GIS技术在高原灌区灌溉管理中的应用研究

通过对GIS技术在蜻蛉河大型灌区的应用研究,建成灌区灌溉管理系统。本系统采用分层和模块化的设计原则,建成一个应用型的灌区灌溉管理GIS系统,实现灌区管理中图、文、表、管理一体化及灌区水利工程管理、作物种植、供需水平衡以及灌溉引水配水等工作的电子化管理模式。     

我国灌区量水现状及发展趋势

灌区量水是灌区实行计划用水、按方收费的重要手段。针对我国灌区量水的现状和存在的主要问题，提出了灌区量水要符合技术、经济和工程上的基本要求，指出灌区量水设施的发展应以经济实用为主导方向，逐步实现灌区量水自动化。     

水利管理办公系统软件的开发应用

为了提高我国水利管理的总体水平，根据水利部已有的水利管理技术和规范，经过补充后开发出了水利管理办公系统软件。该系统包括了如下几个方面：计划用水、作物需水、水管年报、灌溉效益、水费核算、灌溉报表、工程养护、水库工程、水库监测、水库水情、防汛调度、兴利调度。     

Management trends and responses to water scarcity in an irrigation scheme of Southern Spain

Improvement of irrigation management in areas subjected to periods of water scarcity requires good knowledge of system performance over long time periods. We have conducted a study aimed at characterizing the behaviour of an irrigated area encompassing over 7000 ha in Southern Spain, since its inception in 1991. Detailed cropping pattern and plot water use records allowed the assessment of irrigation scheme performance using a simulation model that computed maximum irrigation requirements for every plot during the first 15 years of system operations. The ratio of irrigation water used to maximum irrigation requirements (Annual Relative Irrigation Supply, ARIS) was well below 1 and oscillated around 0.6 in the 12 years that there were no water supply restrictions in the district. The ARIS values varied among crops, however, from values between 0.2 and 0.3 for sunflower and wheat, to values approaching 1 for cotton and sugar beet. Farmer interviews revealed some of the causes for the low irrigation water usage which were mainly associated with the attempt to balance profitability and stability, and with the lack of incentives to achieve maximum yields in crops subsidized by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union. The response to water scarcity was also documented through interviews and demonstrated that the change in crop choice is the primary reaction to an anticipated constraint in water supply. Water productivity (value of production divided by the volume of irrigation water delivered; WP) in the district was moderate and highly variable (around 2€ m⁻³) and did not increase with time. Irrigation water productivity (increase in production value due to irrigation divided by irrigation water delivered) was much lower (0.65€ m⁻³) and also, it did not increase with time. The lack of improvement in WP, the low irrigation water usage, and the changes in cropping patterns over the first 15 years of operation indicate that performance trends in irrigated agriculture are determined by a complex mix of technical, economic, and socio-cultural factors, as those that characterized the behaviour of the Genil-Cabra irrigation scheme.     

Transformation toward agricultural sustainability in New Zealand hill country pastoral landscapes

A multi-stakeholder representative group was established to oversee a project examining the economic and environmental performance of a representative North Island hill country catchment farm at Whatawhata in the western Waikato region of New Zealand. The group included representation from landowners, government agencies and scientists. The group was facilitated through an action research approach incorporating three phases: (1) awareness; (2) forecasting; and (3) implementation. The group identified a set of goals and indicators relevant to achieving a “well managed rural hill catchment” The indicators were used to (a) assess the current state of the catchment farm in relation to the goals; (b) evaluate a range of strategies for improving system performance and (c) evaluate progress toward the goals following land use changes implemented within the catchment farm. Key issues for the group included the availability of data and the setting of appropriate performance benchmarks. From both economic and environmental points of view, the existing farm system was failing to meet the goals set by the management group. Key factors driving these outcomes included the physical and productivity limitations of the soil resource, poor livestock performance and poor water quality. A mixture of research observations, decision support models and expert stakeholder knowledge indicated scope for improving performance through forestry, riparian management, erosion control and livestock intensification options. Based on their evaluation of the forecasting results, the group developed a new land use plan, which depended on significant capital investment in land use and enterprise change. Subsequent monitoring of soils, vegetation, water quality, animal production and financial results over four years showed marked improvement in a number of key performance indicators. In particular, sediment and phosphorus loads and faecal coliform levels decreased rapidly, native forest fragments showed early signs of restoration, lamb and beef productivity increased and the per hectare financial returns of the pastoral component increased. Better matching of land use to land capability has led to short-term improvement in some aspects of the economic and environmental performance of the catchment farm. Progress toward a more sustainable agricultural system was achieved, but at a substantial cost for transformation of the biophysical system, which has implications for the wider sector.     

甘肃景泰提水灌区田间灌水技术评价与改进

通过田间灌溉试验和计算机模拟，对景泰提水灌区现行地面灌水技术进行了评价，研究对比了地面灌溉田间灌水效率的2种计算方法，用模拟地面灌水流运动的计算机模型模拟灌溉试验，得到平均灌水均匀度和田间灌水效率，并针对灌区田间灌水技术存在的问题，提出了改进建议。     

Low Cost Satellite Data for Monthly Irrigation Performance Monitoring: Benchmarks from Nilo Coelho, Brazil

Irrigation performance indicators can helpwater managers to understand how anirrigation scheme operates under actualcircumstances. The new contribution ofremote sensing data, is the opportunity tostudy the crop growing conditions at scalesranging from individual fields to schemelevel. Public domain internet satellitedata have been used to calculate actual andpotential crop evapotranspiration, soilmoisture and biomass growth on a monthlybasis in the Nilo Coelho irrigation scheme,Pernambuco (Brazil). Satellite interpretedraster maps were merged with vector maps ofthe irrigation water delivery system.Monthly values of a minimum list ofirrigation performance indicators for thevarious service units in the pressurizedNilo Coelho scheme were determined. NiloCoelho is a good performing scheme. Theperformance can be improved further if 25%irrigation water is saved from February toJuly. The benchmark figures from thismodern irrigation system are presented forcomparitive analysis with other systems.The acceptable ranges in space and timeare presented. On average, 65% of thelateral pumping units on a monthly basisfall within the acceptable limits ofirrigation performance. Low cost irrigationperformance data based on low resolutionsatellite images (US$ 1/ha) will help themanagement team to focus on specificpumping units, and discuss alternativeirrigation and farm management strategieswith the stakeholders.     

灌区向城市引水工程的优化设计

已建大型灌区向城市引水是供水对象扩展问题,也是一个关系到区域社会、经济及生态等方面的多目标复杂系统优化问题。运用系统科学原理和方法,根据灌区供水结构调整的需要,基于系统仿真技术建立了灌区供水系统的多目标模拟模型,采用改进层次分析法将多目标问题转化为单目标函数,并提出试验遗传算法对该系统的设计参数和引水运行参数进行优化设计。通过某实际灌区的优化设计表明,该模型可以在保证城市需水要求的同时减小城市引水对农业灌溉的影响,从而提高灌区水资源的利用率,进一步发挥灌区水资源应有的经济效益和社会效益。     

3S及其集成技术在灌区信息管理中的应用

介绍了3S技术在灌区信息管理中的研究现状,指出了灌区管理信息化建设的重要性,提出了以RS、GPS技术信息采集为基础,以高速安全可靠的计算机网络为手段,构建RS、GIS和GPS技术功能为一体的灌区信息管理系统的方法,并初步探讨了3S技术在灌区信息管理中的应用前景和发展趋势。     

Diagnostic Analysis of the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District Area

Diagnostic Analysis (DA) is a methodologyfor assessing and understanding the performance of anagricultural system. This analysis is thefirst step in a large system change process, known asthe Management Improvement Program (MIP), whoseobjective is to improve the performance of the agricultural system.A group of Federal andstate of Arizona agencies agreed to apply the MIPmethodology in a western U.S. setting. The purpose of theapplication was to test the applicability of the MIPapproach and to refine themethodology. This paper describes how the DAmethodology was applied in the Maricopa-StanfieldIrrigation and Drainage District (MSIDD) area incentral Arizona, USA, and summarizes the lessonsderived from that experience. Specific findings ofthe DA study and the response of MSIDD areaagriculture to those findings are discussed inseparate articles.     

Delivery system performance case study: Wellton-Mohawk irrigation and drainage district,USA

An irrigation district in southwestern Arizona was studied to assess the performance of its water delivery system. Data were obtained through monitoring of lateral canals, examining water order reports and bills, and conducting a diagnostic analysis of the water delivery and on-farm irrigation systems through interviews. A number of differences between official andde facto district operating policies were found. These policies had changed over the years and provided far more flexibility and better service than provided by the original official policy. The canal system, which was designed to be operated under upstream control, was found to be operated under a complex mixture of manual upstream and downstream control that resembled dynamic regulation. Farmers made official (recorded) water orders only about half the time. Deliveries usually occurred within one day of the ordered date, as per district policy, with more late deliveries at the tail end of the system during peak water use periods. On average, the district delivered the rate and duration ordered, but average flow rates for individual deliveries were not accurately estimated due to fluctuating flows. The two biggest shortfalls observed were the lack of water measurement records at intermediate points in the system and lack of thorough water accounting. These shortfalls appeared to have had only a minor effect on overall district objectives.     

灌区管理模型与GIS的集成及应用

研究了基于 Map Objects的地理信息系统二次开发及其与灌区管理模型的集成 ,并在漳河灌区进行了初步应用。GIS提供模型计算所需要的空间数据 ,并在模型模拟过程中动态显示时空演化过程。利用 GIS与灌区管理模型的结合 ,对提高我国水资源的利用有重要的现实意义。     

基于物联网的数字唐徕信息化管理系统设计与实现

针对长期以来传统水利工程点多、面广、线长,通讯不便,管理手段落后、粗放,工程效益差,灌溉效率低,"人治"痕迹深,安全管理不合理、不到位,事故频发的问题,充分利用智能感知技术、3S技术、云计算云存储技术、物联网技术以及WebGIS等先进信息技术,实现由传统水利向数字水利过渡,最终彻底向智慧水利转型,建立数字唐徕信息化管理系统。系统包括数字地图决策指挥平台、综合数据分析查询平台、智能灌渠专家辅助系统、掌上唐徕移动信息终端、数字唐徕渠业务管理支撑平台、自动化采集测控平台的"数字唐徕渠"的六个"一"的功能架构。是一套真正满足灌区管理需求的呈现数字化、控制智能化、决策科学化、管理协同化的灌区生产指挥管理平台,为全渠管理部门提供了科学的决策依据。     

The Economics of Agriculture in the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District in Central Arizona

The economic performance of a Central Arizona Projectirrigation district is determined by the economiccondition of the growers the district serves and theunderlying financial structure of the district. Inthe case of the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation andDrainage District, adverse economic conditions in theagricultural sector and a high debt obligationrelative to water sales called into question thefinancial sustainability of the district. Districtmanagement took positive steps, like the ManagementImprovement Program (MIP) and departmentrestructuring, to improve the economic performance ofthe water delivery system. These actions relied onthe shared understanding of the waterinterdependencies between agricultural and urban userswhich was obtained through the Diagnostic Analysis ofthe MIP.     

Water Delivery Performance in the Doroodzan Irrigation Scheme, Iran

Delivery performance ratio was used to assess thewater delivery performance in an irrigation district in theDoroodzan Irrigation System in Iran. The measurements wereapplied to three selected irrigation canals and their tertiaryoutlets during five consecutive irrigation cycles. The canalswere located at the head, middle and tail end of the irrigationdistrict.Performance indicators reveal that the physical system and themanagement could respond to the delivery of the intended supply.The indicators show a better reliability performance than theequity performance in water delivery at the tertiary outlets. Theresults from the Doroodzan Irrigation System reveal that thesystem could not deliver water according to the real crop waterrequirements. The actual overall efficiency was used to quantifythe water delivery performance in terms of deficit and excesswater. The equity and reliability performance was illustrated byusing the spatial and temporal variation of the expected overallefficiency at the district level.     

建立灌区农民用水者协会的探讨

建立农民用水者协会（ＷＵＡ），国家将支、分渠系灌溉工程的使用与管理权移交给农民，这符合我国政府关于水利工程分级管理的方针政策，对促进灌区工程体制改革，适应社会主义市场经济新要求，实现灌区自我维护，自我发展，经济自立，均具有较大的实践意义。１９９５年４月，湖北省人民政府办公厅３３号文同意在湖北省世行贷款项目区内开展经济自立灌溉区试点工作，并将漳河水库三干渠三分干灌区首批列入试点，在省世行贷款水利项目办公室和荆门市人民政府领导和支持下，通过一年的试点工作实践，先后组建了１１个农民用水者协会，并开始试运行。作者就组建农民用水者协会过程中涉及的有关问题从理论上进行了初步总结。     

Building a climate resilient farm: A risk based approach for understanding water, energy and emissions in irrigated agriculture

The links between water application, energy consumption and emissions are complex in irrigated agriculture. There is a need to ensure that water and energy use is closely considered in future industry planning and development to provide practical options for adaptation and to build resilience at the farm level. There is currently limited data available regarding the uncertainty and sensitivity associated with water application and energy consumption in irrigated crop production in Australia. This paper examines water application and energy consumption relationships for different irrigation systems, and the ways in which the uncertainty of different parameters impacts on these relationships and associated emissions for actual farms. This analysis was undertaken by examining the current water and energy patterns of crop production at actual farms in two irrigated areas of Australia (one using surface water and the other groundwater), and then modelling the risk/uncertainty and sensitivity associated with the link between water and energy consumption at the farm scale. Results showed that conversions from gravity to pressurised irrigation methods reduced water application, but there was a simultaneous increase in energy consumption in surface irrigation areas. In groundwater irrigated areas, the opposite is true; the use of pressurised irrigation methods can reduce water application and energy consumption by enhancing water use efficiency. Risk and uncertainty analysis quantified the range of water and energy use that might be expected for a given irrigation method for each farm. Sensitivity analysis revealed the contribution of climatic (evapotranspiration and rainfall) and technical factors (irrigation system efficiency, pump efficiency, suction and discharge head) impacting the uncertainty and the model output and water-energy system performance in general. Flood irrigation systems were generally associated with greater uncertainty than pressurised systems. To enhance resilience at the farm level, the optimum situation envisaged an irrigation system that minimises water and energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Where surface water is used, well designed and managed flood irrigation systems will minimise the operating energy and carbon equivalent emissions. Where groundwater is the dominant use, the optimum system is a well designed and managed pressurised system operating at the lowest discharge pressure possible that will still allow for efficient irrigation. The findings might be useful for farm level risk mitigation strategies in surface and groundwater systems, and for aiding adaptation to climate change.     

Bio-economic evaluation of farmers’ perceptions of viable farms in western Kenya

Arable land in western Kenya is under considerable pressure from increasing human population. Rural households depend on farming for at least part of their livelihood, and poverty rates are among the highest in Kenya. Land is often depleted of nutrients, and for most farmers, access to inputs and markets is poor. There is a need to identify options that are manageable within the context of the farmer’s resource base and the household’s objectives that could improve farm household well-being. In this study we integrated qualitative informal participatory approaches with quantitative mathematical programming and biophysical simulation modelling. Households in four sub-locations in Vihiga District were clustered and pilot cases identified. Meetings were held with farmers to elicit their perceptions of what their ideal farm would look like, and how its performance might compare with their own farm’s performance. With farmers’ help, a range of scenarios was analysed, relating to changes in current enterprise mixes, changes in current farm sizes, and changes in prices of staples foods and cash crops. A considerable mismatch was found between farmers’ estimates of their own farm’s performance, and what was actually produced. There seems to be a threshold in farm size of 0.4 ha, below which it is very difficult for households to satisfy their income and food security objectives. Even for larger farms whose households are largely dependent on agriculture, the importance of a cash crop in the system is critical. There is a crucial role for extension services in making farmers aware of the potential impacts on farm revenue of modest changes in their farm management systems. We are monitoring nine households in the district, whose farmers have made some changes to their system in an attempt to increase household income and enhance food security.     

西北现代生态灌区建设理论与技术保障体系构建

灌区是我国粮食安全和现代农业发展的基础保障,同时也是区域经济发展和生态环境保护的重要基石。然而西北地区独特的气候、地貌及社会经济状况导致了灌区生产能力和生态服务功能难以满足现代生态农业发展的需求。通过系统分析西北灌溉农业发展中面临的水资源过度开发、土壤盐碱化严重、生态环境功能低下等方面的问题,阐述了西北现代生态灌区的内涵与特征,并基于农业生产“功能水分”来源,将西北灌区划分成了灌溉依赖型灌区、灌溉主导型灌区、灌溉补充型灌区和灌溉提质型灌区4类。以灌区农业生产系统、物能输配系统、生态环境系统为建设对象,提出了灌区生态服务功能优化配置、灌区农田物能调控和灌区生态系统安全评估三大核心理论,构建了灌区系统控污与景观价值提升技术、灌排系统管控技术、作物生境要素综合调控技术三大关键技术,从而形成了西北现代生态灌区理论与技术保障体系,为我国西北灌溉农业高质量可持续发展提供理论与技术指导。     

深化农机改革坚持农业可持续发展

深化农机改革是我国现代农业的重要组成部分。本文简述了我国发展农业机械化的同时,也要重视自然资源的合理开发和利用;提出了农机改革的发展战略及科学的农机管理机制,坚持农业可持续发展,保持健康协调的生态环境。