低分子量有机酸对土壤磷释放动力学的影响

模拟植物在缺磷条件下,根系所分泌的有机酸种类和数量,用流动法研究了柠檬酸,苹果酸,草酸和酒石酸对土壤磷释放的影响。结果表明：有机酸能明显促进土壤中磷的释放,不同有机酸对石灰性土壤活化能力大小的次序为草酸≥柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉酒石酸;而对酸性土壤磷的释放量与Ｆｅ＋Ａｌ释放量之间呈极 相关,有机酸活化土壤磷能力大小的次序为柠檬酸〉草酸〉酒石酸〉苹果酸。     

有机酸对污染土壤中镉释放的影响

There is limited information on the release behavior of heavy metals from natural soils by organic acids. Thus, cadmium release, due to two organic acids (tartrate and citrate) that are common in the rhizosphere, from soils polluted by metal smelters or tailings and soils artificially contaminated by adding Cd were analyzed. The presence of tartrate or citrate at a low concentration (≤ 6 mmol L^-1 for tartrate and ≤ 0.5 mmol L^-1 for citrate) inhibited Cd release, whereas the presence of organic acids in high concentrations (≥ 2 mmol L^-1 for citrate and ≥ 15 mmol L^-1 for tartrate) apparently promoted Cd release. Under the same conditions, the Cd release in naturally polluted soils was less than that of artificially contaminated soils. Additionally, as the initial pH rose from 2 to 8 in the presence of citrate, a sequential valley and then peak appeared in the Cd release curve, while in the presence of tartrate the Cd release steadily decreased. In addition, Cd release was clearly enhanced as the electrolyte concentration of KNO₃ or KCl increased in the presence of 2 mmol L^-1 tartrate. Moreover, a higher desorption of Cd was shown with the KCl electrolyte compared to KNO₃ for the same concentration levels. This implied that the bioavailability of heavy metals could be promoted with the addition of suitable types and concentrations of organic acids as well as reasonable field conditions.     

磷处理土壤中磷的释放动力学研究

Phosphate release from three selected soils after treatments of 1.6 and 2.4 mmol L^-1 P was investigated using sequential extractions and fitted using six kinetic models, including zero order （Z）, first order （F）, second order （S）,parabolic diffusion （PD）, two constant rate （TC）, and Elovich type （ET） equations. The results showed that the rate of P release was initially rapid and then gradually declined with time. Also, P release increased with added P. Total P release followed the order： paddy soil with 2.4 mmol L^-1 P 〉 red soil with 2.4 mmol L^-1 P 〉 paddy soil with 1.6 mmol L^-1 P〉 fluvo-aquic soil with 2.4 mmol L^-1 P 〉 fluvo-aquic with 1.6 mmol L^-1 P 〉 red soil with 1.6 mmol L^-1 P. For the two P treatments P release from the paddy soils in the first extraction was 44.3% and 45.6% of total released P, respectively,which were higher than those from red and fluvo-aquic soils. The ratio of P release at the end of release time was 14.0%and 13.1% in the paddy soil treated with 1.6 and 2.4 mmol L^-1 P, respectively, but only 5.1% and 9.2% in the red soil and 7.0% and 5.2% in the fluvo-aquic soil, respectively. Comparison of the coefficients of determination （R^2） indicated that ET, TC, and PD equations could describe the P release data better than Z, F, and S equations.     

土壤微生物和有机酸对土壤呼吸速率的影响

通过对不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率、土壤微生物数量和有机酸的测定,旨在揭示土壤微生物和有机酸对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率大小顺序是:阔叶栎林>桦木林>落叶阔叶林>杨树林>冷杉林>红杉林>高山草甸.细菌和放线菌随海拔升高呈单峰变化趋势,土壤真菌数量随海拔升高而增多.土壤细菌和放线菌分别可以单独解释不同植被54.2%和70.57%的土壤呼吸速率变化.土壤低分子量有机酸中以草酸、柠檬酸为主,草酸和柠檬酸分别与细菌和放线菌均达到极显著相关,草酸、柠檬酸、细菌和放线菌与土壤呼吸均极显著正相关.     

pH和磷对铅胁迫下芥菜生长和土壤酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同pH和磷酸盐浓度对铅污染土壤种植的芥菜生物量和铅吸收的影响,及铅浓度与土壤酶活性的关系.结果表明,芥菜地下部分铅含量明显高于芥菜地上部分.土壤酸化有可能导致土壤中铅的溶出释放,在试验中,土壤pH为5.0时,土壤中铅的释放最多,芥菜生长和土壤酶活性受到的影响最大.土壤中铅与磷酸结合成难溶性的磷酸铅,当土壤中施加的磷浓度为300mg/kg时,土壤中铅的释放量最少,芥菜生长和土壤酶活性受到的影响最小;土壤中铅的释放溶出与土壤酶活性相关性较大,同时二者易受土壤pH和磷含量的影响,因此把土壤中铅的释放溶出与土壤酶活性结合起来作为判断土壤铅污染程度指标更合适.     

几种有机酸对土壤中磷活动性的增强效应

由富营养化导致的地表水和地下水水质的恶化是当今全球关注的主要环境问题之一。富营养化主要是由于磷在地表径流、生活污泥和流向地表水和地下水体的土壤渗滤液中的迁移。近年来随着大量的有机废弃物在土壤中的应用,磷在土壤表层和亚表层中的活动性显著增加[1～3]。这不仅归结     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化影响的研究

研究两种低分子量有机酸（柠檬酸和苹果酸）对土壤磷活化影响,并用修正的Hedley法测定土壤磷活化前后磷组分的变化。结果表明,低分子量有机酸能持续活化土壤磷,活化强度随低分子量有机酸浓度的增大而增强,并且柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力强于苹果酸。低分子量有机酸能促进作物有效态无机磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）的释放;同时还促进有机磷组分（NaHCO3-Po和NaOH-Po）的矿化。在低分子量有机酸浓度达到0.5 mmol/L以上时,其对土壤磷组分的活化量的顺序为:NaOH-Pi HCl-P NaHCO3-Pi H2O-P,即铁铝结合态磷 钙结合态磷 作物有效态磷。低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的过程中伴有大量铁、铝释放,且铁或铝的释放量与磷活化量之间显著正相关（P0.05）。说明铁、铝结合态磷是低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的主要磷源,并且其活化机制可能与铁、铝结合态磷的螯合溶解有关。     

多种有机酸共存对可电荷土壤吸附磷的影响

研究了２种或３种有机酸在不同浓度组合时对可变电荷主壤吸附磷酸根离子的影响,结果表明：（１）有机酸的种类、各自的浓度及总浓度对土壤吸附磷有显著影响;（２）土壤组成及表面性质不同时,有机酸与磷的竞争效果也不大相同;（３）多种有机酸混存对土壤吸附磷量的影响不等于各单一有机酸贡献的简单加和。因此,根据环境中有机酸、磷在土壤表面的相互作用还有许多待探讨的问题。     

杉木凋落物源有机酸对土壤磷有效性的影响

以不同林龄(10 a、22 a、34 a)杉木人工林为研究对象,测定其凋落物及土壤中有机酸的组成,比较不同林龄杉木林土壤酸度及不同形态磷的含量,分析杉木凋落物源有机酸对土壤磷有效性的影响。结果表明,在杉木凋落物中检测到草酸、丙二酸、苹果酸、反丁烯二酸、丁二酸及柠檬酸等6种低分子有机酸。其中,草酸含量最大,且凋落叶的有机酸含量最高。不同林龄杉木凋落物的有机酸含量表现为:34 a>22 a>10 a。在土壤中,仅检测到草酸这一凋落物源有机酸的优势有机酸,而不同林龄杉木林的土壤有机酸含量与凋落物一致,也随着林龄的增加而增加,并随着土层加深而减少。因土壤有机酸的存在,不同林龄杉木林土壤存在明显的酸化现象,且林龄越大pH值越低。土壤有效磷与有机酸变化规律一致,表现为:34 a>22 a>10 a,且随土层加深逐渐减少。O-P、Fe-P、Al-P与Ca-P等无机磷则反之,呈现10 a>22 a>34 a的变化规律。可见,不同林龄杉木林中土壤有机酸(主要是草酸)能降低土壤pH值,且有效促进土壤磷的活化,致使土壤有效磷含量的增加,而凋落物源有机酸是土壤有机酸的重要来源之一,对土壤磷有效性的提高起着重要作用。     

低分子量有机酸对不同合成磷源的释磷效应

采用化学浸提方法,研究了5种低分子量有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸)对不同合成磷源的释磷效应。结果表明:供试有机酸(低浓度乙酸除外)均能促进不同合成磷源(DCP、OCP、FA、Fe-P、A l-P)中磷素的释放;其释磷效果与有机酸的种类和浓度有关,强弱顺序依次为柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸,有机酸浓度越高其释磷效果越好;有机酸与氟磷灰石(FA)反应后,溶液pH值升高。低浓度条件下pH值变化较大,而高浓度条件下pH值变化较小。     

Zinc Release Characteristics from Calcareous Soils using Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid and Other Organic Acids

Adsorption and desorption reactions of zinc (Zn) in soils control its availability to plants. In the present investigation, time-dependent Zn release was evaluated using three organic acids [diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), citric acid, and maleic acid] to depict the Zn fraction controlling Zn release rate from slightly calcareous to calcareous soils. Eight surface and two subsoil samples of selected soil series varied in their physicochemical properties, amount of Zn held in different chemical pools, and Zn-retention capacities (21–61%). Each soil was extracted for a total period of 24 h at 1:10 soil/extractant suspension ratio using 0.005 M DTPA. The time-dependent parabolic diffusion model best described the Zn release in six consecutive extractions. Soils differed in cumulative Zn extracted (1.09–3.81 mg kg^?1 soil) and Zn release rate. Under similar conditions, three soils differing in Zn-retention capacities were also extracted with five different concentrations (0.01–0.0001 M) of citric and maleic acids. Although both maleic and citric acids released soil Zn at greater rates and in greater amounts than DTPA, maleic acid was more efficient. Soil Zn bound to amorphous iron (Fe) + manganese (Mn) oxides was the main Zn pool that controlled Zn release characteristics.     

不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在镉二级和三级污染的红壤和褐土上添加不同磷酸盐（磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢钙）后种植小油菜40d,测定植株生物量、镉吸收量、土壤有效态镉含量、pH值,分析不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响。结果表明,3种磷酸盐使污染红壤和褐土上小油菜生物量分别提高了18.7%～291.1%和31.5%～991.2%,在红壤上提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵,而在褐土上则表现为磷酸二氢钙≈磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵。3种磷酸盐影响下小油菜吸收镉量,在镉二级污染水平的红壤上表现为显著提高8.3%～60.6%,而在镉三级污染水平的红壤上则表现为显著降低了4.6%～58.4%。污染红壤有效态镉含量在加入3种磷酸盐后提高了17.0%～122.7%,提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵;而磷酸二氢铵使污染褐土有效态镉含量降低了2.4%～13.4%。3种磷酸盐使红壤pH值提高了0.24～0.99。可见,不同土壤类型、不同镉污染水平下,3种磷酸盐对土壤镉的生物有效性的影响存在差异,其机制有待进一步研究。     

Effect of Oxalic and Citric Acids on Zinc Release Kinetic in Two Calcareous Soils

Rate of zinc (Zn) release from solid to solution phase by organic acids can influence Zn availability in calcareous soils. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations (1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 mM) of oxalic acid and citric acid on the kinetic release of Zn from two calcareous soils from Eastern Iran. The two organic acids showed significant difference in Zn release from studied soils. Cumulative Zn release during 72 h ranged from 5.85 to 10.4 mg kg^?1 in soil 1 and ranged from 8.7 to 16.9 mg kg^?1 in soil 2 using different concentrations of oxalic acid. The amount of cumulative Zn release after 72 h in soil 1 ranged from 13.65 to 28.77 mg kg^?1 and from 17.63 to 23.13 mg kg^?1 when different concentrations of citric acid was used. In general, Citric acid released 38% more Zn from soils than oxalic acid. The release of Zn from soils increased with citric acid concentration but decreased with increasing of oxalic acid concentrations in the solution. The simplified Elovich equation best described Zn release as a function of time (r² = 0.93 and SE = 0.78). From the present study, Zn release from soils can be limited by the higher concentration of oxalic acid, while citric acid is suitable for enhancing soil lability of Zn.     

低分子有机酸去除土壤中重金属条件的研究

采用化学萃取实验,以湖南郴州柿竹园和湖南衡阳水口山矿区的重金属污染农田土壤为研究对象,采用柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸作为低分子有机酸萃取剂,在一定的条件下对污染土壤中重金属进行萃取实验,确定各个单因素的适宜条件。结果表明,对于湖南郴州和衡阳两个污染地区土壤运用化学萃取技术萃取重金属来进行土壤修复是实际可行的;柠檬酸、酒石酸、草酸对各种土壤中的重金属都表现出了良好的萃取能力,是高效的土壤重金属萃取剂;单因素的适宜萃取条件为100mmol·L^-1有机酸溶液,固液比1∶5,恒定温度35℃,pH为3,反应时间24h,且萃取率随着电解质浓度的增大而提高;土壤中重金属存在形态与萃取效果有一定的相关性,稳定态（残渣态、硫化物和有机结合态、铁-锰氧化物结合态）金属含量高,表现为较低的萃取率;反之,萃取率高;柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸3种萃取剂均能有效地降低衡阳污染土壤中的重金属浓度,3种萃取剂的萃取效率依次为酒石酸〉草酸〉柠檬酸。     

低分子有机酸/盐对森林暗棕壤铁的释放效应

模拟森林凋落物淋洗液中草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐的浓度范围,设计了不同浓度草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐溶液一次性浸提和多次连续浸提等系列实验,结果表明,草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐对暗棕壤铁具有活化作用,活化作用大小因有机酸/盐种类、浓度和土壤性质而异。随着低分子有机酸/盐浓度的增加,A1层和B层暗棕壤活化释放的铁也逐渐增多。pH 5.16的低分子有机盐溶液对A1层和B层暗棕壤铁的活化作用强于同浓度的相应低分子有机酸,即柠檬酸盐>柠檬酸,草酸盐>草酸,因此推断草酸盐和柠檬酸盐溶液促进暗棕壤铁活化释放的机理主要在于低分子有机酸阴离子的配位反应。柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐对A1层和B层暗棕壤铁的活化作用强于同浓度的草酸/草酸盐,即柠檬酸>草酸,柠檬酸盐>草酸盐,这主要与柠檬酸对铁较强的络合能力及较大的离解常数有关。A1层与B层相比,草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐均对B层暗棕壤释放的铁量较高。另外,低分子有机酸对暗棕壤铁的释放并不是一次就能完成的,第一次以后的连续4次浸提仍源源不断释放出数量可观的铁。     

低分子有机酸对土壤中Pb形态的影响

为探讨螯合诱导修复技术的作用机制,研究2种低分子有机酸即柠檬酸和苹果酸对土壤中重金属Pb各形态的影响。结果表明,对于人工模拟不同污染程度的PbⅠ～PbⅣ土壤,随着柠檬酸和苹果酸添加浓度的升高,土壤中最具活性的可交换态Pb百分含量均有不同程度的提高,从而达到了活化重金属Pb的目的;Pb活化效果随柠檬酸浓度升高而升高,随苹果酸浓度升高呈先上升后基本不变趋势,当有机酸浓度为10,20 mmol/kg时,苹果酸和柠檬酸活化Pb效果分别达到最优;二者相比,柠檬酸活化Pb效果优于苹果酸的活化效果。     

海泡石对镉污染土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳含量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了在镉污染菜地原位钝化修复过程中海泡石对土壤团聚体组成和稳定性以及有机碳含量影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施用海泡石后整体上减少了5~8mm和0.25mm级别团聚体的数量,而2~5,1~2,0.5~1,0.25~0.5mm级别团聚体数量则不同程度增加,且随着海泡石施用量增加,其数量呈显著增加(P0.05)。在0—15cm土层中,土壤团聚体的平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)随海泡石施加浓度增加呈现先增加后降低,而在15—20cm土层中则有所降低。施用低浓度海泡石(0.5%)时,土壤有机碳(SOC)含量有所减少,最大降低了21.1%,而当海泡石添加剂量达到1%(H_1)和1.5%(H_(1.5))后,土壤有机碳含量整体上有所提高,较对照相比,最大增幅分别达到2.9%和70.3%。与对照相比,施用海泡石后增加了大团聚体中土壤有机碳的贡献率。     

玉米生长对石灰性土壤无机碳与有机碳释放的根际效应

利用IsoSource模型三源区分玉米根际土壤CO2释放来源(根源呼吸、土壤无机碳与有机碳释放),研究玉米根际效应对石灰性土壤无机碳与有机碳释放的影响.在玉米拔节期(24～53 d)、抽穗期(54～66 d)和灌浆期(67～99 d)末分别破坏性取样,测定根系、土壤有机碳和无机碳的13C含量等指标;自拔节期开始至生育期...     

低分子量有机酸对土壤中铝的化学行为的影响

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