镉和铅在2种典型土壤中的吸附及其与温度的关系

采用批平衡法研究我国2种典型土壤对镉和铅的吸附特性及其与温度的关系,运用热力学参数△G°、△H°和△S°解释土壤镉和铅的吸附机理,并对镉和铅在复合共存情况下的吸附特性进行讨论.结果表明,镉和铅在土壤中的吸附过程表现出明显的非线性,镉和铅的吸附分别符合Freundlich模型和Lang-muir模型.壤土对镉和铅的最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量均大于红壤的.镉和铅复合共存时,2种重金属的吸附均受到抑制;温度升高时,镉和铅对彼此的抑制作用有所减弱.吉布斯自由能变△G°为负值表明镉和铅吸附反应为自发反应;△H°为正值衰明土壤对镉和铅的吸附为吸热反应.单一存在时,镉在填土和红壤中的主要作用力分别为氢键和范德华力;而铅在壤土和红壤中的主要作用力均为范德华力.复合共存时,镉和铅的主要作用力发生改变.     

长江三角洲地区典型土壤对铅的吸附及其与有机质、pH和温度的关系

采用批平衡方法实验研究了长江三角洲地区4种典型土壤对Pb的吸附、解吸行为及有机质和温度对Pb吸附的影响,并运用热力学参数K°、ΔG°、ΔH°和ΔS°解释了土壤Pb的吸附机理。结果表明,在本实验条件下,Pb在土壤上的吸附过程表现出明显的非线性,符合Freundlich模型。土壤Pb吸附Kf值大小为:滩潮土(石质淡色潮湿雏形土)(3816dm3kg-1)>乌黄土(底潜铁聚水耕人为土)(1984dm3kg-1)>青紫泥(普通潜育水耕人为土)(1030dm3kg-1)>黄泥砂土(铁聚潜育水耕人为土)(348dm3kg-1)。去除有机质后的土壤对Pb的吸附量降低,解吸率升高。吸附反应热力学表明,K°和ΔS°随温度升高而增大,ΔG°随温度升高而降低。ΔG°为负值,表明Pb吸附反应为自发反应,ΔH°为正值表明土壤Pb吸附为吸热反应。乌黄土、青紫泥和滩潮土对铅吸附的主要作用力为化学键力,黄泥砂土为范德华力和偶极间力。Pb在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象。pH、碳酸钙含量和平衡浓度越高,滞后系数越大,这可能与在高pH和高碳酸钙含量时,Pb与土壤形成难解吸内圈配位物有关。     

酸性条件下可变电荷土壤对铜吸附动力学特征

用自行设计的动力学装置,研究了酸性条件下Cu在可变电荷土壤表面的反应动力学吸附特征。结果表明,在酸性条件下,Cu吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应。从一级动力学方程拟合的参数可知,3种土壤的最大吸附量依次为砖红壤〉赤红壤〉红壤,Cu最大吸附量随酸度增加显著下降;用Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程常数b值,解释离子的表观扩散速率,3种土壤的b值依次为砖红壤〉赤红壤〉红壤,且随酸度的增大而降低。从相关系数的比较看,Elovich方程在描述Cu的吸附数据比一级动力学方程和抛物线扩散方程要差。在Cu吸附过程中,pH为5．5和4．3时,红壤和赤红壤流出液中有质子释放,质子的释放可能涉及铜离子的水解;而砖红壤在pH为5．5有质子的释放,pH4-3时有质子的消耗。当原液pH为3.3和3．8时,都存在质子的消耗。3种土壤H＋的消耗过程有较大的区别,砖红壤上快速消耗H＋鱼-远远大于红壤和赤红壤。反应初期,H＋质子的消耗是快速反应,主要包括土壤交换阳离子的缓冲作用、土壤表面的质子化及硫酸根专性吸附释放的羟基中和H＋质子;而以后的反应中,H＋质子对矿物的溶解是一缓慢过程。     

长江三角洲地区典型土壤对镉的吸附及其与有机质、pH和温度的关系

土壤重金属吸附-解吸反应影响重金属的迁移性、生物有效性和潜在毒性,研究土壤重金属的吸附-解吸过程及其机制对土壤污染评价、修复及环境容量预测至关重要。本文研究了长江三角洲地区四种典型土壤对Cd的吸附行为及有机质、pH和温度对土壤Cd吸附的影响,并运用热力学参数K°、ΔG°、ΔH°和ΔS°解释了土壤镉的吸附机制。研究结果表明,在本实验条件下,四种典型土壤镉吸附反应均很好地符合Fre-undlich模型。土壤镉吸附Kf值大小为:滩潮土(石质淡色潮湿雏形土)(238.8dm3kg-1)>乌黄土(底潜铁聚水耕人为土)(115.4dm3kg-1)>青紫泥(普通潜育水耕人为土)(54.40dm3kg-1)>黄泥砂土(铁聚潜育水耕人为土)(10.74dm3kg-1),滩潮土镉吸附Kf是黄泥砂土的24倍。土壤镉吸附量随溶液初始pH和土壤pH升高而增大;去除有机质后的土壤对镉的吸附量降低。吸附反应热力学表明,K°和ΔS°随温度升高而增大,ΔG°随温度升高而降低。ΔG°为负值表明镉吸附反应为自发反应,ΔH°为正值表明土壤镉吸附为吸热反应。     

棕壤Zn~(2+)吸附特征及有机物料分解产物对吸附的影响

在研究棕壤Zn2+吸附特征的基础上,进一步研究了草炭、猪粪和蚯蚓粪3种有机物料的不同分解产物对棕壤Zn2+吸附的影响。结果表明:Langmuir方程可用于描述棕壤对Zn2+的吸附特征。随温度升高棕壤对Zn2+的吸附量降低,热力学参数分析棕壤对Zn2+吸附的结果为△G0、△H0和△S0的熵减自发反应过程。3种有机物料对Zn2+平衡吸附量影响顺序均大致为非水溶性分解产物有机物料水溶性分解产物;草炭猪粪蚯蚓粪CK。     

旱地长期培肥土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶动力学及热力学特征研究

研究了连续25年长期培肥试验条件下土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶酶促反应的动力学和热力学特征,从酶学角度揭示长期培肥的效应。结果表明,长期培肥增加了脲酶和碱性磷酸酶酶促反应的Vmax、Vmax/Km和k值;降低了Ea、△G、△H和△S值,说明培肥能提高酶促反应速度、减小活化自由能、加快土壤中物质的生物循环过程。酶促反应动力学参数和热力学参数与土壤性质相关分析表明,酶促反应动力学参数大多依赖于土壤化学性状,基于动力学参数的土壤肥力指标体系可评价土壤肥力水平,且U-Vmax、P-Km、P-Vmax可作为土壤肥力的重要指标。     

紫色土可溶性有机碳的吸附-解吸特征

选择代表性的酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土为实验材料,采用平衡吸附和动力学吸附法研究了紫色土对可溶性有机碳（DOC）的吸附-解吸特征,分析了土壤理化性质与DOC吸附量之间的关系。结果表明,紫色土对DOC的吸附容量呈以下顺序：酸性紫色土〉中性紫色土〉石灰性紫色土。石灰性紫色土对DOC的解吸率明显高于酸性、中性紫色土,其迁移淋失问题值得重视。紫色土对DOC的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附2个阶段,0~0.5 h内吸附速率最大,随后吸附速率逐渐减小,4~6 h内基本达到吸附平衡。土壤pH值、有机质、粘粒和活性铁铝氧化物含量是影响土壤DOC吸附量与解吸率的重要因素。通径分析表明,土壤理化性质对DOC吸附量的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铝含量〉土壤pH值〉有机质,对DOC解吸率的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铁含量〉粘粒〉有机质。多元线性回归模型能较好地预测土壤对DOC的吸附及解吸的变化。     

诺氟沙星的土壤吸附热力学与动力学研究

采用批平衡吸附试验研究了诺氟沙星在河南封丘潮土、江西鹰潭红壤、苏南常熟水稻土和南京黄棕壤等4种土壤中的吸附热力学和动力学行为。结果表明,诺氟沙星在4种供试土壤的Fruendlich吸附参数值Kf随温度升高(15℃、25℃和35℃)而减小;在低土壤溶液pH下诺氟沙星的吸附焓变值△H°较大,而高pH下则较小。用氢氧化钠或盐酸溶液分别调节红壤pH从5.20到8.00,水稻土pH从6.14至8.20,黄棕壤pH从7.78至5.80和潮土pH从8.08至5.90,其△H°与pH之间的关系同样呈现如上关系。这证实4种土壤对诺氟沙星的吸附作用力差异较大。低pH(5.20~6.14)下,诺氟沙星在土壤中的吸附以离子交换和氢键等为主;而高pH(7.78~8.20)下,则以相对较弱的范德华力、疏水作用等为主。诺氟沙星的土壤吸附过程迅速达到平衡,其反应动力学用Elovich方程和双常数方程拟合结果最好。     

三峡库区消落带土壤中施用磷肥对环境激素铅吸附-解吸的影响

采用室内模拟施肥、恒温振荡平衡法研究了磷肥种类、磷肥浓度、铅离子浓度、离子强度和酸度影响三峡库区消落带土壤对铅离子的吸附量和解吸量。结果表明：（1）磷肥种类与铅离子的吸附量和解吸量显著相关,施用Ca（H2PO4）2使铅离子的吸附量和解吸量相对较小;（2）土壤铅离子的吸附量和解吸量与施用磷肥浓度呈显著相关,建议选用磷酸二氢钙、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾3种磷肥,施用量在3.4066～8.5164kg P2O5·666.6m-2之间较为合适;（3）铅离子浓度极显著地影响土壤吸附和解吸铅离子,随着铅离子浓度的增加,吸附量和解吸量都呈逐渐增加的趋势;（4）离子强度和酸度都极显著地影响土壤吸附和解吸铅离子,建议选用磷酸二氢钙盐、钾盐和铵盐作为磷肥,可以减小土壤铅离子的环境风险。     

可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子时氢离子的释放

可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子后 ,土壤的中和曲线上不出现pH突跃 ,而变成一条平缓变化的曲线。当土壤悬液的pH低于一定数值时 ,加入铜离子后不释放氢离子。该pH值与土壤中氧化铁的含量有关。氧化铁的含量越高 ,该pH值越高。对于大多数可变电荷土壤 ,此pH值为 4左右。对可变电荷土壤 ,pH值越接近 4,氢离子释放的快速过程越不明显。在pH 4左右 ,加入铜离子后 1 0分钟时 ,释放的氢离子量仅占 6 5分钟时释放量的 3 0 %左右。但当pH值高于 4 5时 ,在大多数情况下 ,加入铜离子后半分钟时释放的氢离子量即可占 6 5分钟时的 5 0 %以上。恒电荷土壤吸附铜离子时氢离子的释放速度比可变电荷土壤快得多。即使pH值低至 3 8,在加入铜离子后半分钟时氢离子的释放量即占 6 5分钟时的 5 6 %以上。可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子时的H/Cu比比恒电荷土壤大得多。当恒电荷土壤悬液中加入0 1mo1L- 1 NaNO3作支持电解质时 ,吸附铜离子时的H/Cu比增大。     

Pb胁迫对欧美杂交杨（Populus deltoides×Populus nigra）生物量分配格局及其Pb富集特性的影响

采用速生树种修复重金属污染土壤的方法近年来受到越来越多关注,但已有结果存在很大不确定性。为了解杨树在不同Pb胁迫条件下生长响应和Pb富集效果,以长江上游两种典型土壤（酸性紫色土和钙质紫色土）为栽培介质,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同Ph浓度处理下（CK：0mg·kg^-1;T1：200mg·kg^-1;T2：450mg·kg^-1;T3：2000mg·kg^-1）欧美杂交杨（Populusdeltoides×Populusnigra）生物量生产与分配格局以及Pb吸收、富集特性。两种土壤条件下杨树各器官生物量及总生物量均表现出随Pb胁迫程度的增加而降低的趋势,Pb胁迫条件下杨树生物量分配格局在钙质紫色土中表现为茎〉粗根〉叶〉细根。相同浓度Pb处理条件下,单株杨树总生物量均表现为钙质紫色土大于酸性紫色土。随着Pb处理浓度的增大,杨树各器官Ph含量及积累量显著增加。Pb胁迫使杨树对Ph的富集系数逐渐增大而耐性系数逐渐减小。们处理条件下杨树对Pb的富集系数在酸性紫色土中较大,且各处理条件下杨树对Pb的耐性系数均为酸性紫色土中较大。这些结果表明,高浓度Pb胁迫条件下酸性紫色土中的欧美杂交杨表现出较好的吸收和富集Pb的特性,这为Pb污染土壤的生物修复提供了一定的科学依据。     

Leaching of metals from a spruce forest soil as influenced by experimental acidification

Acidified (H₂SO₄+HNO₃, 3:1) throughfall waters (pH 3.16 and 3.40 as volume weighted means or control (untreated throughfall water, pH 3.72) were applied for 3.5 yr by an automatic irrigation device to lysimeters containing podzolized spruce forest soils of 0–5, 0–15 and 0–35 cm soil depth. The total volume of the leachates was measured together with their pH and total content of DOC, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and the initial amounts of metals and H in the soil. The main part of H⁺ added with the throughfall waters was retained within the soil. Concentrations and fluxes of Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn and Cd in the soil were significantly increased by addition of acidified throughfall waters; K was less affected. As a consequence of lowered flux of DOC in the A horizon as acid input increased, Fe, Al, Cu, and Pb fluxes also decreased. The mobility of these metals in the A horizon was shown to be regulated mainly by the formation of watersoluble organic compounds rather than directly by pH variations. Compared to the control, the additional annual loss of Mg from the soil profile in the most acid treatment was c. 10% of the currently exchangeable amount.     

水溶性有机质对南京城郊菜地土壤Pb吸附解吸行为的影响

通过批处理试验研究了不同来源的水溶性有机质（DOM）对南京城郊菜地土壤铅（Pb）吸附解吸行为的影响。研究结果表明,DOM抑制了土壤对Pb的吸附,随着DOM浓度的增加,土壤对Pb的吸附量减少,当DOM体积从0增加到21 mL时,土壤对Pb的吸附量分别减少5.34%（鸡粪）、24.12%（牛粪）和0.35%（有机肥）。不同来源的DOM也影响土壤对Pb的吸附程度。当添加低浓度的DOM（添加体积小于6 mL）时,土壤对Pb的吸附量顺序为鸡粪DOM〈牛粪DOM≈有机肥DOM;当添加高浓度的DOM（添加体积大于6 mL）时,土壤对Pb的吸附量顺序为牛粪DOM〈鸡粪DOM〈有机肥DOM。反之亦然,DOM促进了土壤Pb的解吸,解吸量随添加DOM浓度的增大而增加。不同来源的DOM对土壤Pb解吸程度的影响也有所差异。对于低污染土壤,Pb的解吸量顺序为鸡粪DOM〉牛粪DOM〉有机肥DOM;对于高污染土壤,Pb的解吸量顺序为鸡粪DOM〉有机肥DOM〉牛粪DOM。Pb吸附动力学曲线揭示,添加DOM延缓了土壤Pb吸附平衡到达的时间。本研究表明,DOM增加了土壤Pb的环境风险。     

褐煤基材料对Cd~(2+)的吸附机制

为筛选稳定、高效、环境友好的重金属污染修复材料,利用批吸附试验研究了不同温度下褐煤、腐植酸、活性炭对镉(Cd~(2+))的吸附特征,采用非线性χ~2检验辅助决定系数判断等温线模型拟合度,用红外光谱对材料功能团进行了识别。结果表明,Temkin模型能最好拟合3种材料对Cd~(2+)的等温吸附过程,Langmuir和Freundlich模型也能较好拟合但与温度有关。吸附热力学参数表明,3种材料对Cd~(2+)的吸附为优惠发生的物理吸附,并且是自发的吸热过程,3种材料与Cd~(2+)之间均有较强的作用力。在温度294.55~313.15 K时腐植酸、褐煤和活性炭对Cd~(2+)的最大吸附量分别为36.14~44.09、29.63~38.20 mg·g~(-1)和21.04~30.34 mg·g~(-1),吸附量随温度升高而升高,吸附自由能随着温度升高而降低,说明升温吸附更容易发生。准二级动力学拟合数据最好,表明3种材料对Cd~(2+)的吸附存在着化学过程。褐煤基活性炭和褐煤基腐植酸具有丰富的孔隙结构。红外光谱图表明腐植酸和褐煤较大的吸附量与其含氧功能团种类较多以及在波数2 360 cm~(-1)和2 342 cm~(-1)附近吸收峰有关。因此,褐煤基3种材料对Cd~(2+)的吸附是自发的吸热过程,腐植酸对Cd~(2+)的最大吸附量和吸附能力最大,用Temkin等温方程和准二级动力学曲线能最适宜描述褐煤基材料对Cd~(2+)的吸附特征。     

Remediation of Lead Contaminated Soil by EDTA. I. Batch and Column Studies

Extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and other chelates has been demonstrated to be an effective method of removal of Pb from many contaminated soils. However, column leaching of Pb from alkaline soils with EDTA has been problematic due to extremely low soil permeability. The first purpose of this study was to develop batch extraction procedures and methods of analysis of batch extraction data to provide Pb solubility information which can be used to model the column extraction of Pb from soils. The second purpose was to determine the effect of the addition of KOH and CaCl₂ to K₂H₂EDTA extract solution on both hydraulic conductivity and Pb removal. A Pb-contaminated soil sample was collected from an abandoned battery recycling facility. Both batch shaker extractions and column leaching experiments were completed using 5 different EDTA extract solutions. When only CaCl₂ was added to EDTA no change in the amount of Pb removed by batch extraction was observed. As expected, lead solubility was observed to decrease as pH was increased by the addition of KOH. However, Pb solubility was only slightly decreased by the addition of both CaCl₂ and KOH. The amount of time required to leach 6.0 L of extraction solution through the soil columns varied from 2 to 33 days. The addition of CaCl₂ and/or KOH resulted in increased soil hydraulic conductivity relative to the EDTA-only solution. The hydraulic conductivity was related to residual calcium carbonate content, suggesting that dissolution of CaCO₃ and subsequent production of CO₂ gas in the soil pores was partially responsible for the observed reductions in soil permeability. However, Pb removal was diminished with the addition of CaCl₂ and KOH because of the decreased Pb solubility and also kinetic limitations associated with the shorter residence time of the extract solution in the column.     

Pb胁迫对红椿（Toona ciliata Roem）生长发育及Pb富集特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了酸性紫色土、钙质紫色土和冲积土上生长的一年生红椿实生苗暴露在不同浓度Pb胁迫（0、200、450mg·kg-1和2000mg·kg-1）条件下的叶长、叶面积、生物量、各器官Pb含量特征和富集程度,并分析了红椿对Pb污染的耐性和转移效率。3种土壤下红椿都能生长,但相同浓度Pb胁迫下其在钙质紫色土中生长状况最佳,在冲积土中生长状况最差。随Pb浓度增大红椿叶片生长受到明显抑制,当土壤中Pb浓度在2000mg·kg-1时,其叶长和叶面积与对照差异极显著（P〈0.01）;Pb胁迫使得红椿根茎比发生明显的变化,还加大其叶的凋落程度,同时整株生物量随着Pb胁迫浓度的增大呈极显著降低趋势（P〈0.01）,但在土壤Pb浓度最大时其生物量仍达到对照的81.47%以上。红椿体内Pb含量与土壤Pb浓度成正相关（P〈0.01）,其6个器官中细根Pb含量最高,粗根次之,而地上部分的Pb含量较低且差异不大。红椿耐性指数值在0.67~1.06之间,表现为随Pb胁迫浓度增大,其耐性呈下降趋势。红椿富集系数与转移系数都较小且小于0.3。这些结果表明,红椿能在Pb污染较严重的土壤中较好的生存,可作为Pb污染区域潜在的土壤修复树种。     

The use of coal fly ash in sodic soil reclamation

An experiment was conducted for two years in northwest India to explore the feasibility of using coal fly ash for reclamation of waterlogged sodic soils and its resultant effects on plant growth in padi–wheat rotation. The initial pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage and sodium adsorption ratio of the experimental soil were 9.07, 3.87 dS m⁻¹, 26.0 and 4.77 (me l)^−1/2, respectively. The fly ash obtained from electrostatic precipitators of thermal power plant had a pH of 5.89 and electrical conductivity of 0.88 dS m⁻¹. The treatments comprised of fly ash levels of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 per cent, used alone as well as in combination with 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 10 per cent gypsum requirement of the soil, respectively. There was a slight reduction in soil pH while electrical conductivity of the soil decreased significantly with fly ash as measured after padi and wheat crops. The sodium adsorption ratio of the soil decreased with increasing fly ash levels, while gypsum treatments considerably added to its favourable effects. Fly ash application increased the available elemental status of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Al, Pb, Ni, Co, but decreased Na, P and Zn in the soil. An application of fly ash to the soil also increased the concentrations of above elements except Na, P and Zn in the seeds and straw of padi and wheat crops. The available as well as elemental concentrations in the plants was maximum in the 0 per cent fly ash + 100 per cent gypsum requirement treatment except Na and heavy elements like Ni, Co, Cr. The treatment effects were greater in the fly ash + gypsum requirement combinations as compared to fly ash alone. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention generally improved with the addition of fly ash while bulk density decreased. Application of fly ash up to 4.5 per cent level increased the straw and grain yield of padi and wheat crops significantly in both years. The results indicated that for reclaiming sodic soils of the southwest Punjab, gypsum could possibly be substituted up to 40 per cent of the gypsum requirement with 3.0 per cent acidic fly ash. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海泡石对典型水稻土镉吸附能力的影响

通过吸附解吸实验研究了添加海泡石后典型水稻土对Cd的吸附解吸特性及其对吸附溶液pH值变化的响应。结果表明,Freundlich方程可以较好地拟合红黄泥、黄泥田和红沙泥3种典型水稻土对Cd的等温吸附过程（R2〉0.962）。在溶液初始Cd浓度相同的情况下,添加海泡石可使3种水稻土对Cd的吸附量增加20%以上,增强土壤对Cd的吸附强度,有效降低吸附Cd的解吸率,其效果随海泡石添加量的增大而增强。3种水稻土吸附Cd的解吸率均高于70%,而且都随吸附量的增加而上升。溶液的pH值是影响土壤吸附Cd的一个重要因素,在低pH值的条件下（pH〈4）,随着溶液pH值的降低,土壤对Cd的吸附量迅速降低,当溶液pH值高于5时,pH值的变化对吸附量的影响较小。在溶液初始pH值2-8范围内,添加海泡石均能有效提高3种水稻土对Cd的吸附能力。     

设施菜田土壤pH和初始C/NO3– 对反硝化产物比的影响

【目的】设施菜田土壤反硝化作用是N₂O排放和氮素损失的重要途径。本研究通过室内厌氧培养试验,在不同pH和初始C/NO₃–条件下,比较设施菜田土壤反硝化氮素气体排放及产物比的变化特征。【方法】以设施菜田土壤为研究对象,通过添加一定量低浓度的酸碱溶液调节土壤pH分别为酸性、中性和碱性条件,调节后的实测pH分别为5.63、6.65和7.83;同时以谷氨酸钠作为有效性碳,除未添加有效性碳作为对照处理 (CK) 外,其他有效性碳与硝酸盐 (C/NO₃–) 的比值分别调节为5∶1、15∶1和30∶1,三种pH条件下均设置 4 个 C/NO₃– 水平,每个水平3次重复。利用自动连续在线培养系统 (Robot系统),在厌氧条件下监测不同处理土壤产生的 N₂O、NO、N₂和CO₂浓度的动态变化,通过计算N₂O/(N₂O + NO + N₂)指数估算反硝化过程N₂O的产物比。【结果】增加土壤的pH能显著减少设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO的产生量,酸性 (pH 5.63) 土壤的N₂O、NO产生量峰值在不同初始C/NO₃– 比下均显著高于中性 (pH 6.65) 和碱性 (pH 7.83) 土壤 (P < 0.05)。中性和碱性土壤在高C/NO₃– 下有利于减少反硝化过程N₂O的产生,而酸性土壤条件下差异并不显著。中性土壤条件下增加有机碳含量会降低NO产生量,而在酸性和碱性土壤上有机碳的添加对NO产生量没有显著影响。土壤pH和初始C/NO₃– 比对土壤N₂O的产生有极显著的交互效应 (P < 0.001)。酸性和中性土壤上添加有机碳能够显著增加土壤N₂的产生速率 (P < 0.05),且与对照相比,不同pH的土壤添加有机碳后均显著促进反硝化过程中N₂O向N₂的转化。在不同初始C/NO₃– 下碱性土壤的CO₂产生量显著高于酸性和中性土壤,同时与对照相比,添加有机碳显著增加了土壤的CO₂产生量 (P < 0.05)。酸性土壤的N₂O产物比在不同初始C/NO₃– 下均极显著高于碱性土壤 (P < 0.01),且不同初始C/NO₃– 下的土壤N₂O产物比随pH的增加显著下降,二者呈极显著线性负相关关系 (P < 0.01)。【结论】土壤pH降低是设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO排放量较高的重要原因。而且,增加初始土壤有效碳含量促进了土壤的反硝化损失,并在中性和碱性土壤中N₂O的产生量减少。土壤pH升高和初始C/NO₃– 增加均降低了产物比,但增加了土壤反硝化作用速率。在利用N₂O排放通量和产物比估算土壤反硝化氮素损失时,土壤pH和有效碳含量是必须考虑的两个重要因素。     

Effect of Organic Matter and Salinity on Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid–Extractable and Solution Species of Cadmium and Lead in Three Agricultural Soils

Abstract

A study was conducted to investigate the chemical speciation of added cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and their availability as influenced by fresh organic matter (OM) and sodium chloride (NaCl) in three agricultural soils. The soils were treated with 20 mg Cd/kg as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O], 150 mg Pb/kg as lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂], 20 g/kg alfalfa powder, and 50 mmol/kg of NaCl and then incubated for 3 months at 60% water‐holding capacity (WHC) and constant temperature (25 °C). Subsamples were taken after 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks of incubation, and electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and concentrations of cations and anions were determined in the 1:2.5 soil/water extract. Available Cd and Pb were determined in 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extract. Concentrations of organic and inorganic species of Cd and Pb in soil solution were also predicted using Visual Minteq speciation program. The most prevalent species of dissolved Pb and Cd in the soils were Pb‐DOC and Cd²⁺ species, respectively. Salinity application increased the available and soluble Cd significantly in the acid and calcareous soils. It, however, had little effect on soluble Pb and no effect on available Pb. Organic‐matter application decreased availability of added Pb significantly in all soils. In contrast, it raised soluble Pb in all soils except for the acid one and approximated gradually to the added Pb with time. Impact of OM on available Cd was somewhat similar to that of Pb. Soluble Cd increased by OM application in the calcareous soil, whereas it decreased initially and then increased with time in the other soils.