas. Landsberg/Lech, 1984. Losebl-Ausg., 1. Erg.-Lfg. (einzeln berechnet).
Heinecke, H.: Angewandte Versuchstierkunde. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 1989. 315 S., 41 Abb., 94 Tab., DM 48,–, ISBN 3-347-20438-9
Niemann, H.: Biotechnologische Studien an präimplantatorischen Embryonen von Rind undSchwein. "Enke Copythek", Ferdinand EnkeVerlag, Stuttgart, 1989.144 S., 31 Abb., 50 Übersichten. Kart., DM 28,–
Sinowatz, F., J.K. Voglmayr, H.J. Gabius and A.E. Friess: Cytochemical analysis of mammalian sperm membranes. Progress in histochemistry and cytochemistry 19 (4). 1989, Custav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 74 Seiten, 16 Abbildungen und 7 Tabellen, kart. DM 79,-, ISBN 3-437-11244-9     

Book Reviews / Buchbesprechungen

Book review in this Article Reiner, C.: Untersuchungen zur Ätiologie und Diagnose der Stresstoleranz und Maligner Hyperthermie bei Schweinen untenchiedlicher Halothansensitivität. Giessener Schriftenreihe Tierzucht und Haustiergenetik, Band 55. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin. 1989. 150 S. mit 26 Abb. und 39 Tab. Kart., DM 35 -, ISBN 3/490/13591/1 Popesko, P.: Atlas der topographischen Anatomie der Haustiere. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 1989, 3. durchgesehene Auflage, Deutsche Übersetzung von G. Geiger und K.D. Weyrauch, DM 84- je Band. Band I: Kopf und Hals, 211 Seiten, 204 meist farbige Abbildungen, ISBN 3/432/9013/X. Band II: Brust und Bauchhöhle, 194 Seiten meist farbige Abbildungen, ISBN 3/432/90233/6. Band III: Becken und Gliedmaßen, 205 Seiten, 203 meist farbige Abbildungen, ISBN 3/432/90243/3 Marten, J. und A. Salewski: Handbuch der modernen Pferdehaltung. Stallbau, Haltung, Fütterung, Pflege. Franckh/Kosmos Verlagsgruppe Stuttgart, 1989, Reihe: Franckh Hippologische Handbibliothek, 176 Seiten, 42 Schwarzweißfotos, 22 Schwarzweiß-zeichnungen und 59 Tabellen im Text. Gebunden DM 38 , – Kraft, H., Pro. Dr.: Klinische Labormethoden der Veterinärmedizin bei Haussäugetieren. 3., neu bearbeitete und ergiinzte Auflage. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 1989. X, 246 Seiten, 37 Abbildungen, 54 Tabellen, 7 Tafeln, 15,5 × 23 cm, kartoniert DM 7-, ISBN 3/432/97003/X Hamann, J.: Maschineller Milchentzug und Mastitis. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart. 1989. 236 Seiten mit 49 Abbildungen und 65 Tabellen, 14,8 × 21 cm, Copythek, DM 44-, ISBN 3/432/98091/4 Entel/Förster/Hinckers: z Futtermittelrecht. Hrsg. von H.J; Entel, U. Petersen und E. Tegge geb. Hinckers. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg. 19. Ergänzungslieferung (Stand Juni 1988). 1989. 162 Seiten mit 1 Registerblatt. Loseblatt DM 142-, ISBN 3/489/68908/9, Gesamtwerk in 2 Ordnern DM 298 - Ashdown, R.R. und H.S. Done: Topographishe Anatomie des Pferdes. Ferdinand Enke VerIag, Stuttgart, 1988. X, 312 Seiten, 988 farbige Abbildungen, 24,7 × 30,7 cm. Gebunden, DM 180-, ISBN 3/432/96911/2 Heckmann, F.: Grundlagen und Methodik zu klinisch-neurophysiologischen Untersu-chungen beim Hund Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart. 319 Seiten, 104 Abb. und 12 Tabellen, DM 42 - Henner, Heinz D., Rainer C. Otto, M.S. Ramzin, H.J. Zweifel (Hrsg.): UTRASCHALL DIAGNOSTIK 88′. Dreiländertreffen Lugano, 12. gemeinsame Tagung der deutschspra-chigen Gesellschaften für Ultraschalldiagnostik. 1989, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg usw., 108 Abb., 43 Tab. XIII, 185 Seiten, Gebunden DM 148-, ISBN 3/540/51005/2 Schrag, Ludwig/Heinz Singer et al.: Das Buch vom Kalb. Die wichtigsten Krankheiten in den ersten Lebenswochen – Vorbeuge und Behandlung unter Einbeziehung der Physiologie von Geburt, Ernährung und Atmung. 1987, Schober Verlags-GmbH, Hen-gersberg, 240 Seiten, 287 Abb., davon 276 in Farbe. ISBN 3/88620/145/7, DM 74,60 Driesch, Angela von den: Geschichte dcr Tierrnedizin. 5000 Jahre Tierheilkunde. München: Callwey, 1989. 295 Seiten, überwiegend Ill. graph. Darst., DM 128,00. ISBN 3/7667/0934/8     

Book review: Mediterranean landscapes in Australia mallee ecosystems and their management

Edited by J.C. Noble & R.A. Bradstock pp. viii + 485 CSIRO, Australia, 1989. ISBN 0 643 04985 1     

Abstracts

N utritional A bstracts : Is Preformed Cystins Essential to Sheep for Wool Production?. C. R imington and J. G. B ekker
B acteriolcogical A bstracts : A. T. G lenny , A. G. H amp and M. F. S tevenn
B acteriolcogical A bstracts : Infectious Lryngo-tracheitis in Fowls. J. R. B each , O. S eifried
B acteriolcogical A bstracts : Recent Research Throws Some New Light on the Tubercle Bacillus. A F. S chalk
B acteriolcogical A bstracts : Transmission of Coccidiosis of Pigeons to Poultry. H. S. H ofkamp
B acteriolcogical A bstracts : The Resistance of Cystercercus Bovis (Cystercercus Inermis). A. C larenburg
PARASITOLOGICAL ABSTACTS: Blow Fly Control. B. S mit
PARASITOLOGICAL ABSTACTS: Resistance to Parasitism in Chickens Effected by Vitamin B. J. E. A ckeat and L. C. W olf     

Book review

Recent Developments in Poultry Nutrition,By D. J. A. Cole and W. Haresign. 1989. 344 pp. Sevenoaks, Butterworths. £65.00. ISBN 0 407 01513 2. (Soft cover version also available.)     

Evidence to support horses as natural intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis neurona

Opossums (Didelphis spp.) are the definitive host for the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis neurona, the causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Opossums shed sporocysts in feces that can be ingested by true intermediate hosts (cats, raccoons, skunks, armadillos and sea otters). Horses acquire the parasite by ingestion of feed or water contaminated by opossum feces. However, horses have been classified as aberrant intermediate hosts because the terminal asexual sarcocyst stage that is required for transmission to the definitive host has not been found in their tissues despite extensive efforts to search for them [Dubey, J.P., Lindsay, D.S., Saville, W.J., Reed, S.M., Granstrom, D.E., Speer, C.A., 2001b. A review of Sarcocystis neurona and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Vet. Parasitol. 95, 89-131]. In a 4-month-old filly with neurological disease consistent with EPM, we demonstrate schizonts in the brain and spinal cord and mature sarcocysts in the tongue and skeletal muscle, both with genetic and morphological characteristics of S. neurona. The histological and electron microscopic morphology of the schizonts and sarcocysts were identical to published features of S. neurona [Stanek, J.F., Dubey, J.P., Oglesbee, M.J., Reed, S.M., Lindsay, D.S., Capitini, L.A., Njoku, C.J., Vittitow, K.L., Saville, W.J., 2002. Life cycle of Sarcocystis neurona in its natural intermediate host, the raccoon, Procyon lotor. J. Parasitol. 88, 1151-1158]. DNA from schizonts and sarcocysts from this horse produced Sarcocystis specific 334bp PCR products [Tanhauser, S.M., Yowell, C.A., Cutler, T.J., Greiner, E.C., MacKay, R.J., Dame, J.B., 1999. Multiple DNA markers differentiate Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula. J. Parasitol. 85, 221-228]. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of these PCR products showed banding patterns characteristic of S. neurona. Sequencing, alignment and comparison of both schizont and sarcocyst DNA amplicons showed 100% identity. Although Koch's postulates have not been demonstrated in this case study, the finding of mature, intact S. neurona schizonts and sarcocysts in the tissues of this single horse strongly suggests that horses have the potential to act as intermediate hosts. Further studies are needed to demonstrate Koch's postulates with repeated transfer of S. neurona between opossums and horses.     

Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from food-producing animals in Japan by multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis: evidence of clonal dissemination and replacement

Background

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a zoonotic pathogen. Human infections are associated with contaminated eggs and egg products. In Japan, since 1989, the incidence of food-borne disease caused by S. Enteritidis has increased and a pandemic has occurred; however, little is known about changes that occurred before and after this pandemic event in the dominant lineage of isolates from food-producing animals. This study aimed to determine the S. Enteritidis lineages in Japan over the last few decades by using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA).

Findings

MLVA was used to analyse 79 S. Enteritidis isolates collected from chickens (n = 63), cattle (n = 12), pigs (n = 2), and goats (n = 2) during 1975–2009. The S. Enteritidis isolates showed 14 different MLVA allele combinations, which were classified into two major clusters (A and C) and a minor cluster (B). All the 62 isolates in cluster A were isolated after 1988, whereas 13 of the 17 isolates belonging to cluster B and C were isolated before 1989.

Conclusions

The MLVA results showed that cluster C was predominant before 1989, and isolates in cluster A disseminated since 1989 and replaced the previous dominant clone, suggesting that isolates of cluster A originated from imported S. Enteritidis infection.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Comparative Neuropathology. J. R. M. I nnes and L. Z. S aunders , with contributions by L. V an B ogaert , R. F ankhauser , W. J. H adlow and K. V. J ubb . Academic Press, New York and London, 1962. £ 11 9s. Od.
Taschenbuch fur die Tierarxtliche Kleintier Praxis (Pocket book for Small Animal Practice). W. A. S chmidt -T reptow with contribution by D. S chirm E isen . 2nd Edition (1963). Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. DM.24.
Balliere's Veterinary Handbook. Edited by G. N. H enderson and J. S tratton (1963). Balliere, Tindall and Cox, London. 21s.     

Referate

Der Einflußüberalterter Spermien auf die Fertilität
Die Entwicklung der Geschlechtsorgane
Gonadotrophins in the neonatal female Iamb J. Reprod. Fertil.; 46 (1976). 2, S. 515; engl.
Tassell, R.; Chamley, W. A.; Kennedy, J. P. (Kensington, Australien Univ. of New South Wales)
Prediction of fetal sex in cattle by testosterone levels in allantoic fluid J. Reprod. Fertil.; 46 (1976). 2, S. 441–442; engl., Sum. engl./7 Lit., 1 Tab.
Bongso, T. A.; Basrur, P. K.; Young Lai, E. V. (Ontario, Univ. of Guelph, Dept. Biomedical Sci.)
Storage of cattle embryos J. Reprod. Fertil.; 46 (1976). 2, S. 537—538; engl.
Bilton, R. J.; Moore, N. W. (Camden, Sydney, Univ. Dept. Animal Husbandry)
The storage of cow eggs at room temperature and at low temperatures J. Reprod. Fertil.; 46 (1976). 1, S. 173—178; engl., Sum. engl./15 Lit., 6 Abb., 3 Tab.
Trounson, A. O.; Willadsen, S. M.; Rowson, L. E. A.; Newcomb, R. (Cambridge, Univ., A. R. C. Unit Reprod. Physiology and Biochemistry)
Deep freezing of sheep embryos J. Reprod. Fertil.; 46 (1976). 1, S. 151–154; engl., Summ. engl./6 Lit., 3 Abb., 3 Tab.
Vortragsveranstaltung Morphologie, Histochemie und Immunologie des reproduktiven Systems (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ultrastruktur)     

Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella enteritidis from human outbreaks by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

To determine the extent of genetic diversity among isolates of Salmonella enteritidis obtained from outbreaks in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, from 1989 to 1994, we analyzed a total of 55 isolates of S. enteritidis obtained from 13 distinct outbreaks with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. These isolates showed three different patterns in pulsed-field profile with Bln I digestion. The groups A, B and C consisted of three outbreaks isolates (Dice coefficient, F = 1), of seven outbreaks (F = 0.56-0.94) and of three outbreaks (F = 0.65-0.78), respectively. This result suggests that a few limited clonal lines of S. enteritidis were successively causing outbreaks in this area from 1989 to 1994.     

Book Reviews/Buchbesprechungen

Book review in this Article Brown, J.H./S. Pilliner/V. Powell-Smith: Pferde-Management für Halter, Züchter, Trainer. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft München, Wien, Zürich. 1988. 303 Seiten, 2 s/w-Fotos. 77 Zeichnungen, Format 15,8 × 23,1 cm, fest gebunden, DM 58, E. Kallweit, Mariensee Großklaus, D.: Rückstände in von Tieren stammenden Lebensmitteln. Paul Parey Ver-lag, Berlin und Hamburg, 1988, 183 Seiten mit 35 Abbildungen und 61 Tabellen. Gebunden DM 42 -, ISBN 3–489–62614–1 Lehninfer, A.L.: Prinzipien der Biochemie. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. New York 1987. Übersetzt von Gislinde Peters und Dieter Neubert; 1117 Seiten, zahlreiche zwei-farbige Abbildungen und Trabellen, Preis: DM 120-, ISBN 3/11/008988–2 Engl. Originalausgabc: Principles of Biochcmistry, Worth Publishcrs Inc-., New York (1988) Klingholz, R. (Hrsg.): Die Welt nach Maß. Gentechnik — Geschichte, Chancen und Risiken. Georg Westermann Verlag GmbH, Braunschweig, 1988, Gebunden, 200 S., farbige Abb., DM 39,80, ISBN 3–07–50 90 97–2 H. Meyer: Enzymimmunologische Meßverfahren zur Hormonanalytik. 147 Seiten, 36 Abbildungen, 16 Tabellen, Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart 1989, Enke Copythek Dhl 22,00, ISBN 3–432–97901–0 Mieth, K. (Hrsg.): Biologielaborant. 4. überarbeitete Auflage, Lizenzausgabe des Verla-ges Harri Deutsch, Thun — Frankfurt/Main — 1989. 464 Seiten mit zahlreichen Abbil-dungen und Tabellen, Preis DM 29,80, ISBN 3–8171–1059–6 Salomon, W.: Naturheilkunde für Pferde. 3. Auflage, 1989, Econ Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf. 244 Seiten. Ill., graph. Darst., DM 9,80 Romeis: Mikroskopische Technik. Herausgeber: P. Böck. 17., neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, 1989. Verlag ? 697 Seiten, 49 Abb., ca. 40 Tabellen, Kunststoff-einband. DM 148,—. ISBN 3–541–11227–1 Schworer, A.: Das Islandpferd, Geschichte - Zucht - Haltung - Sport. 1988, 96 Seiten, 36 Abb. und 29 Zeichnungen, Reihe: Franckh Reiterbibliothek, Franckh/Kosmos Verlagsgruppe, Stuttgart, gebunden DM 29,80, ISBN 32440–05805–0     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Reproductive biology in small animals: Fertility and Infertility in Dogs, Cats and other Carnivores. Edited by P. W. Concannon, G. C. W. England, J. P. Verstegen and H. A. Russell.
Practical guide to small animal nutrition: Clinical Nutrition of the Dog and Cat. By J. W. Simpson, R. S. Anderson and P. J. Markwell.
Detailed feline anatomy: Atlas of Feline Anatomy for Veterinarians. By L. C. Hudson and W. P. Hamilton.
First aid for dog owners: First Aid and Healthcare for Dogs. By C. T. P. Bell.
An overview of the feline patient: Handbook of Feline Medicine. By J. Wills and A. Wolf.
Quick guide to emergency procedures: Emergency Procedures for the Small Animal Veterinarian. By S. J. Plunkett.
Comprehensive radiology: Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology 2nd edn. Edited by E. Thrall.
Understanding the grieving process: The Human-Animal Bond and Grief. By L. Lagoni, C. Butler and S. Hetts.     

Book reviews

Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. Edited by J. M. Faure and A. D. Mills, 1989. 284 pp., illustrated. Nouzilly, France, French Branch of the World's Poultry Science Association, in collaboration with the European Federation of the WPSA's Working Group 9 on Poultry Welfare.

Duck Production—Science and World Practice. Edited by D. J. Farrell and P. Stepleton. Australia, University of New England Press. ISBN 085834–6265.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH, Ed. Ernest Juncker
SURGERY OF TRAUMATISED SKIN Management and Reconstruction in the Dog and Cat, S. F. Swain
TRENDS IN VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, Eds A. S. J. P. A. M. van Miert J. Frens, F. W. van der Kreek & LLOYD E. DAVIS     

Genetic parameters of production and fertility traits in Hungarian Merino sheep

Hungary has a long-standing tradition in Merino breeding and improvement. During the past decades several attempts have been made to introduce a number of other sheep breeds. Although this effort was not in vain the majority of the sheep population is still the Hungarian Merino breed. The adaptability, endurance and excellent wool-producing ability of this breed is first rate and is worth preserving (V eress et al. 1997). The profitability of a sheep production system is determined by both fertility and production traits. Reproduction performance is usually defined as litter weight per dam per year. Progress can be achieved through various ways. One of them is frequent lambing which also has the advantage that lamb production becomes more consistent throughout the year. Another possibility is producing larger litter sizes (LS), and yet a another opportunity for increased production is having lambs with larger weights (WT). Simultaneous enhancement can also be achieved if there is no antagonism between these traits. From these several fertility traits LS from the first to the fifth parity was chosen for analysis as LS is one of the most important traits concerning reproduction performance. Of the production traits, WT measured at various ages, greasy fleece weight (GFW) from the first five shearings, staple length (SL) and fibre diameter (FD) at the age of 1 year were taken into the analysis. According to other studies there are several factors influencing the above mentioned traits, namely age, season of previous lambing (PLS), type of birth (TOB), and sex. In general, LS increased with advancing age (L ong et al. 1989; B unge et al. 1990; A p D ewi et al. 1996). For GFW the peak of production was achieved in a relatively early age of 3 years, reported by V eress (1969) and by T urner and Y oung (1969). The effect of PLS on LS was that smaller litters were observed with previous lambing seasons of summer and autumn (L ong et al. 1989). TOB and sex effect on WT have been investigated by several authors (T urner and Y oung 1969, p. 46, 51.; S hrestha and H eaney 1985; M avrogenis 1988; B unge et al. 1990; J urado et al. 1994; V eress et al. 1995; S hrestha et al. 1996). Single-born lambs are heavier than multiples although this difference decreases with age. All authors also agree that male lambs are heavier than females. TOB and sex effect on GFW were reported by T urner and Y oung (1969). T urner and Y oung labelled the TOB effect as a ‘maternal handicap’ as the effect is noticeable even in maturity but decreasing by age. T urner and Y oung (1969) also observed that the WT and GFW of male animals exceeds that of the females, but, unlike with the previous effect, the difference increases with age. There was a negligible difference between sexes in SL and FD. Studying the results of numerous authors, estimates of the genetic parameters of LS, WT, GFW, SL, and FD were found to be generally consistent. Heritabilities of LS ranged from 0.05 to 0.08 (A l -S horepy and N otter 1996; A p D ewi et al. 1996; for litter size at first parity only). A p D ewi et al. (1996) found very high (>0.9) genetic correlations between the first and adult litter size. Heritabilities estimated for WT were higher than those of the fertility traits and ranged in the interval of 0.05–0.47 (S hrestha and H eaney 1985; L ong et al. 1989; B unge et al. 1990; K umar and R eheja 1993; J urado et al. 1994; A l -S horepy and N otter 1996). Genetic correlations between yearling and adult WT were high (J urado et al. 1994; 0.85; A l -S horepy and N otter 1996; 0.85–1.0). GFW heritabilities reported by B lair et al. (1985); T urner and Y oung (1969) were about 0.2 thus also exceeding those of the fertility traits. Regarding the genetic parameters of SL & FD, N otter and H ough (1997); M orris et al. (1996) reported that the heritability of SL and FD was higher than that of GFW (026–0.34; 0.47–0.58). Genetic correlations among production traits were mainly low (M orris et al. 1996; and T urner and Y oung 1969). The objectives of this paper were to determine whether the characteristics of the Hungarian Merino sheep population correspond with the features given in the literature review. Thus the objectives were to obtain the factors influencing the traits examined and to estimate genetic parameters of LS, WT, GFW, SL, and FD, respectively.     

Avian leukosis subgroup J in broiler breeders in Switzerland

Since a new envelope subgroup (J) of the avian leukosis-sarcomatosis-complex was isolated for the first time from broiler breeders in the United Kingdom in 1989 and was characterized and associated with myeloid leukosis (syn. myelocytomatosis) the emergence of this subgroup was reported from all over the world. Thus the first known case of subgroup J avian leukosis in Switzerland in four imported broiler breeder flocks will be described. A total of 53 broiler breeder birds from four flocks showing reduced performance and increased mortality were submitted for postmortem examination. Approximately 20 blood samples from each flock were monitored serologically for antibodies against avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J). On necropsy myeloid leukosis (ML) was diagnosed in all four flocks. Furthermore the blood samples of three flocks showed significant ELISA-titres for ALV-J.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
The Proceedings of the Denver Meeting of the American Society of Veterinary Ophthalmology
The Clinical Appearance and Pathology of some Congenital Ocular Defects in Collie Dogs: L eon S aunders , D.V.M. Smith
Animal Nutrition and Veterinary Dietetics: A brams , J ohn
Reproduction Problems, Chinchilla Diseases and Ailments: A . H . K ennedy
First Aid: T. J. P ridham
Animal Vision: S mythe , R. H., Herbert Jenkins     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
CHEMICALS FOR ANIMAL HEALTH CONTROL. by G. C. Brander
COMPARATIVE VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY and THERAPY. Eds A. S.J. P. A. M. van Miert     

Binding of Salmonella strains to immobilized intestinal mucosal preparations from broiler chickens.

The binding kinetics of radiolabeled Salmonella california 1989/O (mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin-positive [MSHA+]) to immobilized mucus or enterocytes isolated from broiler ceca and inhibition of binding by D-mannose and sodium metaperiodate were characteristic of adherence of mannose-sensitive type 1 fimbriae of bacteria to eukaryotic mannose-containing receptors. Binding by radiolabeled strains 1989/O (in the presence of D-mannose) and S. typhimurium S 7471 N (MSHA-, non-fimbriated) indicated non-specific binding that was characterized by less binding to enterocytes and mucus and lack of inhibition by carbohydrates or prior treatment with sodium metaperiodate. Inhibition of non-specific binding to enterocytes by pretreatment with various enzymes or by the presence of tetramethylurea or p-nitrophenol (known to disrupt hydrophobic interactions) indicate involvement of multiple sites and hydrophobic bonding. Strain-specific outer-membrane preparations inhibited non-specific binding to a greater extent than did lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli outer-membrane preparations, or bovine serum albumin.     

Salmonella in poultry flocks and humans--S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis in the past

After importing of breeder lines for laying flocks from Canada into the former GDR in 1966 the egg industry in this country was completely isolated from that in Western Germany or other Western European countries until opening the border in Germany in 1989. Because of this isolation from other countries, an analysis of the clonal diversity of Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis isolates originated from humans, chickens and food in the former GDR during the 1980s would provide a unique opportunity to obtain new insight into factors that may have triggered the S. Enteritidis epidemic. While isolates had previously been typed by the phage typing scheme of Lalko and Laszlo we applied for the first time the extended phage typing scheme by Ward for the retrospective analysis of the S. Enteritidis strains. Furthermore, isolates of phage type (PT) 4/6 (Ward / Lalko and Laszlo) from different livestocks were investigated by ribotyping. Although in total the PT4/6 dominated between 1986 and 1989 in poultry, other phage types have prevailed in the early 1980s and represented a considerable fraction of isolates until 1989. For instance, PT8/7 was isolated from one large layer farm (district Halle) from 1988 until 1989. During that time in another farm (district Cottbus) only PT8/7 was detected too. PT4/6 was isolated from neither of these two laying hen farms. The strains of PT4/6 could be distinguished by ribotyping in 19 different subtypes. The strains from the northern farms were distinct from those isolated in the southern regions. As farms which were harbouring either PT4/6 or PT8/7 had obtained laying hens from the same sources (breeder lines in Deersheim and Spreenhagen) it is highly probable that S. Enteritidis infection was acquired from the environment at each individual farm. This conclusion is also supported by the presence of different PT4/6 ribotypes in different farms. The presence of different phage types or PT4/6 ribotypes at different farms of laying hens suggests that in each case the S. Enteritidis strains present in the environment were able to enter chicken flocks.