我国东北黑土区侵蚀沟道的普查方法与成果

东北黑土区侵蚀沟道普查是第一次全国水利普查中水土保持情况普查的重要组成部分,也是我国对该区侵蚀沟道开展的首次全面调查。本文全面介绍了本次普查的对象、范围、内容、技术方法、质量控制和成果,对进一步规范和完善侵蚀沟道调查方法、分级分类标准以及开展东北黑土区侵蚀沟道治理意义重大。东北黑土区侵蚀沟道普查以2．5m分辨率遥感影像和1：5万数字线划图为主要信息源,采取人机交互的方式辨识50km。小流域内长度在100m和5000m之间的侵蚀沟道,提取沟道面积、长度、纵比和起讫经纬度等指标。在沟道提取、数据填报和成果审核汇总等阶段,县级、省级和流域等各级普查机构通过野外核查、室内检查和数据比对等严格的质量控制方法,对侵蚀沟道的遥感解译与识别、沟道勾绘精度、图形数据接边进行审核,保证普查结果的全面性和准确性。经调查东北黑土区共有侵蚀沟道29万5663条。     

东北典型黑土区侵蚀沟形态及分布特征

东北黑土区是中国最重要的粮食生产基地之一,同时也是中国四大水蚀区之一,其中沟道侵蚀是水蚀发生的主要形式,掌握东北黑土区沟道侵蚀的基本情况,剖析其形态及分布特征,对于分析东北黑土区沟道侵蚀的成因及水土流失治理至关重要。该研究以典型黑土区嫩江县为研究区域,利用航空遥感影像及1∶5万DEM对区域内侵蚀沟进行普查统计,并分析侵蚀沟的沟宽、沟长、纵比降等形态特征,以及海拔、坡度、坡向等地形因素对侵蚀沟分布的影响,为黑土区侵蚀沟的治理提供理论依据。研究结果表明:1)沟道侵蚀主要分布在丘陵区,沟道类型以切沟为主,冲沟影响面积仅次于切沟,研究区以小于500m的侵蚀沟为主,数量及面积分别占总数的96.67%、61.99%;2)侵蚀沟的沟宽与沟长为正相关,纵比降与沟宽、沟长为负相关;3)坡向对各类型侵蚀沟的分布影响较小,坡度对侵蚀沟的分布有一定影响,细沟和浅沟主要分布在2～6°和6～15°的坡面上,而切沟和冲沟则主要分布在0～2°、2～6°的坡面上,90%以上的细沟和浅沟、80%以上的切沟、冲沟发生在耕地上;4)嫩江县冲沟地形阈值模型拟合表明嫩江县冲沟发生的临界坡度较小,较小的坡度就能对坡面形成冲刷,出现...     

东北典型黑土区耕地侵蚀沟形态系统分类方法构建

侵蚀沟形态分类是认识其发展现状和潜在危害的重要方法,探究耕地侵蚀沟形态分类特征和分布特征对把握耕地侵蚀沟防治重点,预防坡耕地水土流失具有重要意义。针对现有侵蚀沟形态分类体系指标获取难、分类结果不完整等问题,利用遥感解译数据,根据系统分类和信息科学理论,结合东北黑土区现实需求,构建了耕地侵蚀沟系统分类方法,并在典型黑土耕作区海伦市进行了验证。结果表明：1）海伦市耕地侵蚀沟具有小面积、大宽度、短长度的特点,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类为数量最多的一级分类;Ⅱ类四等微型沟（Ⅱ4T）和Ⅱ类四等小型沟（Ⅱ4S）在二级和三级分类中数量居多,易通过高标准农田建设进行治理。2）地形要素下耕地侵蚀沟形态分布差异明显,需要特别关注在高程180～<240 m,坡长35～<55 m,坡度2°～6°,西南坡区域内的Ⅰ4T、Ⅱ4S、Ⅱ4T等发育程度较低的侵蚀沟向更高发育程度的Ⅳ4M、Ⅴ4M等类型转变,建议结合农田建设及时采取综合防治措施,以防止耕地侵蚀沟的潜在破坏。3）构建的“类+等+型”耕地侵蚀沟分类定级方法,兼顾指标的易获取性和方法的易操作性,能够精准、直观地揭示耕地侵蚀沟的形态特征及其危害情况,可为侵蚀沟和黑土耕地的协同综合治理提供方法借鉴。     

东北典型黑土区农耕土壤团聚体流失特征

通过野外原位模拟降雨试验,研究了东北典型黑土区3种降雨强度(30、60和90 mm h-1)下农耕地坡面侵蚀过程的土壤团聚体流失特征,分析了流失团聚体特征指标(平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)、平均重量比表面积(MWSSA)、≥1 mm粒级团聚体比例(PA1)、≥2 mm粒级团聚体比例(PA2)、≥0.25 mm粒级团聚体比例(PA0.25))的变化规律。结果表明:降雨强度对典型黑土区农耕地坡面侵蚀有显著影响;次降雨初期侵蚀量占整个降雨过程总侵蚀量的比例随着降雨强度的增加而增大。在30 mm h-1降雨强度下,团聚体流失以0.25 mm粒级团聚体为主,其占团聚体流失总量的90.0%;在60 mm h-1降雨强度下,团聚体流失以0.25和0.5~1 mm粒级团聚体为主,二者占团聚体流失总量的63.7%;而90 mm h-1降雨强度下,团聚体流失以0.25和2~5 mm粒级团聚体为主,二者分别占团聚体流失总量的31.7%和31.2%。PA0.25、PA1、PA2、MWD和GMD与降雨强度和含沙量之间均呈现极显著正相关关系;MWSSA和D与降雨强度和含沙量之间呈现极显著负相关关系。研究结果还表明,PA1、MWD和GMD皆能较好地表征典型黑土区农耕土壤的团聚体流失特征。     

东北黑土区大豆根际促生菌群落组成研究

为明确东北黑土区大豆根际促生菌的群落组成,选择内蒙古自治区鄂温克族自治旗、黑龙江省海伦市、黑龙江省克山县和黑龙江省农垦红兴隆农场4个采样点,分析了大豆根际自生固氮菌、解磷菌、溶磷菌和硅酸盐细菌的群落组成,解析了促生菌种与地域之间的对应关系。结果表明:东北黑土区的大豆根际土壤中存在大量促生菌,自生固氮菌达到104cfu.g 1,溶磷菌和解磷菌达到105cfu.g 1,硅酸盐细菌达到103cfu.g 1;分离得到具有自生固氮能力的菌株5株,溶磷菌6株,解磷菌7株,硅酸盐细菌4株;自生固氮菌多样性指数在0.94~1.60之间,溶磷菌多样性指数在0.83~1.52之间,解磷菌的多样性指数在1.07~1.67之间,硅酸盐细菌多样性指数在0.52~0.96之间,4个取样点大豆根际促生菌的多样性指数均大于2。采用对应分析确定了不同地区的典型促生菌,内蒙古鄂温克族自治旗的特征种为自生固氮菌LLN8(Azotobacter beijerinckia indica),黑龙江省海伦市的特征种为溶磷菌DHS13(Micrococcus),黑龙江省克山县的特征种为溶磷菌DHS19(Pseudomo-nas),黑龙江省红兴隆农场的特征种为自生固氮菌LLN1(A.chrooco-ccum)和溶磷菌DHS5(Azotobacter)。同时明确了LLN2(A.azomonas)、LLN6(Bacillus mucilaginosus)、DHS9(Arthrobacter)、DHSO2(Pseudomonas)、DHSO14(Erwinia)、DHSO17(Corynebacterium)和LSJ21(Bacillus)在东北黑土区大豆根际分布较为广泛,这些菌株为研发中国东北黑土区大豆专用型复合生物肥料提供了基础条件。     

东北黑土区沟蚀现状及其与景观格局的关系

调整土地利用结构改善景观要素的数量比重,以及优化景观斑块的空间配置是控制土壤侵蚀的有效措施之一,该文选择典型黑土区内的克东县为研究区,以SPOT5影像为基础数据源,获取了研究区的沟蚀现状及景观格局分布现状.运用ArcGIS的水文分析模块提取研究区55个子流域作为基本分析单元,运用GIS空间分析能力和FRAGSTAT软件...     

东北典型黑土区耕地质量时空变化研究

为揭示东北典型黑土区耕地质量时空变化特征,本研究遵循《耕地质量等级》(GB/T 33469—2016)国家标准,在利用特尔菲法选取16个评价指标、层次分析法确定评价指标权重的基础上,建立了东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价指标体系,借助ArcGIS软件对研究区2008年和2018年耕地质量进行同一指标体系和同一分级标准的耕地质量评价,旨在掌握研究区10年间的耕地质量时空变化特征,探究耕地质量变化原因。结果表明:东北典型黑土区耕地质量2008年以中低等地为主,平均耕地质量等级为5.14, 2018年以中高等地为主,平均耕地质量等级为3.92, 10年间东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级提升了1.22个等级;其中, 1～4等地面积均有增加,5～10等地面积均减少,10年间研究区评价单元耕地质量等级提升最多为8个等级,下降最多为7个等级,耕地质量等级提升的评价单元总面积是等级下降评价单元总面积的3.5倍。10年间东北典型黑土区的中西部和西北部耕地质量上升较为明显,而其南部和东北部质量下降的耕地分布较多。本研究规范了研究区耕地质量时空对比分析的依据,合理揭示了其时空变化特征,为该区域今后耕地质量提升工作指明了方向,对今后进一步可持续利用和管理黑土地具有积极意义。     

东北黑土区TDR测定农田土壤含水量的室内标定

土壤水分标定是利用TDR监测农田土壤水分过程中的必要环节.以东北黑土区农田土壤剖面深度上的4种典型介质（黑土层、母质层、过渡层、砂砾层）为试验对象,利用“由湿到干”的土柱试验方法,用烘干法对TDR进行室内标定研究.结果表明：1）TDR内置土壤标定曲线测定的含水量明显低于烘干法测量的含水量.在TDR法土壤含水量标定时,指数关系比线性关系具有更高的标定精度.2）单一介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线对自身介质的标定精度高（最大绝对误差3.2％）.3）混合介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线的标定精度较高（最大绝对误差6.6％）,可用于不同介质TDR法土壤含水量标定.本研究结果可用于研究区及类似区域修订TDR法含水量测定结果.     

东北黑土区冻融作用与土壤水分的关系

地球上受冻融作用的面积约占全球陆地总面积的70％,在我国,受冻融作用的面积约占国土陆地总面积的98％。冻融作用对土壤水分、密度、有机质和土壤的机械组成等因素都有不同程度的影响。在东北典型黑土区,通过野外观测和室内试验,研究冻融作用与土壤水分的关系。结果表明：冻融作用使土壤水分由土水势高的下部向土水势低的上部迁移,增加了土壤冻结层的含水量;土壤水分迁移使得下部未冻结层的土壤含水量降低,其降低程度受下部土壤含水量和浅层地下水埋深的影响;冻结过程中土壤水分迁移导致土壤膨胀变形,而土壤的膨胀变形是发生土壤冻融侵蚀的主要因素。研究结果可为东北黑土区冻融侵蚀防治和农业可持续发展提供理论依据。     

东北黑土区作物水分利用效率的研究

研究了不同作物栽培模式、耕作措施及养分水平对东北黑土区水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,改进耕作措施的小麦-玉米-大豆农田生态系统优化模式的水分利用效率最高;深松耕作水分利用效率高达1.42kg/hm²·mm;自然降水条件下高肥区水分利用效率最高,适宜水分条件下高肥区、中肥区与有机肥区的水分利用效率差异不大,充足水分条件下中肥区水分利用效率最高。     

东北黑土区水土保持措施减沙效益监测

 为给大面积开展黑土地水土流失治理提供科学的理论依据,在东北黑土区水土流失综合防治试点工程中选择4条重点小流域设置28个径流小区,进行水土流失监测及措施保土效益对比分析。通过对2年监测成果的分析,认为:“试点工程”中所采取的几种主要坡面治理措施,其保土减沙效益十分显著———水平梯田措施最好,减少土壤流失量高达99.5%;其次是地梗植物带和水平坑措施,减少土壤流失量为95.2%;荒山荒坡灌木埂措施为80.2%;改垄措施为64.6%;生态自然恢复稍低些,为49.9%。     

Effects of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions during freeze–thaw cycles in a black soil region,Northeast China

As global warming intensifies, the soil environment in middle to high latitudes will undergo more extensive and frequent freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs), which will significantly affect the carbon and nitrogen cycles of soil ecosystems and aggravate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biochar can increase soil organic carbon storage and mitigate climate change. To effectively control GHG emissions, soil supplemented with biochar at different application rates (0%, 2%, 4% and 6% [w/w]) under different numbers of FTCs (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12) was selected as the research object. The soil GHG emission characteristics in different experimental treatments and their relationships with soil physical and chemical properties were determined. Our results showed that N₂O and CO₂ emissions were promoted during FTCs, with values of 3.13–50.37 and 16.22–135.50 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The order of N₂O and CO₂ emissions with respect to biochar application rate was as follows: 2% > 0% > 4% > 6%. CH₄ emissions were negative during FTCs, varying from −1.62 to −10.59 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, and negative CH₄ emissions were promoted by biochar. Correlation analysis showed that N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ emissions were significantly correlated with pH, soil moisture and soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}$–N contents (p < .01). The conceptual path model demonstrated that GHG emissions were significantly influenced by FTCs, moisture, SOM and biochar application rate. Our results indicate that the effects of FTCs on GHG emissions were greater than those of biochar application. Biochar application rates of 4% or 6% should be considered in the future to reduce soil GHG emissions in the black soil region of Northeast China. Our results can help provide a theoretical basis and effective strategy to reduce soil GHG emissions during FTCs in seasonally frozen regions.     

Effects of soil erosion on long-term soil productivity in the black soil region of northeastern China

China's northeastern Black Soil Region, one of the country's most important crop production areas, has been seriously affected by soil erosion. This study evaluated the effects of soil erosion on the long-term productivity of this region. We used a modified productivity index (MPI) model (MPI is a number between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating highest productivity) to assess the current effects of soil erosion on soil productivity, as well as to predict long-term change in productivity. Samples from 21 black soil profiles yielded varying MPI values, although most MPI values were indicative of moderate productivity. Organic matter content and available water capacity impact MPI values in the region, whereas soil clay content and pH were less important. Overall, organic matter content and available water capacity of soil profiles decreased consistently as depth of erosion increased. Modeling indicated that MPI in the region will decrease by 0.0052 for each centimeter of topsoil eroded; this rate represents 1% of the current average MPI for the study area. The model predicts a 9.6% productivity reduction over 100 years and a 48.3% reduction over 500 years.     

东北黑土区长期不同种植模式下土壤碳氮特征评价

土壤碳氮是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,阐明农田管理措施对土壤碳氮特征的综合影响,可为农田地力培育和土地可持续利用提供理论与技术支撑。该研究借助在吉林公主岭建立的长期定位试验,选择休闲处理与增施有机肥条件下的玉米连作、玉米-大豆轮作、大豆连作等处理,系统评价了种植模式对土壤不同形态碳氮的影响及其相互关系。经过21 a的增施有机肥,玉米连作、玉米-大豆轮作、大豆连作3个处理的耕层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮和有效氮比休闲处理分别提高23.5%~46.8%、4.9%~64.3%和35.4%~121.9%,其中以玉米连作处理最高(P0.05);有机碳与全氮、有效氮呈极显著的相关关系(P0.01),表明较高的有机碳会促进氮素有效性。玉米连作处理的耕层土壤微生物量碳分别比玉米-大豆轮作和大豆连作处理高23.1%和41.4%,而土壤微生物量氮则分别高37.8%和135.3%,差异显著(P0.05)。玉米连作处理下耕层2 000μm、≥250~2 000μm、≥53~250μm以及53μm的土壤团聚体结合有机碳均为最高(P0.05)。此外,玉米连作处理的高活性有机碳组分显著(P0.05)高于其他处理,其化学活性指数也显著(P0.05)高于玉米-大豆轮作处理,表明玉米连作处理下的土壤有机碳对外界环境变化较为敏感。上述研究表明,在施用有机肥的条件下,长期玉米连作可提高土壤有机碳质量分数,促进土壤氮素有效性,但应配合采用合理的耕种措施,以降低有机碳分解风险。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区浅沟对切沟发生和发育的影响

浅沟和切沟是侵蚀沟的重要组成部分,二者之间是否存在较为明显的关联性,成为新时期黄土高原沟道侵蚀治理的关键问题之一。为探究黄土高原切沟沟头上方浅沟对其下方连通的切沟发生、发育的影响,该研究在陕西子洲岔巴沟流域上、中、下游各选1个典型小流域为研究区,基于厘米级无人机航摄和高精度野外实测,系统分析黄土高原丘陵沟壑区浅沟与切沟连通性现状及这一连通性对切沟在极端暴雨情景下新成和之后3 a时间尺度发育的影响。结果表明:1)在极端暴雨情景下,有浅沟的坡面更有利于切沟的发生,3个小流域在陕北2017年“7.26”极端暴雨中共发生43条新成切沟,其中67.44%与浅沟连通。2)切沟沟头上方是否存在浅沟对切沟形态特征具有重要影响,和浅沟连通的切沟长度显著大于和浅沟不连通的切沟,在切沟宽度上这一影响不显著。3)切沟沟头上方浅沟对其下方连通的切沟发育也有显著的影响。在2017年“7.26”暴雨后3 a时间尺度上,相比与浅沟不连通的切沟,与浅沟连通的切沟在后续发展过程更加活跃。有浅沟连通条件下沟头发育的新成切沟和原有切沟的占比分别是无浅沟连通的1.67倍和3.11倍,沟头前进速率分别是其1.80倍和2.17倍。...     

Assessment of gully erosion susceptibility using different DEM-derived topographic factors in the black soil region of Northeast China

As a primary sediment source, gully erosion leads to severe land degradation and poses a threat to food and ecological security. Therefore, identification of susceptible areas is critical to the prevention and control of gully erosion. This study aimed to identify areas prone to gully erosion using four machine learning methods with derived topographic attributes. Eight topographic attributes (elevation, slope aspect, slope degree, catchment area, plan curvature, profile curvature, stream power index, and topographic wetness index) were derived as feature variables controlling gully occurrence from digital elevation models with four different pixel sizes (5.0 m, 12.5 m, 20.0 m, and 30.0 m). A gully inventory map of a small agricultural catchment in Heilongjiang, China, was prepared through a combination of field surveys and satellite imagery. Each topographic attribute dataset was randomly divided into two portions of 70% and 30% for calibrating and validating four machine learning methods, namely random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and generalized linear models (GLM). Accuracy (ACC), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were calculated to assess the performance of the four machine learning methods in predicting spatial distribution of gully erosion susceptibility (GES). The results suggested that the selected topographic attributes were capable of predicting GES in the study catchment area. A pixel size of 20.0 m was optimal for all four machine learning methods. The RF method described the spatial relationship between the feature variables and gully occurrence with the greatest accuracy, as it returned the highest values of ACC (0.917) and AUC (0.905) at a 20.0 m resolution. The RF was also the least sensitive to resolutions, followed by SVM (ACC = 0.781–0.891, AUC = 0.724–0.861) and ANN (ACC = 0.744–0.808, AUC = 0.649–0.847). GLM performed poorly in this study (ACC = 0.693–0.757, AUC = 0.608–0.703). Based on the spatial distribution of GES determined using the optimal method (RF + pixel size of 20.0 m), 16% of the study area has very high level susceptibility classes, whereas areas with high, moderate, and low levels of susceptibility make up approximately 24%, 30%, and 31% of the study area, respectively. Our results demonstrate that GES assessment with machine learning methods can successfully identify areas prone to gully erosion, providing reference information for future soil conservation plans and land management. In addition, pixel size (resolution) is the key consideration when preparing suitable datasets of feature variables for GES assessment.     

利用CSLE模型的东北漫川漫岗区土壤侵蚀评价

东北黑土区是中国重要的商品粮基地,土壤侵蚀正日益破坏着宝贵的黑土资源,严重威胁到中国粮食生产安全。土壤侵蚀评价是土壤侵蚀防治的依据和水土保持效益评估的重要途径。土壤侵蚀的多尺度特征及其影响因素的复杂性对土壤侵蚀评价提出更高的要求。为探讨土地利用和地形对土壤侵蚀的影响,以及更好地呈现土壤侵蚀评价的结果,该研究以位于东北漫川漫岗区的拜泉县为例,运用中国土壤流失方程(Chinese Soil Loss Equation,CSLE)定量评价了拜泉县的土壤侵蚀状况,分析了土地利用和地形因素对土壤侵蚀的影响,并提出了实现区域土壤侵蚀评价"落地"的方案。结果表明:拜泉县平均土壤侵蚀模数为6.77 t/(hm~2·a),土壤侵蚀面积比例为39.35%,极强烈和剧烈侵蚀的高侵蚀主要分布于拜泉县的东南部丘陵区和西北部的漫川漫岗区。坡度越大,土壤侵蚀模数越高。但随着坡长的变长,土壤侵蚀模数呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势。对侵蚀量的贡献,来源于1～2°的坡度范围侵蚀量最大,其次为3～5°和2～3°。100～200 m的坡长对侵蚀的贡献最大,其次为200～400 m和50～100 m的坡长。坡耕地应该是土壤侵蚀防治的重点区域。在小流域的尺度上,选取土壤侵蚀面积比例进行土壤侵蚀评价,可以更好地服务于区域水土保持规划,是实现区域土壤侵蚀评价"落地"的有效途径。     

黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作措施防治土壤侵蚀的土槽试验

为了研究黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作防治坡面土壤侵蚀的效应,该文利用8 m×1.5 m的试验土槽,设计3个降雨强度(50、75和100 mm/h)、1个典型坡度(5°)以及横坡垄作和无垄作(平坡裸地对照试验)的试验处理进行模拟降雨试验,研究东北黑土区横坡垄作坡面在不同降雨强度下的防治坡面侵蚀效应。结果表明:横坡垄作在50 mm/h降雨强度下坡面基本不发生土壤侵蚀,但在75和100 mm/h降雨强度下会发生断垄,造成防蚀效应急剧降低。横坡垄作坡面的径流和侵蚀过程均明显存在以断垄时间为界的突变,在3个降雨强度下,横坡垄作断垄前可使坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别减少97.7%和99.1%以上,坡面蓄渗率达到97.2%以上;而断垄后坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别增加23.3~25.9倍和136.8~171.5倍,蓄渗率下降至50%以下。试验研究表明横坡垄作在≤50 mm/h的降雨强度下具有很好的坡面防治侵蚀效应,但当遇到强降雨时易发生断垄,防蚀效应急剧降低。     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

降雨强度和坡度对东北黑土区顺坡垄体溅蚀特征的影响

坡耕地溅蚀特征研究可揭示和反映溅蚀的发生和发展机理,而以往研究大多在无垄作坡面进行,较少涉及顺坡垄体。为此,该研究基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,设计3个降雨强度（30、60和90 mm/h）和2个坡度（3°、5°）,研究降雨强度和坡度对典型黑土（Mollisol）农田顺坡垄体溅蚀量、溅蚀过程和溅蚀分选特征的影响。研究结果表明：当降雨强度由30 mm/h增加到90 mm/h时,总溅蚀量增加2.5～17.9倍。当坡度由3°增大到5°时,总溅蚀量增加30.52%～74.08%。当降雨强度为30和60 mm/h时,总溅蚀率随降雨历时呈迅速减小-缓慢减小-波动稳定的趋势。当降雨强度为90 mm/h时,总溅蚀率随降雨历时呈迅速增加-迅速减小-波动稳定的趋势。整体而言,总溅蚀量随降雨强度和坡度的增加呈幂函数关系。各试验处理下,溅蚀分选水稳性团聚体中均以<1 mm粒级的团聚体为主,平均占总量的79.01%,以0.5～1 mm粒级最多,2～5 mm粒级最少,分别占总量的32.94%和3.36%。30和60 mm/h降雨强度下,分别为<0.25和<2 mm的各粒级团聚体在降雨后期达到波动稳定,其中<0.25 mm的团聚体均呈迅速降低-缓慢降低-波动稳定的变化趋势。90 mm/h降雨强度下,1～5和<0.25 mm各粒级团聚体均呈线性平稳变化,其中<0.25 mm的团聚体呈线性减少趋势。研究可为东北黑土区水蚀防治提供科学依据。