牛磺酸对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫器官发育及抗氧化能力的影响

选用240只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组3个重复.对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的牛磺酸,试验期42 d.结果表明:(1) 日粮中添加0.10%牛磺酸,能够显著提高肉仔鸡平均日增重和饲料转化率(P＜0.05),显著提高3周龄肉仔鸡脾脏指数和6周龄法式囊指数(P＜0.05),显著提高肉仔鸡血清和3周龄肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P＜0.05),并显著降低3周龄血清和肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量(P＜0.05).(2)添加0.15%的牛磺酸显著提高3周龄肉仔鸡脾脏和胸腺指数(P＜0.05).(3)日粮中添加0.20%的牛磺酸对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫器官发育和抗氧化能力没有显著影响(P＞0.05).     

富锗酵母菌培养物对蛋鸡抗氧化性能及血清生化免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在探究富锗酵母菌培养物对产蛋高峰期的海兰褐壳蛋鸡抗氧化性能、血清生化指标和免疫指标的影响。试验将240只健康无病、日龄及体况较一致的海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分为对照组和试验组,每组120只,各12个重复,每个重复10只。其中试验组日粮中添加0.2%富锗酵母菌培养物,对照组饲喂基础日粮;预饲期7 d,正式试验42 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组血清中总胆固醇含量降低了17.24%(P0.05);甘油三酯含量降低了19.73%(P0.05);尿素氮含量降低了22.68%(P0.05);IgG含量提高了5.39%(P0.05);SOD活性提高了12.18%(P0.01);MDA活性降低了10.06%(P0.05);蛋鸡肝脏中SOD、GSH-Px活性分别提高了21.46%(P0.01)和11.16%(P0.05);蛋黄中MDA活性降低了17.78%(P0.01)。试验表明:日粮中添加0.2%富锗酵母菌培养物可显著提高蛋鸡抗氧化性能及免疫性能。     

陈玉米饲粮中添加茶多酚、维生素E和二丁基羟基甲苯对肉鸭生长性能和抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在研究陈玉米饲粮中添加茶多酚(TP)、维生素E和二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)对肉鸭生长性能和抗氧化功能的影响。选取1日龄雄性北京鸭192只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只。以储存3年玉米作为能量原料,Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮(不添加饲料抗氧化剂),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加120 mg/kg TP、维生素E和BHT的试验饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,TP能显著提高22~42日龄肉鸭平均日增重(P0.05),维生素E能显著提高1~21日龄和22~42日龄肉鸭平均日增重(P0.05),BHT对肉鸭生长性能无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,TP能显著提高21和42日龄血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及42日龄血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(P0.05),维生素E能显著提高42日龄血清CAT活性(P0.05);BHT能显著提高21日龄血清T-AOC以及21和42日龄血清CAT活性(P0.05)。由此可见,陈玉米饲粮中添加TP和维生素E对肉鸭生长性能以及抗氧化功能均有不同程度的改善,而BHT只改善了肉鸭的抗氧化功能。陈玉米饲粮中添加TP效果最好。     

低蛋白日粮添加必需氨基酸对肉鸡血清抗氧化指标和肝脏抗氧化性能的影响

研究旨在探讨低蛋白日粮中添加必需氨基酸对肉鸡血清抗氧化指标和肝脏抗氧化性能的影响。选用200只1日龄AA~+白羽雄性商品肉鸡,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组设置5个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂按照NRC(1994)标准推荐的基础日粮,试验组分别在对照组基础上饲喂降低3%粗蛋白水平的日粮,前期各试验组肉鸡饲喂分别添加0.1%DL-蛋氨酸(DLM)、0.22%L-赖氨酸(Lys)和0.1%DLM+0.22%Lys的日粮,后期各试验组肉鸡饲喂分别添加0.1%DLM、0.26%Lys和0.1%DLM+0.26%Lys的日粮。试验分为生长期(1~21日龄)和育肥期(22~42日龄)两个阶段,共42 d。结果表明:低蛋白日粮中添加必需氨基酸极显著提高21日龄肉鸡肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、血清及肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P0.01),显著提高血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P=0.05),极显著或显著降低血清及肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)和抑制羟自由基(·OH)含量(P0.01,P0.05);显著提高42日龄肉鸡肝脏中GSH-Px和T-AOC含量(P0.05),极显著提高血清及肝脏中SOD活性、肝脏中T-AOC含量(P0.01),极显著降低血清及肝脏中MDA含量(P0.01)。提示低蛋白日粮添加必需氨基酸能够显著提高肉鸡的抗氧化性能,前期必需氨基酸添加水平为0.1%DLM+0.22%Lys,后期必需氨基酸添加水平为0.1%DLM+0.26%Lys时抗氧化性能最高。     

25-羟基维生素D3与维生素D3共晶对肉鸭生长性能、免疫功能及胫骨发育的影响

本试验旨在探讨一种新型的维生素D添加剂,即25-羟基维生素D_3(25-OH-D_3)与维生素D_3共晶对肉鸭生长性能、免疫功能及胫骨发育的影响。选取360只1日龄健康樱桃谷肉公鸭,随机分为3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。T1组在基础饲粮中添加69.0μg/kg25-OH-D_3与66.0μg/kg维生素D_3物理混合物,T2组在基础饲粮中添加135.0μg/kg 25-OH-D_3与维生素D_3共晶,T3组在基础饲粮中添加67.5μg/kg 25-OH-D_3与维生素D_3共晶。试验期35 d,分为1～14日龄和15～35日龄2个阶段。结果表明:1)与T1组相比,T2组肉鸭35日龄体重以及15～35日龄和1～35日龄平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)显著提高(P 0.05),35日龄胸肌肉色亮度值显著增加(P0.05),35日龄脾脏指数显著降低(P0.05),14日龄血清Ⅰ型胶原C端肽含量和35日龄血清钙含量显著升高(P0.05),35日龄胫骨粗灰分含量及胫骨生长板宽度和宽度系数显著增加(P0.05)。2)与T1组相比,T3组肉鸭1～35日龄ADG和15～35日龄ADFI显著提高(P0.05),14日龄血液嗜酸细胞百分率和35日龄血液单核细胞计数显著增加(P0.05),14日龄血清钙和降钙素含量显著降低(P0.05),14日龄胫骨钙含量以及35日龄胫骨体积和粗灰分含量显著降低(P0.05),35日龄胫骨生长板厚度、厚度系数、宽度系数和横截面积显著增加(P0.05)。3)与T2组相比,T3组肉鸭35日龄胸肌剪切力显著提高(P0.05),14日龄法氏囊指数和35日龄脾脏指数显著提高(P0.05),14日龄血液中性粒细胞百分率、单核细胞百分率、嗜碱细胞百分率以及单核细胞计数显著升高(P0.05),14日龄血液淋巴细胞百分率显著降低(P0.05),14日龄血清降钙素含量和35日龄血清钙和Ⅰ型胶原C端肽含量显著降低(P0.05),14日龄胫骨粗灰分和磷含量以及35日龄胫骨钙含量显著降低(P0.05),14日龄胫骨生长板宽度和宽度系数显著增加(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加25-OH-D_3与维生素D_3共晶对于肉鸭的生长性能、免疫功能及胫骨发育有显著影响,且具有剂量依赖性,表现为饲粮中添加135.0μg/kg 25-OH-D_3与维生素D_3共晶效果更佳。     

妊娠母羊饲喂竹酢粉对羔羊生长性能、血液生理生化指标、免疫与抗氧化能力的影响

试验旨在研究妊娠母羊饲喂竹酢粉对羔羊生长性能、血液生理生化指标、免疫与抗氧化能力的影响。选择初产、妊娠约120 d的健康湖羊50只,随机分为2组,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)和基础日粮+2%竹酢粉(试验组),饲喂3周,预饲期1周。分娩后,选择单羔母羊所产、3周龄左右、产期相近(1～4 d)羔羊20只(对照组和试验组各10只)测定其生长性能、血液生理生化、免疫与抗氧化能力等指标。结果表明:试验组羔羊的初生重(BW)、平均日增重(ADG)与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但日增重提高4.74%。与对照组相比,试验组羔羊血液中白细胞、红细胞、血小板数量和血红蛋白浓度均无显著差异(P0.05);血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性显著降低(P0.05),总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)含量和白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)有一定程度提高,总胆固醇(TC)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均有降低趋势(P0.05);试验组羔羊免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM和IgG含量高于对照组,但均无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在妊娠母羊日粮中添加2%竹酢粉可在一定程度上提高羔羊日增重,同时羔羊血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、IgA、IgM和IgG含量也有一定程度提高。     

中药负离子硒锗复合生物制剂对蛋鸡生理机能、免疫抗氧化性能的影响

试验旨在探究中药负离子硒锗复合生物制剂对蛋鸡生理机能和免疫抗氧化性能的影响。选取200只28周龄的健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分成2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%中药负离子硒锗复合生物制剂,每组4个重复,每个重复25只鸡,试验期共49 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组血清白蛋白(ALB)和白蛋白/球蛋白(ALB/GLO)分别显著升高了8.33%、11.11%(P0.05);试验组血清总胆固醇(TC)含量显著降低8.68%(P0.05),高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量显著升高8.24%(P0.05);试验组血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性差异不显著(P0.05);试验组血清Ig G含量显著升高4.89%(P0.05);试验组血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性分别极显著升高23.49%、17.82%(P0.01),血清丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著降低32.08%(P0.01)。综上,蛋鸡基础日粮中添加0.5%中药负离子硒锗复合生物制剂可改善蛋鸡生理机能,提高蛋鸡免疫力和抗氧化性能,且对蛋鸡肝脏无不良影响。     

棉籽粕替代豆粕对肉鸭生产、屠宰性能及血液指标的影响

本试验选取480只21日龄健康、体重相近樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为4组,每组设6个重复,各重复20只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加3%、6%、9%棉籽粕代替部分豆粕的日粮。试验期间记录各组体增重及耗料量等,试验结束后,测定各组肉鸭的生产性能、屠宰性能、靶器官比重及血清中尿素氮、总蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶含量,研究3～5周龄肉鸭日粮中棉籽粕适宜添加比例。试验期14d。结果表明:三种替代比例对肉鸭体增重、料重比和屠宰性能无显著影响(P0.05);3%和6%添加量对肉鸭肝脏比重、血清尿素氮、总蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶含量无显著影响(P0.05),日粮中添加9%棉籽粕,对肉鸭肝脏比重无显著影响(P0.05),但谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶显著增加(P0.05)。本试验条件下,日粮中添加6%棉籽粕,樱桃谷肉鸭生产、屠宰性能最理想,胴体品质也有一定改善,且对肝脏发育、血液生化指标无显著影响。     

卵黄免疫球蛋白对雏鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加卵黄免疫球蛋白(IgY)对雏鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响。选取同一批出雏、体重相近的1日龄罗曼褐蛋鸡公雏240只,随机分为2组(对照组和试验组),每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在对照组饲粮基础上添加0.1%的IgY。试验期5周。分别于1、3、5周龄,每个重复选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只,称重、采血并用于血清免疫指标测定,然后取免疫器官、空肠食糜用于相关指标测定。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组1、3、5周龄雏鸡平均日增重有增大的趋势(0.05P0.10)。2)试验组1、5周龄雏鸡胸腺相对重和1周龄脾脏相对重显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验组1、5周龄雏鸡法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺中IgY含量与对照组差异均不显著(P0.05)。3)试验组1周龄雏鸡血清球蛋白、α-干扰素、白细胞介素-2含量和溶菌酶活性,3周龄雏鸡血清总蛋白、球蛋白和白细胞介素-2含量,5周龄雏鸡血液淋巴细胞数量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。4)试验组1周龄雏鸡肠道食糜中分泌型免疫球蛋白A含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可知,雏鸡饲粮中添加IgY可以促进雏鸡1~5周龄生长性能和免疫机能的提高,但从提高免疫机能的角度看,育雏前期(1~3周龄)的作用效果更为明显。     

二肽螯合铁对仔猪生长性能、血清铁和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究二肽螯合铁对仔猪生长性能、血清铁和抗氧化指标的影响。选取40日龄健康三元杂交仔猪80头,随机分为对照组和试验组2个组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组和试验组饲粮中的铁添加量均为180 mg/kg(以铁计),对照组仅添加硫酸亚铁,试验组仅添加二肽螯合铁。试验期21 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重(ADG)提高了10.37%(P0.05),料重比(F/G)降低了5.59%(P0.05);试验组血清铁含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清铁蛋白和血红蛋白含量高于对照组(P0.05);试验组血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,二肽螯合铁可明显促进仔猪生长,改善仔猪体内铁代谢状况,增强仔猪抗氧化能力。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.