多氯联苯复合污染土壤的微生物群落结构多样性变化

土壤微生物群落结构多样性是指示土壤生态系统稳定性及其功能的重要传感器。采用磷脂脂肪酸（Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs）方法,对长江三角洲地区某POPs高风险区PCBs长期复合污染土壤的微生物群落结构多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明,PCBs重度污染土壤中格兰氏阴性菌（16：1w9、cy17：0等）和厌氧微生物（18：1w7）的PLFAs组分含量较多,而格兰氏阳性菌（如i15：0、i17：0等）、放线菌（16：0（10Me））及真菌（18：2ω6,9）和好氧性微生物的PLFAs含量较低,表明PCBs污染土壤中微生物群落结构与组成发生了明显变化。这一结果为PCBs降解微生物资源的定向筛选提供了科学依据。     

敌敌畏杀虫剂对桃树叶际微生物群落结构的影响

采用平板计数法和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析方法评价了喷施敌敌畏杀虫剂后对桃树叶际微生物群落的影响。平板计数法分析结果表明,经80%敌敌畏乳油的1000倍液喷雾处理后,可培养微生物数量低于喷水对照。PLFA分析结果显示,桃树叶际真菌标记物18：1ω9t磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）含量最高,超过总PLFAs含量的60%;喷施杀虫剂后,叶际微生物PLFAs的含量、种类均有所增加,明显有别于喷水对照;并且增加敌敌畏处理次数会增强其对叶际微生物群落影响的显著性。PLFAs主成分分析表明,处理1d后不同样品的叶际微生物群落结构差异最明显,7d后,不同处理样品的叶际微生物群落结构差异变小。     

双季稻田土壤微生物群落对连续5年施有机肥和石灰的响应差异

  目的  土壤微生物是土壤健康的敏感“指示器”,但不同的土壤微生物类群对连续施用有机肥和石灰的响应规律及不同指标的敏感性仍不明确。  方法  本文选取中亚热带双季稻区的紫泥田作为研究对象,研究连续5年施用有机肥或石灰后,土壤微生物“黑箱指标”（微生物生物量碳氮、微生物熵和土壤呼吸速率）和土壤活体微生物（PLFAs）组成的响应规律与差异。  结果  与对照相比,连续施用有机肥后,土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、氮（MBN）含量和土壤呼吸速率分别提高37%、28%和44% ~ 59%,微生物多样性也显著提高,土壤细菌结构发生改变,尤其是革兰氏阴性菌（G?）的PLFAs绝对量提高了100%,但真菌类群的响应不敏感。相反,连续施用石灰5年后,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量均呈下降趋势,微生物熵和土壤呼吸速率分别降低11%和26% ~ 52%,微生物多样性显著降低,细菌、放线菌和绝大多数真菌类群PLFAs绝对量下降30% ~ 58%。相关性分析结果表明,土壤有机质含量与土壤微生物总PLFAs和细菌PLFAs含量呈显著正相关关系;而土壤pH仅与Simpson多样性指数呈显著正相关关系。施有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质含量进而导致细菌MBC、MBN、G?和土壤呼吸速率显著增加;而施石灰后土壤微生物群落结构及活性降低与土壤pH有关。  结论  连续5年施用有机肥、石灰后,土壤微生物指标分别表现为正面、负面响应。与“黑箱指标”相比,某些特定微生物类群（如G?）的敏感性指数值更高,在土壤健康评价中极具应用潜力。     

膜生物反应器-复合垂直流人工湿地（SMBR—IVCW）系统处理混合废水的应用研究

本文采用一体式膜生物反应器（SMBR）-复合垂直流人工湿地（IVCW）组合工艺（SMBR—IVCW）系统,研究了该系统对复合废水的净化效果。结果表明,当系统进水为CODCr397-890mg·L-1、氨氮9．40-27．mg·L-1、TP4．30-10．7mg·L-1、TN45．9-75．8mg·L-1的条件下,在SMBR和IVCW的水力负荷分别为1000L·d-1和375mm·d-1的最优工况下运行,系统CODCrNH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别为97．5％、99．0％、59．6％和65．2％;系统进出水中氮的形态组成发生了显著变化;SMBR—IVCW系统在高浓度综合污水处理方面具有良好的潜力。     

放牧与围栏内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮变化及微生物群落结构PLFA分析

以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原为研究对象,采用氯仿熏蒸法和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析方法研究了放牧与围栏条件下内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量和群落结构特征的变化情况。研究表明放牧与围栏草地土壤微生物生物量和群落结构差异显著。氯仿熏蒸法分析结果表明内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳的含量介于166.6-703.5mg·kg^-1之间,微生物生物量氮含量介于30.34-92.15mg·kg^-1之间,其中贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮最高,大针茅草原次之,克氏针茅草原则最低。放牧条件下,贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮显著低于围栏草地,克氏针茅草原则无显著变化。PLFA分析结果显示,内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物群落PLFAs种类、含量丰富,共检测出28种PLFA生物标记磷脂脂肪酸,并且以直链饱和脂肪酸和支链饱和脂肪酸为主,相对含量占总量的2/3左右,其中贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物含量最丰富,其围栏样地土壤的PLFA含量达到27.3nmol·g-1,大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原依次降低。围栏条件下,各类型草原土壤细菌脂肪酸与总PLFA含量均显著高于放牧草地,真菌脂肪酸含量则因草原类型不同各有差异;放牧导致各类型草原革兰氏阳性细菌PLFAs/革兰氏阴性细菌PLFAs（GPPLFAs/GNPLFAs）比值显著降低,而除了克氏针茅草原,细菌PLFAs/真菌PLFAs比值则显著升高。PLFAs主成分分析表明,放牧和围栏处理对内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构产生影响,且围栏处理的影响程度大于放牧处理。经相关分析表明,氯仿熏蒸法和PLFA分析方法之间有很好的一致性,且土壤微生物PLFAs与土壤有机质、全磷、硝态氮显著相关。     

辽宁省不同土地利用对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

通过野外调查采样和室内氯仿熏蒸提取法分析,研究了辽宁省旱地、稻田、湿地、草地、森林、果园6种不同土地利用方式共计35个样地表层土壤（0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm）对土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的影响。结果表明,土地利用方式对土壤微生物量有显著影响,其中土壤微生物量碳依次为森林〉湿地〉稻田〉旱地〉果园〉草地;土壤微生物量氮则为森林〉旱地〉稻田〉果园〉湿地〉草地。土壤微生物量碳氮均表现为森林显著高于其他土地利用方式,湿地、稻田、旱地、果园高于草地。除旱地和稻田,土壤微生物量碳随土层加深含量递减;而土壤微生物量氮在6种土地利用类型中,均表现为随土层加深含量递减。相关分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮之间显著相关,土壤微生物量碳、氮是可以表征土壤肥力的敏感因子。     

健康与患病河蟹池塘底泥微生物群落特征差异分析

本研究采集了江苏省扬中地区健康与患病河蟹池塘表层(0-5 cm)和深层(5-10 cm)的底泥,分析了不同池塘底泥的微生物群落特征和主要影响因子。结果表明,患病组底泥的pH（7.77±0.11）和总钾（1.78±0.11）显著低于健康组的pH（7.91±0.05）和总钾（1.95±0.13）,而水溶性盐总量（1.50±0.23）显著高于健康组（1.05±0.19）。在0-10cm深度范围的底泥中,健康组深层微生物多样性（Shannon）显著高于表层（P<0.05）,而患病组表层和深层的微生物丰富度（Ace和Chao）、多样性（Shannon）均显著高于表层（P<0.05）。两种池塘底泥微生物中的优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿湾菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)。两种池塘存在包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)在内的多种差异菌群。RDA分析结果表明,总氮是影响河蟹池塘底泥微生物群落的主要环境因子。此外,决定健康池塘底泥微生物群落的环境因子还有水溶性盐、碳酸钙和总硫,而决定患病池塘底泥微生物群落的环境因子为有机质和pH。因此,底泥中芽孢杆菌和pH等可能是潜在影响河蟹健康的关键因素。本研究结果可为养殖河蟹池塘的微生态调控提供理论参考。     

短期生物炭添加对退化盐碱湿地土壤微生物群落结构特征影响

施用生物炭（BC）可改善土壤理化性质并影响微生物群落组成,从而恢复并提升土壤生态功能,然而生物炭如何影响退化盐碱湿地土壤微生物群落结构特征尚不清楚。本研究以吉林西部退化盐碱湿地土壤为研究对象,设置对照（不添加生物炭,CK）,低量添加生物炭（生物炭：土的比例添加生物炭分别为0.5%、1%、2%,LK）,高量添加生物炭（生物炭：土的比例添加生物炭分别为5%、10%、20%,HK）,通过1个生长季监测土壤磷脂脂肪酸（Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFA）的变化,分析短期内微生物群落结构变化对生物炭添加的响应特征,探究生物炭添加条件下土壤微生物变化的主要驱动因素。结果表明,低添加量处理下,生物炭对除真菌之外的微生物PLFA均具有抑制作用;高添加量处理下,生物炭对微生物PLFA起促进作用;除原生动物外,其余微生物PLFA均呈现增加趋势,其中细菌与真菌PLFA均增加了50%左右。不同生物炭添加处理下微生物群落中物种结构变化不大,微生物群落的香农指数、辛普森指数以及均匀度在三种处理下差异不显著;生物炭添加改变了土壤养分,其中生物炭添加对有机碳（SOC）影响不显著,但会增加可溶性...     

湿地土壤微生物碳源代谢活性对不同水分条件的动态响应 ——以鄱阳湖为例

为深入了解湿地土壤微生物群落代谢特征对不同水分条件的响应变化,本研究以鄱阳湖湿地表层土壤为研究材料,采用室内控制试验,运用Biolog技术探讨土壤微生物碳源代谢活性在不同水分条件(干燥、湿润、淹水)下连续处理132 d的变化特征。结果表明:湿润组土壤微生物代谢活性最高,其平均光密度值(AWCD)在处理的第72天分别是淹水组和干燥组的1.34倍和3.95倍;同时土壤微生物对不同碳源类型的利用能力也发生了显著的差异性变化,其中干燥组利用的主要碳源为多聚物类和碳水化合物类(占总碳源利用率的39.25%和36.53%),而淹水组对氨基酸类碳源有较高的利用能力(占总碳源利用率的36.33%)。土壤微生物碳源代谢特征在处理的第21天达到稳定状态,而土壤理化性质和土壤微生物群落结构在处理的第72天发生显著变化,同时研究发现淹水条件升高了土壤pH和铵态氮含量,降低了微生物群落多样性。由此可知,水分条件不仅会影响湿地土壤微生物总体碳源代谢活性强度,还会改变对不同碳源的相对利用能力,最终导致土壤环境发生改变。     

曝气对垂直流湿地处理水产养殖废水脱氮的影响

人工湿地作为一种有效的污水处理技术,现已被逐渐拓展到水产养殖业中。鉴于其与养殖竞争有限土地资源的弊端,如何构建节地高效型湿地成为未来研究的重点。曝气增氧是强化潜流湿地净化效能的重要措施之一,但是关于曝气强度以及净化效率与影响因素的关系仍缺乏深入系统的研究。为此,该文设计构建了7组不同要素组合的垂直流湿地小试系统,同步或分阶段探讨了曝气强化对垂直流湿地脱氮的影响。研究结果表明,无论曝气与否,构建的7组湿地系统于试验运行工况下都存在明显的硝化过程,且空气复氧和植物根系泌氧足以弥补硝化作用耗氧量。曝气增氧进一步强化了湿地内部的矿化和硝化过程;鉴于养殖废水不缺乏碳源(该研究各组湿地进水碳氮比在28.4~30.6之间),湿地内部的反硝化几率增大,导致曝气后总氮的去除效率提高。但是曝气条件下过高的溶解氧又会进一步抑制反硝化过程,从而也会导致系统总氮去除速率的下降。因此,对垂直流湿地而言,曝气强度不是愈高愈好。为了获得更高的脱氮效率,建议可以通过延长水力停留时间或者在垂直流湿地尾部增设水平潜流湿地来补充反硝化过程,进而提高系统对总氮的去除效果。     

Alteration of soil microbial communities and water quality in restored wetlands

Land usage is a strong determinant of soil microbial community composition and activity, which in turn determine organic matter decomposition rates and decomposition products in soils. Microbial communities in permanently flooded wetlands, such as those created by wetland restoration on Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta islands in California, function under restricted aeration conditions that result in increasing anaerobiosis with depth. It was hypothesized that the change from agricultural management to permanently flooded wetland would alter microbial community composition, increase the amount and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds in Delta waters; and have a predominant impact on microbial communities as compared with the effects of other environmental factors including soil type and agricultural management. Based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, active microbial communities of the restored wetlands were changed significantly from those of the agricultural fields, and wetland microbial communities varied widely with soil depth. The relative abundance of monounsaturated fatty acids decreased with increasing soil depth in both wetland and agricultural profiles, whereas branched fatty acids were relatively more abundant at all soil depths in wetlands as compared to agricultural fields. Decomposition conditions were linked to DOC quantity and quality using fatty acid functional groups to conclude that restricted aeration conditions found in the wetlands were strongly related to production of reactive carbon compounds. But current vegetation may have had an equally important role in determining DOC quality in restored wetlands. In a larger scale analysis, that included data from wetland and agricultural sites on Delta islands and data from two previous studies from the Sacramento Valley, an aeration gradient was defined as the predominant determinant of active microbial communities across soil types and land usage.     

外源铬对小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)根际土壤微生物生物量和磷脂脂肪酸的剖面分布特征的影响

The effects of root activity on microbial response to cadmium （Cd） loading in the rhizosphere are not well understood. A pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted to investigate the effects of low Cd loading and root activity on microbial biomass and community structure in the rhizosphere of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.） on silty clay loam and silt loamy soil. Cd was added into soil as Cd（NO3）2 to reach concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 7.00 mg kg-1. The microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and community structure were affected by Cd concentration, root activity, and soil type. Lower Cd loading rates （〈 1.00 mg kg-1） stimulated the growth of pakchoi and microorganisms, but higher Cd concentrations inhibited the growth of microorganisms. The content of phospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） was sensitive to increased Cd levels. MBC was linearly correlated with the total PLFAs. The content of general PLFAs in the fungi was positively correlated with the available Cd in the soil, whereas those in the bacteria and actinomycetes were negatively correlated with the available Cd in the soil. These results indicated that fungi were more resistant to Cd stress than bacteria or actinomycetes, and the latter was the most sensitive to Cd stress. Microbial biomass was more abundant in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Root activity enhanced the growth of microorganisms and stabilized the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere. PLFA analysis was proven to be sensitive in detecting changes in the soil microbial community in response to Cd stress and root activity.     

玉米幼苗对芘污染土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响

通过盆栽土培试验研究了玉米幼苗生长期间对芘污染土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响。结果表明,玉米加快了土壤中芘的降解,提高了芘在土壤中的降解速率。试验期间,根际土中可提取态芘含量显著低于非根际土,根际土微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性均高于非根际土,代谢熵低于非根际土。脂肪酸（FAME）分析结果表明,与非根际土相比,芘污染玉米根际土微生物群落结构发生了显著的变化,主要表现在真菌特征脂肪酸以及真菌/细菌的比值显著升高,细菌和GN^-细菌特征脂肪酸显著降低,且这种效应随着培养时间的推移在P〈0.01水平显著。根际土和非根际土中丛枝菌根真菌、GN^＋细菌和放线菌特征脂肪酸差异随着培养时间的延长逐渐加大,45 d时其差异均在P〈0.05水平显著。     

模拟增温和降水调控对土壤微生物碳氮、群落基质利用模式及群落组成的短期影响

Soil microorganisms are major drivers of soil carbon(C) cycling;however,the response of these microorganisms to climate change remains unclear.In the present study,we investigated how 18 months of multifactor climate treatments(warmed air temperature by 3℃ and decreased or increased precipitation manipulation by 30%) affected soil microbial biomass C and nitrogen(N),community substrate utilization patterns,and community composition.Decreased and increased precipitation significantly reduced microbial biomass C by 13.5% and 24.9% and microbial biomass N by 22.9% and 17.6% in unwarmed plots,respectively(P0.01).Warming enhanced community substrate utilization by 89.8%,20.4%,and 141.4% in the natural,decreased,and increased precipitation plots,respectively.Particularly,warming significantly enhanced the utilization of amine and carboxylic acid substrates among all precipitation manipulation plots.Compared with the natural air temperature with natural precipitation treatment,other treatments affected fungal community richness by -0.9% to 33.6% and reduced the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial and fungal groups by 0.5% to 6.8% and 4.3% to 10.7%,respectively.The warming and/or precipitation manipulation treatments significantly altered Zygomycota abundance(P0.05).Our results indicate that climate change drivers and their interactions may cause changes in soil microbial biomass C and N,community substrate utilization patterns,and community composition,particularly for the fungal community,and shifts in the microorganism community may further shape the ecosystems function.     

Effects of short-term conservation management practices on soil organic carbon fractions and microbial community composition under a rice-wheat rotation system

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term (less than 2 years) conservation managements [no-tillage (NT) and crop residue returning] on top soil (0–5 cm) microbial community composition and soil organic C (SOC) fractions under a rice-wheat rotation at Junchuan town of Hubei Province, China. Treatments were established following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices [conventional tillage (CT) and NT] as the main plot and residue returning level [no residue returning (0) and all residues returned to fields from the preceding crop (S, 2,146 kg C ha^?1)] as the subplots. The four treatments were CT with or without residue returning (CT0 and CTS) and NT with or without residue returning (NT0 and NTS). The abundances of microbial groups [total FLFAs, fungal biomass, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass/bacterial biomass (F/B), monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (MUFA/STFA), and microbial stress] were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis of soil. The ratio of MUFA/STFA reflects aeration of soil and greater MUFA/STFA means better aeration condition of soil. Moreover, the microbial stress, the ratio of cy19:0 to 18:1ω7, was regarded as an indicator of physiological or nutritional stress of microbial community. PLFA profiles were dominated by the fatty acids iC15:0 (9.8 %), C16:0 (16.5 %), 10Me17:0 (9.9 %), and Cyc19:0 (8.3 %), together accounting for 44.6 % of the total PLFAs. Compared with CT, NT significantly increased microbial biomass C (MBC) by 20.0 % but did not affect concentrations of total organic C (TOC), dissolved organic C (DOC), easily oxidizable C (EOC), and SOC of aggregates. Residue returning significantly increased MBC by 18.3 % and SOC content of 2–1-mm aggregate by 9.4 %. NT significantly increased total PLFAs by 9.8 % and fungal biomass by 40.8 % but decreased MUFA/STFA by 15.5 %. Residue returning significantly enhanced total PLFAs, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass, F/B, and MUFA/STFA by 31.1, 36.0, 95.9, 42.5, and 58.8 %, respectively, but decreased microbial stress by 45.9 %. Multivariate analysis (redundancy analysis and partial correlation analysis) indicated that SOC of 2–1-mm aggregate was related to changes in the composition of soil microbial groups, suggesting that SOC of 2–1-mm aggregate was sensitive to changes in soil microbial community composition affected by short-term conservation management practices in our study.     

不同营养源对人工湿地基质生物膜培养液pH值的影响

采用恒温摇床培养方法,研究了不同营养源（处理1：尿素＋乙酸钠;处理2：亚硝酸钠＋乙酸钠;处理3：硝酸钾＋乙酸钠;处理4：碳酸氢铵;处理5：硫酸铵＋碳酸氢钠;处理6：磷酸二氢钾＋碳酸氢钠）对复合垂直流人工湿地基质生物膜培养液pH值的影响,探讨了pH值变化过程中生物膜脱氢酶活性和多糖含量的变化规律。结果表明,处理1、4以及5中培养液pH值先下降然后再上升,但下降和上升的幅度不同。处理2、3以及6中培养液pH值添加碳源前在7.30-7.40之间缓慢变化,添加碳源后均上升至9.00左右。在培养液pH值变化的过程中,生物膜脱氢酶活性和多糖含量也发生改变。处理1、2、3中生物膜脱氢酶活性均在pH值上升的过程中达到最高值,而处理4、5、6中脱氢酶活性随pH值的变化呈下降趋势。对于所设6个处理,除处理4中多糖含量在整个试验过程中基本不变外,其余5个处理中多糖含量均在pH值上升过程中一直增加。     

Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review

 This review discusses the analysis of whole-community phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and the composition of lipopolysaccharides in order to assess the microbial biomass and the community structure in soils. For the determination of soil microbial biomass a good correlation was obtained between the total amount of PLFAs and the microbial biomass measured with methods commonly used for determinations such as total adenylate content and substrate-induced respiration. Generally, after the application of multivariate statistical analyses, whole-community fatty acid profiles indicate which communities are similar or different. However, in most cases, the organisms accounting for similarity or difference cannot be determined, and therefore artefacts could not be excluded. The fatty acids used to determine the biomass vary from those which determine the community structure. Specific attention has to be paid when choosing extraction methods in order to avoid the liberation of fatty acids from non-living organic material and deposits, and to exclude the non-target selection of lipids from living organisms, as well. By excluding the fatty acids which were presumed to be common and widespread prior to multivariate statistical analysis, estimates were improved considerably. Results from principal component analysis showed that determining the levels of fatty acids present in both low and high concentrations is essential in order to correctly identify microorganisms and accurately classify them into taxonomically defined groups. The PLFA technique has been used to elucidate different strategies employed by microorganisms to adapt to changed environmental conditions under wide ranges of soil types, management practices, climatic origins and different perturbations. It has been proposed that the classification of PLFAs into a number of chemically different subgroups should simplify the evaluating procedure and improve the assessment of soil microbial communities, since then only the subgroups assumed to be involved in key processes would be investigated. Received: 24 August 1998     

Temperature and substrate controls on microbial phospholipid fatty acid composition during incubation of grassland soils contrasting in organic matter quality

Soil incubations are often used to investigate soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and its response to increased temperature, but changes in the activity and community composition of the decomposers have rarely been included. As part of an integrated investigation into the responses of SOM components in laboratory incubations at elevated temperatures, fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured in two grassland soils contrasting in SOM quality (i.e. SOM composition), and changes in the microbial biomass and community composition were monitored. Whilst easily-degradable SOM and necromass released from soil preparation may have fuelled microbial activity at the start of the incubation, the overall activity and biomass of soil microorganisms were relatively constant during the subsequent one-year soil incubation, as indicated by the abundance of soil PLFAs, microbial respiration rate (r), and metabolic quotient (qCO₂). PLFAs relating to fungi and Gram-negative bacteria declined relative to Gram-positive bacteria in soils incubated at higher temperatures, presumably due to their vulnerability to disturbance and substrate constraints induced by faster exhaustion of available nutrient sources at higher temperatures. A linear correlation was found between incubation temperatures and the microbial stress ratios of cyclopropane PLFA-to-monoenoic precursor (cy17:0/16:1ω7c and cy19:0/18:1ω7c) and monoenoic-to-saturated PLFAs (mono/sat), as a combined effect of temperature and temperature-induced substrate constraints. The microbial PLFA decay patterns and ratios suggest that SOM quality intimately controls microbial responses to global warming.     

Nutrient Removal in Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetlands Treating Eutrophic River Water: Assessment of Plants, Intermittent Artificial Aeration and Polyhedron Hollow Polypropylene Balls

Seven experimental pilot-scale subsurface vertical-flow constructed wetlands were designed to assess the effect of plants [Typha latifolia L. (cattail)], intermittent artificial aeration and the use of polyhedron hollow polypropylene balls (PHPB) as part of the wetland substrate on nutrient removal from eutrophic Jinhe River water in Tianjin, China. During the entire running period, observations indicated that plants played a negligible role in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal but significantly enhanced ammonia–nitrogen (NH₄–N), nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) total nitrogen (TN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) removal. The introduction of intermittent artificial aeration and the presence of PHPB could both improve COD, NH₄–N, TN, SRP and TP removal. Furthermore, aerated wetlands containing PHPB performed best; the following improvements were noted: 10.38 g COD/m² day, 1.34 g NH₄–N/m² day, 1.04 g TN/m² day, 0.07 g SRP/m² day and 0.07 g TP/m² day removal, if compared to non-aerated wetlands without PHPB being presented.     

Suppression of other soil microorganisms by mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in root-free soil

The influence of mycelium of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae, on other soil microorganisms, was examined in root-free soil with and without organic substrate amendment in terms of cellulose. The AM fungi were grown in symbiosis with cucumber in a compartmented growth system, which allowed AM fungal external mycelium to grow into root-free compartments. The fungicide Benomyl was applied to the root-free compartments to create an alternative non-mycorrhizal control treatment. Whole cell biomarker fatty acids were employed to quantify different groups of soil microorganisms including the two AM fungi. Abundance of most microbial groups were reduced by external mycelium of both AM fungi, though differential effects on the microbial community composition were observed between the two AM fungi as revealed from principal component analysis. Inhibition of other soil microorganisms was more pronounced in root-free soil with mycelium of G. mosseae than with mycelium of G. intraradices. In general, cellulose increased the amount of biomarker fatty acids of most groups of soil microorganisms, but cellulose did not affect the influence of AM fungi on other soil microorganisms. Benomyl suppressed growth of the external mycelium of the two AM fungi and had limited non-target effects on other microbial groups. In conclusion, our results show differential effects of external mycelium of AM fungi on other soil microbial communities, though both AM fungi included in the study overall inhibited most microbial groups as examined using whole cell biomarker fatty acids.