优质白糯玉米新品种鲜糯2号选育报告

鲜糯2号玉米是山西省农科院玉米研究所1999年以自选系N9908作母本,自选系N9904作父本杂交育成的中早熟白糯玉米杂交种。经2000～2004年的品比、生产试验、专家田间鉴定、抗病鉴定和品质分析,该品种生育期较短、抗逆性好、品质优良、稳产高效,适宜在很多玉米种植区种植,且可以清种,复(套)种,春、夏、冬播种,该品种是目前鲜食玉米青穗直接出售或速冻、真空包装保鲜加工的理想品种,种植密度为52500～60000株/hm2。     

优质白糯玉米新品种晋鲜糯6号的选育与应用

晋鲜糯6号玉米是山西省农科院玉米研究所于2001年以自选系N16为母本,自选系N18为父本杂交组配而成的中熟白糯玉米杂交种。经2002～2005年的品比试验、生产试验、田间鉴定、抗病鉴定和品质分析表明,该品种生育期短,抗逆性好,品质优良,稳产高产,可以单种,复(套)种,春、夏、冬播种。也是目前鲜食玉米青穗直接出售或速冻、真空包装保鲜加工的理想品种。种植密度52 500～60 000株/hm2。     

超级黑糯玉米新品种晋糯8号的选育研究

晋糯8号玉米是山西省农业科学院玉米研究所2004年以自选系N9603作母本，自选系hN3作父本杂交育成的黑糯玉米杂交种。该品种黑色特别，上色快，口感好，营养丰富，茎秆及穗轴深紫色，适于鲜穗加工及籽粒深加工，也可用于天然黑色素的提取。适宜在我国玉米种植区种植，种植密度为45000-52500株／hm^2。     

高产、优质、多抗玉米新品种豫玉31的选育与示范推广

豫玉31(漯单97-1)是河南省漯河农科所用自选系漯12作母本,外引系丹340作父本育成的竖叶大穗中早熟玉米单交种.该品种夏播生育期96d.1997～1998年河南省夏玉米区域试验平均单产7695.0kg/hm²,比对照种豫玉12增产13.5%.两年20点次试验证明,该品种表现高产、稳产、优质、多抗、适应性广、增产潜力大,适宜在黄淮海夏玉米区套种或直播种植.种植密度45000～60000株/hm².制种时父母本同期播种或父本浸种后与母本同期播种,行比1:5～6。     

科湘糯玉1号特征特性与配套栽培技术

近年来,南方地区及大中城市郊区鲜食糯玉米生产发展迅速,种植的糯玉米品种繁多,品种杂、乱现象严重,有的品种生态适应性差,真正高产、优质的品种少,缺乏良种良法配套栽培技术,产品达标率低,常常给种植的农户造成一定的损失.因此,开发适宜南方生态条件的鲜食糯玉米品种及其配套栽培技术,对南方鲜食糯玉米的健康发展具有重要意义.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所通过多年试验研究,以自选系HN01作母本,自选系HN02作父本于2000年选育了糯玉米单交种科湘糯玉1号.该品种生育期适中,植株整齐一致,果穗大小均匀,鲜食品质较优,产量较高,综合抗性较好,适宜湖南省种植,已于2003年3月通过湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

高产优质紧凑型糯玉米杂交种莱农糯6号的选育及栽培技术研究

莱农糯6号是莱阳农学院于2000年以自选自交系糯LN478-6为母本,自选自交系糯LNH21-8为父本组配的黄糯玉米杂交种.该品种产量高、品质口味好、抗病、抗倒伏、株型紧凑、适宜密植、商品果穗率高.2003～2005 年参加山东省鲜食玉米区域试验和生产试验,2006年通过了山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为鲁农审2006029.     

高产优质紧凑型糯玉米杂交种莱农糯6号的选育及栽培技术研究

莱农糯6号是莱阳农学院于2000年以自选自交系糯LN478-6为母本，自选自交系糯LNH21-8为父本组配的黄糯玉米杂交种。该品种产量高、品质口味好、抗病、抗倒伏、株型紧凑、适宜密植、商品果穗率高。2003～2005年参加山东省鲜食玉米区域试验和生产试验，2006年通过了山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定，审定编号为鲁农审2006029。     

黔西北山区高产广适玉米杂交种毕三3号的选育与应用

毕三3号是我所根据黔西北山区复杂多变的气候环境,于1991年用自选的玉米单交种毕单6号作母本,自选的地方系大青133作父本杂交组配而成的玉米新品种.该品种高产稳产,品质好,抗逆性强,适应性广.1999～2003年累计示范推广8 491.5 hm²,新增总产量525.96万kg,增加产值578.55万元。     

糯玉米单交种垦粘5号的选育及特征特性

垦粘5号(原代号:佳试52)是黑龙江省农垦科学院作物所以自选系糯9作母本、糯10作父本,选育的优质高产白糯玉米杂交种,该品种具有早熟、作青食玉米粘度高,微甜,粒宽大种皮薄.加工馇子出馇率达75%,馇子柔软,适口性好.     

超甜玉米科湘甜玉1号特征特性与配套栽培技术

超甜玉米单交种科湘甜玉1号是以自选系HT01作母本,自选系HT02作父本育成.根据品比试验、多点试验、生产试验和品质分析结果,该品种表现高产稳产、早熟、品质优良、综合抗性强等特点,适宜湖南及周边地区种植.优质高产配套栽培技术要求适时播种,湖南一般春播在3月中旬至4月初,隔离种植,种植密度45 000～54000株/hm²,合理施肥,综合防治病虫害,加强田间管理,授粉后19～24d采收鲜穗。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).