季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的急性毒性

以普通小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）和斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）为受试生物,采用批量培养方法研究了13种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂（QACS,烷基链长度CL=8~18）对两种淡水藻的急性毒性。结果表明,13种QACS对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的96h-EC50分别在0.108~9.472mg·L-1和0.085~12.188mg·L-1之间;且随着烷基链长度CL的增加,取代基相同的QACS对两种淡水藻的急性毒性逐渐增大。抛物线模型较线性方程能更好地拟合QACS的急性毒性参数lg（1/EC50）与辛醇/水分配系数lgKow以及与烷基链长度CL之间的关系,且对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的拟合趋势相同,可为预测类似化合物对淡水藻的急性毒性提供参考。     

废弃农药厂污染场地浅层地下水生态毒性诊断研究

选择大型溞、斜生栅藻、发光菌为试验生物,对某废弃农药厂污染场地4个不同区域土壤剖面浅层地下水编号为CP01、CP02、CP03、CP04的4种水样进行了急性毒性试验,同时对水样进行了化学分析。结果表明,4种水样对大型溞的24h-EC50分别为0.29%、5.12%、0.83%、1.99%;对斜生栅藻的96h-EC50分别为11.04%、50.44%、12.21%、41.66%;对费舍尔弧菌的发光抑制率分别为95%、66%、88%、75%。化学检测结果表明,CP01中的主要污染物为苯系物与少量烷烃、烯烃类多种物质,CP02中的污染物质只有少量二氯甲烷与1,2-二氯乙烷两种物质,CP03、CP04中的主要污染物为苯系物与烷烃多种物质。毒性试验结果与化学检测结果具有较好的相关性,3种试验生物的毒性效应结果相一致。该研究方法简单快速,可以用于污染场地水样污染毒性诊断,快速筛选出敏感区域,同时提供污染物质的联合毒性基础数据,为场地进一步危害识别与风险评估提供依据。     

三聚氰胺对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

采用光照培养箱培养斜生栅藻的方法,以甘油为溶剂,研究了三聚氰胺对斜生栅藻的毒性效应。结果显示,当三聚氰胺的浓度在50、200 mg.L-1时,对斜生栅藻生长有促进作用,在750 mg.L-1时则表现出抑制效应,染毒7 d后对叶绿素的影响和对藻密度的影响一致,显示浓度-效应关系,即浓度越高抑制效应越明显。三聚氰胺对斜生栅藻超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的影响表现为：当三聚氰胺浓度为200 mg.L-1时酶的活性达到峰值,然后开始下降,在750 mg.L-1 SOD的活性与对照相比减少了43.6%,三聚氰胺对斜生栅藻的脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的影响和对可溶性糖的影响效应是一致的,随着浓度的增加均在减少。     

酸雨对表面活性剂促进土壤氮素垂向迁移的强化效应

采用模拟淋溶试验,研究了酸雨对表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)促进土壤氮素垂向迁移的强化效应。结果表明,酸雨淋溶时,SDBS尽管抑制了铵态氮的淋溶损失,但促进了硝态氮的淋溶损失;土壤SDBS含量越高,铵态氮淋溶损失越小,硝态氮淋溶损失越大;土壤SDBS促进了土壤氮素的淋溶损失,且这种损失受酸雨pH值影响较大,酸度越大,土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮的淋失量也越大。     

纳米二氧化铈对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

实验研究了纳米二氧化铈（CeO2）对斜生栅藻的毒性效应。结果显示,当纳米二氧化铈浓度为5、10mg·L-1时,对斜生栅藻的生长有促进作用（P〈0.01）,其促进作用随着浓度增大而减小;至浓度为50mg·L-1时,开始变为抑制效应;当浓度达到100、200mg·L-1时,表现出显著的抑制作用（P〈0.01）,且抑制作用随着浓度增大而增大。光镜拍照和藻细胞直径的变化表现出,随着处理浓度的增大,细胞有小型化的趋势。处理7d后,纳米二氧化铈对叶绿素和SOD含量的影响和对藻密度的影响一致,而对MDA含量的影响刚好相反,说明细胞膜发生了不同程度的脂质过氧化反应。     

两种不同剂型毒死蜱对四种环境生物的毒性评价

按照化学农药环境安全评价试验准则方法,测定了40%毒死蜱乳油和30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂对鱼类、鸟类、家蚕和蜜蜂4种环境生物的毒性。结果表明,毒死蜱乳油对斑马鱼LC50值（96 h）为0.68 mg.L^-1,毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂的LC50为47.30 mg.L^-1;毒死蜱乳油对鹌鹑的毒性LD50为7.45 mg.kg^-1,毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂的LD50为56.97 mg.kg^-1。食下毒叶法结果表明,毒死蜱乳油对2-4龄家蚕幼虫LC50值（48 h,25℃）分别为0.82、1.87 mg.L^-1与4.35 mg.L^-1,毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂为2.48、4.22 mg.L-1与8.35 mg.L^-1;家蚕幼虫在药膜上爬行1、10、30 min与60 min后,毒死蜱乳油对3龄家蚕幼虫的LD50值（48 h,25℃）分别为3.18、0.68、0.41μg.cm^-2与0.38μg.cm^-2,其微囊悬浮剂LD50值分别为6.92、1.58、1.18μg.cm^-2与0.48μg.cm^-2;毒死蜱乳油和微囊悬浮剂对蜜蜂48 h的LC50分别为0.53 mg.L^-1和2.32 mg.L^-1。上述结果表明,毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂对4种环境生物的安全性明显高于乳油。     

5种杀虫剂在水-人工底泥系统中对大型溞的急性毒性及其比较

建立了包含＂水＂和＂底泥＂两相的水蚤毒性测试系统（水相为全人工培养液,＂底泥＂为OECD配方标准化人工土）,并通过该系统测得毒死蜱（chlorpyrifos）、氟虫腈（fipronil）、氰戊菊酯（fenvalerate）、氟氯氰菊酯（cyfluthrin）、联苯菊酯（bifenthrin）对大型溞（Daphnia magna）的急性毒性（48 h-LC50）分别为9.01、88.1、0.142、0.097 6、0.050 4μg.L-1。对比水相的急性毒性测定结果发现,在有底泥的条件下,所测得的联苯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱的大型溞毒性低于水相的测定结果,而氰戊菊酯、氟虫腈的毒性则比水相中的测定结果要高。研究结果反映出药剂和受试生物在＂水-底泥＂系统内相互作用的复杂性和难以预见性,从而在为相关农药生态安全评价提供科学依据的同时,为在更接近实际暴露状态下开展评价试验提供了一种简便有效的方法。     

Evaluation of a Multi-species Test System for Assessing Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Sediments and Water to Aquatic Invertebrates: Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Daphnia magna and Chironomus prasinus (6 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   Single-species toxicity tests are currently used as main tools for assessing effects in ecological risk assessments. Nevertheless, in higher-tier evaluations, alternative ecotoxicological methods can be required. Alternative methods should cover more realistic exposure conditions and/or additional species or endpoints. Water/sediment systems can be considered for covering additional exposure routes. A typical feature of water/sediment systems is the modification of exposure levels with time. The simultaneous exposure of different species within the same system can cover differences in sensitivity and relevance of exposure routes. The aim of this study was to develop a water/sediment test that could detect relevant effects on two selected species and explore the relevance of sediment and waterborne exposure routes. This alternative method may provide relevant information facilitating the design of microcosm and mesocosm studies.Methods   A multi-species water/sediment system was designed using two invertebrates: Chironomus prasinus a benthic detritivore invertebrate and Daphnia magna a pelagic filtering invertebrate was designed. Seven static water/sediments systems were built up: two controls and five treatments where sediments were spiked with NaPCP at nominal concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Each system contained caged and free (unrestrained) Daphnia magna organisms to consider differences in the exposure route (through sediment and/or water column) and Chironomus prasinus organisms. Fate and partitioning of PCP within the water/sediment compartments were assessed. Acute (lethality) and chronic effects (reproduction) for Daphnia magna were monitored after 48 h and 16 days of exposure, respectively. Adult emergence and oviposition success of Chironomus prasinus were monitored at the end of test (16 days).Results and Discussion   Mortality and reproduction inhibition of Daphnia magna occurred at the two higher doses, corresponding to maximum measured PCP water concentrations of 1.95 and 0.746 mg/l, respectively. Chironomus prasinus was less sensitive to PCP than Daphnia magna. Concentrations inhibiting reproduction and provoking almost 100% adult mortality in D. magna only reduced slightly the emergence and reproduction of chironomids. The experimental design focussed on suitability of the system for assessing simultaneously assessing effects on D. magna and C. prasinus instead of calculations of toxicity endpoints for PCP. The results indicate that this experimental design can be useful to the field of sediment/aquatic toxicity testing, particularly through the comparison with single- species results. Assessment of relative contribution of two exposure routes for Daphnia magna and complementary chronic endpoints derived from two different species can be achieved. Another advantage is that differences in reproduction strategies of selected species (sexual vs. parthenogenetic) should permit one to detect mechanisms of action associated to with endocrine disrupters.Conclusion   The feasibility of a two-species test built-up in an artificial sediment/water system has been demonstrated. This experimental design represents a cost/effective test which can assess effects through water and sediment pathways and incorporates several relevant chronic endpoints in a single assay. Recommendation and Outlook   By building on the experience gained, improvements for further test designs are discussed. Test validation with a set of model chemicals will contribute to address the effectiveness of the test developed as comparing compared to single- species tests.     

Effects of Nitrate and Potassium on Ammonium Toxicity in Cucumber Plants

ABSTRACT

Interactions between nitrate (NO₃ ^?), potassium (K⁺), and ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) were investigated using hydroponically grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. Ammonium as the sole nitrogen (N) source at 10 mM was toxic and led to overall growth suppression, chlorosis, and necrosis of leaves. After 20 days, 50% of the plants were dead. However, when NO₃ ^? was supplied at very low concentration together with high NH₄ ⁺ (only 1% of total 10 mM N) all seedlings survived and their growth was improved. High K⁺ concentration (5 mM) also alleviated NH₄ ⁺ toxicity and increased plant growth several fold compared to intermediate concentration of K⁺ (0.6 mM). Leaf total N and ¹⁵N derived from ¹⁵N-labelled NH₄ ⁺ increased in the presence of NO₃ ^?, but decreased at high K⁺ concentration. High K⁺ supply enhanced total carbon (C) and δ ¹³C and stimulated GS and PEPCase activities in leaves and roots. Nitrate supplementation had no effect on GS or PEPCase activities. It is concluded that K⁺ may alleviate NH₄ ⁺ toxicity, partly by inhibiting NH₄ ⁺ uptake, partly by stimulating C and N assimilation in the roots.