AM真菌对土壤含水量不同条件下甘草生长及甘草酸含量的影响

为了探索丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对甘草的侵染特性,揭示土壤相对含水量不同条件下AM真菌对甘草生长及甘草酸含量的影响,以盆栽甘草为研究对象,分别接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、聚丛球囊霉(G.aggregatum)和幼套球囊霉(G.etunicatum)4种AM真菌,研究了土壤在不同相对含水量条件下AM真菌对甘草的侵染率及侵染后甘草的株高、主根长、地上干重、地下干重及甘草酸含量等,结果表明,接种的4种AM真菌均能与甘草形成丛枝菌根,形成了丰富的丛枝、泡囊结构,侵染率达到70%以上,显著促进了甘草的生长;在50%和65%的土壤相对含水量条件下,AM真菌都对甘草生长有促进作用,在土壤相对含水量小于35%时,甘草生长不良,甘草酸含量低;综合分析土壤在各个不同相对含水量处理中,接种摩西管柄囊霉的甘草适应生长的范围更大,甘草酸含量更高,综合来看,摩西管柄囊霉更有利于提高甘草对干旱的适应性,促进甘草生长效果显著,并且在干旱条件下仍保持较高的甘草酸含量。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收土壤中镉和锌的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了镉（Cd）、锌（Zn）污染土壤中,8种不同丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）Glomus lamellosum（G.la）、Acaulospora mellea（A.m）、Glomus mosseae（G.m）、Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Glomus etunicatum（G.e）、Glomus constrictum（G.c）、Diversispora spurcum（D.s）、Glomus aggregatum（G.a）对紫花苜蓿（Medicagosativa L.）吸收Cd、Zn的影响。结果表明,Cd、Zn污染下AMF仍然明显侵染紫花苜蓿,并促进紫花苜蓿对Cd、Zn的吸收积累,但不同AMF影响的效应和植株不同部位对重金属的吸收积累规律存在差异。AMF处理下紫花苜蓿根部Cd、Zn含量和积累量明显增加,但地上部Cd、Zn的含量则降低,地上部Zn的积累量也减小,这表明AMF处理减弱了Cd、Zn由根部向地上部的运移,减轻了植物地上部毒害。接种AMF条件下,植株尤其是根部生物量增加是Cd、Zn在其体内含量和积累量增加的重要因素,不同种类AMF促进植株生物量增加的幅度不同,导致植株对Cd、Zn的积累和抗性存在差异。     

渭北旱塬葡萄园土著AM真菌对赤霞珠葡萄促生效应研究

以筛选自渭北旱塬葡萄园的3种土著AM真菌菌株Glomus mosseae(GM)、Glomus intraradices(GI)和Glomus versiforme(GV)为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了3种AM真菌单独接种及混合接种对酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)扦插苗营养生长指标的影响。结果表明,不同接种处理的葡萄幼苗AM真菌侵染程度不同,混合接种显著高于单接种;混合接种GI+GVGM+GVGM+GI,单接种GVGIGM。接种AM真菌促进葡萄幼苗的生长,显著提高植株高度和地上、地下干重,并提高葡萄叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率,从而提高葡萄叶片的光合作用;葡萄叶片中叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量均高于未接种对照,且混合接种优于单接种。     

丛枝菌根真菌对镉胁迫下黑麦草光合生理的响应

为探究镉(Cd)胁迫下丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)光合生理的影响,盆栽条件下以Cd浓度为0、5、15和30 mg·kg-1分别对黑麦草接种AM真菌摩西斗管囊霉(FM)、变形球囊霉(GV)、混合处理(FM+GV)以及不接种对照(NM)共16个处理。结果表明,Cd降低了AM真菌侵染;接种AM真菌则提高了黑麦草株高、叶绿素含量、荧光参数、地上部和根系氮(N)、Cd含量,增强光合作用,显著提高植物体内生理活性。在Cd浓度为30 mg·kg-1水平下,FM+GV处理的菌根侵染率最大,为42.7%,与NM相比,FM+GV处理的黑麦草叶片叶绿素含量、地上部和根系N含量分别提高26.2%、70.6%和85.3%;株高和地上干重分别提高34.1%和18.8%;PSⅡ最大光化学效率和PSⅡ潜在活性分别提高4.9%和19.7%;净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度分别增加19.8%、28.3%和14.7%;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量分别是NM的1.3、1.5和1.8倍,丙二醛含量相较NM下降50.0%。土壤中Cd浓度与植株地上部和根内的Cd含量呈显著正相关,FM+GV处理的黑麦草地上部和根系Cd含量分别达到88.1和606.7 mg·kg-1。总体来看,FM+GV处理增加黑麦草光合生理抗性、吸收固持Cd能力的效果最为显著。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对甘草生长的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫下接种摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）对甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,土壤含水量对AM真菌接种效果有显著影响;不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了甘草菌根侵染率和全株黄酮以及氮、磷含量。水分胁迫30 d,接种株POD活性和MDA含量显著降低,而土壤含水量为60%和80%时,接种株可溶性蛋白含量显著降低;水分胁迫60d,接种株SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,土壤含水量为60%和80%时,接种株POD活性和可溶性糖含量显著升高,接种株叶绿素含量只在土壤含水量为60 %时显著升高。以胁迫60d土壤含水量为60 %时接种效果最佳。AM真菌可能通过提高宿主植物根系对土壤水分和矿质元素吸收以及改善植物体内生理活动、调节保护酶活性以提高其抗旱性,促进宿主植物生长。     

4种草本植物对酸性黄壤中铅的吸收特性研究

研究4种草本植物（黑麦草、狗牙根、早熟禾、翦股颖）对重金属铅的吸收积累规律,为生态环境建设提供科学依据。采用盆栽试验,分别测定地上部与根部铅含量,计算地上部铅含量/根系铅含量（S/R）,根系耐性指数,富集系数4个指标。4种植物地上部和根系中的铅含量与土壤中铅含量呈显著的正相关,相关系数都大于0.90;综合4个指标,对铅的抗性相对顺序为翦股颖〉黑麦草〉早熟禾〉狗牙根。在较高铅离子浓度处理下,4种植物外观没有表现出明显的胁迫现象,特别是黑麦草和翦股颖在重金属Pb含量高达3000 mg/kg的污染土壤上,能够忍耐并正常生长,更适合于Pb污染土壤的修复。     

基质未灭菌和灭菌条件下接种AM 真菌 对香橙砧木生长的影响

在基质灭菌条件下接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌能促进植物生长发育,但在未灭菌条件下接种AM真菌鲜有报道。因此,在温室盆栽条件下,以香橙砧木（Citrus Junossieb ex Tanaka）为材料,研究了不同处理基质（灭菌和未灭菌）及接种AM真菌对香橙砧木的根系菌根侵染率、株高、茎径、叶片数、生物量及根系性状的影响。探讨在模拟自然条件（基质未灭菌）下接种AM真菌其接种效应是否仍然有效。研究结果表明：在基质灭菌条件下,接种黄雷克囊霉（Redeckera fulvum）(R.f)处理的株高、叶片数、地上干重、生物量和根系性状显著优于未接种菌根处理,而接种凹坑无梗囊霉（Acaulospora excavata）(A.e)处理的株高、茎径、叶片数、生物量低于未接种处理,但无显著差异。而根系性状显著优于对照;在基质未灭菌条件下,除了接种R.f处理的总根长显著高于未接种处理外,其他指标均与未接种处理无显著差异。这表明在盆栽试验中基质灭菌条件下,接种R.f处理能提高香橙砧木生长,接种A.e处理能抑制其生长,但在基质未灭菌条件下,接种两种AM真菌的香橙砧木生长与对照无显著影响,没有表现出在基质灭菌条件下...     

盐胁迫和AM真菌对生菜生长的效应

试验设不接种、接种Glomus intraradices（BEG141）、接种Glomus mosseae（BEG167）3个接种处理，每个接种处理下再设电导率（EC）为607μScm^-1（低盐）、1236μScm^-1（中盐）、1866μScm^-1（高盐）等3个不同盐水平处理。试验结果表明：随着土壤EC值的增加，生菜生物量降低，但在低盐胁迫下，非菌根植株降低幅度大于菌根植株。与不接种处理相比，在低盐和中盐条件下，接种菌根真菌的植株体内NO3^-含量、植株地上部干重增加；同一土壤盐水平下，接种处理的植株磷、叶绿素含量高于不接种处理的；在低盐下，接种处理的植株的根系可溶性糖含量高于不接种处理的，但在1236和1866μScm^-1的盐度下，接种处理的植株根系可溶性糖含量低于不接种处理的。说明在施肥过量引起的次生盐渍化土壤中，AM真菌侵染对生菜在低盐胁迫下的生长存在促进作用，而在高盐胁迫下，使其生长受到抑制。     

AM真菌对离子型稀土矿山废弃地土壤修复改良效果研究

【目的】研究3种AM真菌对离子型稀土废弃矿区的生态修复改良效果,为选择适宜的AM菌剂提供技术支撑。【方法】试验采用盆栽方法,供试土壤采自江西省赣州市定南县某废弃的离子型稀土矿区,供试作物为黑麦草。在灭菌的土壤上,分别接种摩西斗管囊霉(Glomus mosseae,G.m)、根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,R.i)、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,G.e),以不接种菌剂为对照,每个处理重复6次。播种催芽后的黑麦草,黑麦草生长210天,进行了8次株高和干物量监测,在黑麦草生长195天时(第8次监测),收获3个重复的黑麦草,植株样品用于分析地上部和根部干重、NPK含量,根际土壤样品用于分析pH、有机质、全量和速效氮磷钾含量。其余3个重复停止灌水用于干旱胁迫处理,在黑麦草生长210天时测定了植株超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脯氨酸含量。【结果】与不接菌空白组相比,接种G.m、R.i、G.e处理根际土壤pH由强酸性(4.60)提高至7.62～7.90,有机质分别提升了123.9%、126.8%、105.0%;G.m处理土壤全氮、碱解氮和全磷分别提升...     

AM菌对三叶草吸收、累积重金属的影响

采用4室根箱培养系统,探讨了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属复合污染土壤中,丛枝菌根菌对三叶草生长及吸收、累积重金属的作用,结果表明:重金属Cu 100mg/kg、Zn 600mg/kg、Pb 300mg/kg、Cd 10mg/kg的复合污染对三叶草生物量影响较小,但土壤重金属处理使丛枝菌根菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus caledonium对三叶草的侵染率分别降低53%和56%,菌种G.intraradice的菌丝密度降低73%;接种菌根真菌能明显减少重金属复合污染土壤中三叶草对Cu、Cd和Pb的吸收,并强化根系在限制重金属Pb和Cd向地上部运输中的作用,地上部Pb和Cd含量分别下降24.2%~55.3%和65%~97.9%,使三叶草地上部Cd和Pb含量均低于我国牧草重金属安全含量,提高了三叶草可食部分的质量;不同菌根真菌对三叶草吸收、累积及分配重金属的影响有明显差异,Glomus intraradices对减少三叶草对重金属的吸收及其在地上部可食部分的累积的作用大于Glomus caledonium。丛枝菌根菌对于强化三叶草根系对重金属的固持作用,调节生态系统中重金属的生物循环,减轻重金属对食物链的污染风险方面起着重要作用。     

The Use of Coal Gangue as a Cultivation Bed Conditioner in Forage Maize Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of application of coal gangue (CG) at different rates (0, 5, 10, 20, and 50%) and inoculation with two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae, as mediating plant adaptation to soil amended with CG, on the nutrient content of forage maize. The results showed CG amendment at all levels and both AM fungi significantly improved the nutrient content of the plant as compared to control. In general, the highest shoot dry weight and nutrient phosphorus, iron, and zinc (P, Fe, and Zn) were obtained with 10% CG and G. intraradice treatments, which were 49.68, 30.49, 16.72, and 75.71% higher than those of the control plants, respectively. Therefore, 10% dose of CG may be considered as a suitable dose for amendment in the corn cultivation bed in terms of providing nutrient contents for this plant as well as AM fungi root colonization.     

Synergistic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bacillus subtilis on the biomass and essential oil yield of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)

Four different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae, were used alone and in combinations with Bacillus subtilis to evaluate their capability to increase the productivity of geranium. Mycorrhizal treatment increased the growth and total biomass invariably over non-mycorrhizal control plants. In AM alone treatment, the best result was obtained for G. mosseae treatment, where 380.9 and 335.3 g fresh herb yield per pot was recorded in 2005–2006 and 2006–2007, respectively, an increase of 75.3 and 85.9% over controls. Plants inoculated with B. subtilis alone yielded 287.8 and 252.3 g fresh herb, an increase of 32.4 and 39.9% over uninoculated controls. However, B. subtilis in combination with G. mosseae produced the highest herb yield, i.e. 410.8 and 347.8 g herbs pot^?1, an increase of 89.4 and 92.9% over untreated controls. The field experimental data validated the results of the pot experiment. Treatment with G. mosseae alone increased herb yield by 49.4%, whereas in combination with B. subtilis, it increased herb yield by 59.5%. Treatment with AM fungi and B. subtilis did not affect the essential oil content of the plant, but total oil yield was significantly increased because of the increase in biomass production.     

丛枝菌根真菌对万寿菊生长、吸镉及生理特性的影响

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), including Glomus intraradices, Glomus constrictum and Glomus mosseae, on the growth, root colonization and Cd accumulation of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) at Cd addition levels of 0, 5 and 50 mg kg-1 in soil. The physiological characteristics, such as chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activity, of Tagetes erecta L. were also investigated. The symbiotic relationship between the marigold plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was well established under Cd stress. The symbiotic relationship was reffected by the better physiobiochemical parameters of the marigold plants inoculated with the three AMF isolates where the colonization rates in the roots were between 34.3% and 88.8%. Compared with the non-inoculated marigold plants, the shoot and root biomass of the inoculated marigold plants increased by 15.2%- 47.5% and 47.8%-130.1%, respectively, and the Cd concentration and accumulation decreased. The chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents in the mycorrhizal marigold plants increased with Cd addition, indicating that AMF inoculation helped the marigold plants to grow by resisting Cd stress. The antioxidant enzymes reacted differently with the three AMF under Cd stress. For plants inoculated with G. constrictum and G. mosseae, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased with increasing Cd addition, but peroxidase (POD) activity decreased with increasing Cd addition. For plants inoculated with G. intraradices, three of the antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased at high levels of Cd addition. Overall, the activities of the three antioxidant enzymes in the plants inoculated with AMF were higher than those of the plants without AMF inoculation under Cd stress. Our results support the view that antioxidant enzymes have a great influence on the biomass of plants, and AMF can improve the capability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and reduce Cd concentration in plants to alleviate Tagetes erecta L. from Cd stress.     

Effect of earthworms on the phytoremediation of zinc-polluted soil by ryegrass and Indian mustard

In this paper, the effects of earthworms on the growth and Zn uptake of ryegrass and Indian mustard in artificially Zn-contaminated soils were studied. Earthworm inoculation increased plant shoot biomass by 29–83% for ryegrass and by 11–42% for Indian mustard, respectively, as compared to the treatments without earthworms, while the roots’ biomass of both plants were increased much more than their corresponding shoots. Earthworms also increased shoot Zn concentrations in both ryegrass and Indian mustard, although the increases in ryegrass did not show significant difference. Except for soil without Zn contamination, the Zn contents of both ryegrass and Indian mustard roots were significantly increased by earthworm addition. Generally, Zn contents of roots were relatively higher than those of shoots for both plants, which were independent of earthworms inoculation. Earthworm increased soil bioavailable metal (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid–Zn) (DTPA-Zn) concentrations, which resulted in a direct increase in Zn uptake by the plants, since a significant correlation was observed between the DTPA–Zn contents and plant Zn uptake. However, the main reason for the increase in plant Zn uptake under earthworm inoculation was probably the increase in dry matter production stimulated by earthworms.     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米锌、磷拮抗作用的影响

【目的】 利用丛枝菌根 (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AM) 真菌与作物互利共生的关系来提高作物对锌的吸收是缓解锌、磷拮抗作用的途径之一,本试验在不同锌、磷浓度条件下,研究了接种AM真菌对玉米侵染和锌、磷吸收的影响,以期为揭示AM真菌影响锌、磷拮抗作用的机理提供理论依据。 【方法】 采用盆栽试验,设置三个施磷水平 (0、200 、400 mg/kg),两个施锌水平 (0、5 mg/kg),2个接菌水平[接菌 (+AM)和不接菌 (–AM)],共12个处理,每个处理4次重复。利用生物镝灯补充光照,在人工光照植物培养室内植株生长50天后,地上部与根部分别收获,测定其生物量、锌磷的含量和吸收量。 【结果】 施磷和接种AM真菌都显著提高了玉米植株生物量,不施锌条件下,施磷从0 mg/kg增加到400 mg/kg,玉米植株地下部和地上部生物量分别提高6.67倍、9.30倍。接种处理对玉米植株生物量的影响也有相同的趋势。在锌水平为5 mg/kg、磷水平为200 mg/kg的条件下,接种AM真菌玉米植株地下部磷的吸收量和含量分别增加了110%、55%;在同一锌、磷供给条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了玉米对锌的吸收量,地下部和地上部分别是未接种处理的1.71倍和1.68倍。随着施磷水平的不断提高,玉米植株的锌含量会逐渐下降。不施锌条件下,施磷从0 mg/kg增加到200 mg/kg,玉米植株地上部锌含量降低36%,与之相反,接种AM真菌后地上部锌含量增加35%。但在高磷条件 (400 mg/kg) 下,接种AM真菌对玉米植株锌磷含量和吸收量影响均不显著。 【结论】 在本试验条件下,施磷抑制玉米对锌的吸收,接种AM真菌可提高玉米锌磷的含量和吸收量,有效缓解玉米锌磷拮抗作用,改善玉米的锌营养状况。      

接种丛枝菌根真菌对脱毒马铃薯微型薯生长及产量的影响

在大田条件下采用混合菌种(Glomus mosseas+Glomus intraradices)作为接种剂,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌对脱毒马铃薯微型薯菌根侵染、磷吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,接种菌根真菌,马铃薯菌根侵染率增加73.3%,植株吸磷量增加15.4%,块茎产量增加8.0%。上述结果证明,在大田条件下,接种菌根真菌能侵染马铃薯根部,促进植株对磷的吸收,从而增加产量。