Ecology Habits of Equus hemionus and Gazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Ungulate Reserve in Autumn

IntroductionKalamailiUngulateReserVe(88"30,-90o001E,44o46,-46o00'N),beingfoundedin1982andcovering17,000km',issituatedinsoutheasternDzungariaBasininXinjiang.Wildass(Equushemionus)andGoitredgazelle(GazedssUbgutturosa)arerankedrespectivelyasclass1and11proteCtedanimalsinChina11].ThereservebelongstoinlandlowhillydesertwitheXtremehotsumm\erandcoldwinter.Thevegetationfeaturepresentsscarcecoverage,dwarfplantsandlowbiomes.DominantplantsareHaIOXyIOnammodondfon,ReaumUfissoogaFI'Ca,Art6miSiBsp…     

Ecology habits ofEquus hemionus andGazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Ungulate Reserve in autumn

The food habits of Wild ass (Equus hemionus) and Goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) in kalamaili Ungulate Reserve in autumn was described, based on the investigation conducted in 1992. Wild ass was much concentrated around water sources, and had more food resource than Goitred gezelle. The quagmires in the reserve were critical conditions as food and water bases for both species. In terms of present survey, it was estimated that 680 Wild ass and 8840 Goitred gazelle lived in this reserve. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Food habits and selective grazing of Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) in Hulunber Grassland

IntroductionMongoliangazelle(PrOCSPraguttuross)isaspecialruminantspeciesthathasnumerouspopulationsintheeasternpaFtofNetMonggolGrasslandandasignificantcomponentofthegrasslandecosystem.Thisspecieshasthehabittoselectspeciesandqualityofplantstograze.However,thepopulationhasdecreaseddramaticallyandfacesextinctioninChina(JiangetSI.1998).Therefore,itisveryimportanttostudythefoodhabitsandfoodchoicebyMongoliangazelleforpromotingtheprotectionandmanagementofremainingpopulation.Inapreviouspaper(Gao…     

Food habits and selective grazing of Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) in Hulunber Grassland

The food availability, composition of the diets and selective grazing of the Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) were studied in Hulunber Grassland in Nei Monggol. The food availability of Mongolian gazelle showed seasonal changes. The plant biomass was higher in spring and summer than that in autumn and winter. The fecal compositions of the gazelle demonstrated that fibrous parts occupied 62.4%, 74.8%, and 66.0% in spring, autumn, and winter, respectively. The Mongolian gazelle preferred to grazeCompositeae, Leguminosae, Allium spp. and other forbs in spring and autumn, while the grasses, such asAneurolepidium chinense andStipa spp. were selectively feeding in winter. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

普氏原羚和蒙古瞪羚的分布和数量变化研究

指出了蒙古瞪羚和普氏原羚在历史上曾广泛分布于我国内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、宁夏等地,近年来由于人类活动等诸多因素的影响,两种动物的种群数量都急剧下降,分布区范围锐减。分析了其历史分布及致危因素,提出了相应的保护措施。     

昆仑山中段木孜塔格峰北坡五泉包一带藏羚羊考察报告

2004年8月15—18日对昆仑山中段木孜塔格峰北坡五泉包一带进行了考察,共观察到97只藏羚羊,藏羚羊距样线中线的垂直距离大多在50m之内,遇见时间大都在8:00—10:00、10:00—12:00、14:00—16:00之间。调查认为,采金人员及车辆是藏羚羊及其栖息地的主要干扰因素。针对此种情况,建议加强对采金人员及车辆的管理,加大投入,提高当地保护部门的管护能力。     

Limited native plant regeneration in novel, exotic-dominated forests on Hawai’i

Ecological invasions are a major driver of global environmental change. When invasions are frequent and prolonged, exotic species can become dominant and ultimately create novel ecosystem types. These ecosystems are now widespread globally. Recent evidence from Puerto Rico suggests that exotic-dominated forests can provide suitable regeneration sites for native species and promote native species abundance, but this pattern has been little explored elsewhere. We surveyed 46 sites in Hawai’i to determine whether native species occurred in the understories of exotic-dominated forests. Native trees smaller than 10 cm in diameter were absent in 28 of the 46 sites and rare in the others. Natives were never the dominant understory species; in fact, they accounted for less than 10% of understory basal area at all but six sites, and less than 4% on average. Sites with native species in the understory tended to be on young lava substrate lacking human disturbance, and were mostly located close to intact, native-dominated forest stands. Even where we found some native species, however, most were survivors of past exotic encroachment into native forest, rather than products of active recolonization by native species. In contrast with successional trajectories in Puerto Rico, Hawaii's exotic-dominated forests can emerge, via invasion, without human disturbance and native Hawaiian plants are largely unable to colonize them once they appear. We suggest that a wide diversity of growth strategies among the exotic species on Hawai’i may limit the opportunities for native plants to colonize exotic-dominated forests.     

Bioinventory and documentation of traditional ecological knowledge of wild edible fruits of Kodagu-Western Ghats,India

Forty-five species of wild edible fruits were identified and traditional local knowledge of their usage was recorded in 40 villages of Kodagu district in Central Western Ghats, India one of the eight top hotspots of biodiversity in the world. We combined biodiversity inven-tory of trees with village interviews to record traditional ecological knowledge. Wild edible fruits were an opportunistic source of food for rural people. Wild edible fruits were rich in minerals, vitamins, carbohy-drates, proteins, fats and fiber. In recent years there has been a decline in numbers of wild fruit trees due to changes in land use from uncultivated private wooded area to cardamom and coffee cultivation. The availability of wild edible fruits that were once very common on private cultivated areas has declined and their distributions are now restricted more to jungles and wildlife sanctuaries. We propose methods for conservation and describe the need for sustainable utilization to provide supplemen-tary sources of nutritional and pharmaceutically useful edible wild fruits.     

九宫山自然保护区细辛属新种的中文拟名

九宫山是我国鄂东南唯一的国家级自然保护区,其植物资源十分丰富,现已发现维管植物1 984种。九宫山自然保护区有8种马兜铃科细辛属植物,超过湖北细辛属植物总种数的2/5,其中,Asarum campaniflorum Wang Yong&Wang Q.F.是仅有拉丁学名而无中文名的细辛属新种。笔者通过观察新种的主要形态特征,并分析我国44种细辛属植物中文名与其拉丁学名之间的关系。结果表明:我国细辛属植物中文命名与其模式标本采集地相关的有18种,约占41%,中文命名与其明显的特征如花形、花色、叶形、叶色、气味等相关的有23种,约占52%,其他情况有3种,约占7%;据此提出了Asarum campaniflorum Wang Yong&Wang Q.F.的两种中文拟名,认为"九宫山细辛"是其最佳的中文名。     

衢州珍稀濒危植物资源及保护对策

衢州是浙江省珍稀濒顾植物最丰富的地区之一，共有珍稀濒危植物22种，隶属12种19属，其中1有保护植物3种，2级保护植物19种。主要分析了这些珍稀濒危植物的生物学特性，并提出了相应的保护对策。     

The need for planted forests and the example of radiata pine

Ten thousand years ago our 5 million hunter-gatherer ancestors used, over the period of a year, about 200 species of local food items. Now, the nearly 6 billion global population gets 70 percent of its food from nine species of plants, one species of bird, and two species of mammals. This is despite global access to about 50,000 edible plants, as well as large numbers of bird and other animal species. We have concentrated our agricultural efforts on those species which are the most desirable, the most convenient, the most productive, and the most easily stored. Of equal importance, the species must be responsive to both genetic improvement and to management manipulation (i.e., domestication). Globally, very little of our food, except fish, now comes from wild sources.Although we use at least as much wood as we do food, wood supply (which still comes mostly from natural forests) is only now becoming limiting. There are no energy-efficient or environmentally acceptable substitutes for wood. The most likely means we have of satisfying the increasing global demand for wood is to obtain more of our wood from deliberately planted forests. Management of planted forests will increasingly parallel intensive agriculture. One consequence is that, of the 1,000 tree species we now use globally, we may eventually get most of our wood from four or five species. One of these tree species will be radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Radiata grows fast on a wide range of sites, has desirable wood properties, and responds well to both genetic improvement and stand management. The planted forest technology for radiata pine is probably the most advanced of any potential tree species. The evolution and success of radiata pine in New Zealand has major implications and lessons for the rest of the world.     

Bestimmungsschlüssel für Eier und Eigelege von Kriebelmückenarten (Dipt., Simuliidae) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung mammalophiler Schad- und Plageerreger

Biting species of Simuliidae are a pest to men and cattle. Black flies oviposite either directly into running water or on floating vegetation, but up to now oviposition is observed only in few species. In this paper the first key for determinating eggs and egg-masses of 14 Middle-European black fly species is given, especially for pest species (Boophthora erythrocephala, Odagmia ornata, Simulium morsitans, Wilhelmia equina, W. lineata). In addition, some details are reported about the egg-biology of included species.     

Weak response of bryophyte assemblages to second commercial thinning in boreal spruce forest of south-central Sweden

Forest management regimes dictate the composition and structure of large parts of the Fennoscandian boreal forest region. The understanding of thinning impacts on understorey plant communities is considerably lower compared to the effects of final felling. We studied the response of bryophyte assemblages to second commercial thinning in spruce-dominated stands sampled to be representative of the dominant forest type of south-central Sweden. Eighteen stands were analysed 6–12 years after second commercial thinning, and were compared with six stands commercially thinned only once, at two spatial scales (0.1 and 0.01?ha), with stand ages varying between 52 and 66 years. We found few strong differences in bryophyte species richness and no differences in bryophyte species composition between stands thinned once or twice. More pioneer species were found in stands thinned only once, a result that needs further study. Species richness declined significantly with time since thinning on both investigated spatial scales. Canopy cover significantly affected the composition of forest floor species. Thinning effects over longer time periods need further study, and also effects in different forest types along productivity gradients. For nature conservation, studies targeted towards thinning response of uncommon species connected to specific habitats and substrates will be essential.     

Valuation and characterization of the timber species in remnants of the Alto Uruguay River ecosystem,southern Brazil

Turvo Park in the Alto Uruguay River region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul is the last intact remnant of the Seasonally Deciduous Forest in southern Brazil. This forest once covered large parts of southern Brazil but it is now reduced to less than 3% of its original size due to intensive logging caused by its exceptional richness in tree species with commercial timber value. The current study presents results on the diversity of timber species inventored in Turvo Park and in a number of small and scattered forest remnants in its vicinity. All timber plants with DBH ≥5 cm were included in the forest inventory on 540 sampling points, established using the point-centred quarter method. On average, 313 plants ha⁻¹ were recorded, belonging to 57 different species from 25 families. Timber species of commercial value represented 64% of all woody species and 36% of all woody plants. Nectandra megapotamica and Apuleia leiocarpa were the main dominant species. Twenty percent of all plants showed a DBH greater than 40 cm, representing 67% of the total log volume. Differences in species diversity and plant density among the forest remnants were detected. The few forest remnants represent an enormous richness of timber species, being the maintainers and propagule repository for all the biodiversity of that ecosystem. A knowledge-based forest management plan is therefore required to secure their vital role in forest enrichment programs or in projects aiming at recovering abandoned and degraded areas, and in breeding programs for the timber production improvement.     

湖南浏阳大围山实验林场鸟类资源及保护对策

１９９２～１９９７年,对大围山实验林场鸟类资源进行了初步调查,共发现鸟类１１１种．隶属１４目３４科．其中东洋界种类占总种类的４６．０％;留鸟占５３．３％．属国家一级保护动物有白颈长尾雉;国家二级保护动物有白鹇、凤头鹃隼等１０种;省重点保护鸟类有环颈雉、红嘴相思鸟等１０种．其香农－维纳多样性指数为１．５１９４,均匀度指数为０．７４５５．并根据ＲＢ频率指数,确定了优势、常见、少见和偶见种．最后,就资源现状提出了保护对策     

云南普洱桉树林与天然林植物种类比较研究

随着大面积规模化的种植,桉树人工林结构过于简单,林下植物多样性低的问题不容忽视。通过对普洱地区桉树人工林与同等条件下的天然林植物种类进行比较,桉树人工林群落物种数量流失,多样性下降和外来物种的入侵,说明一旦种植桉树以后,原有的生态系统都完全改变了,单一栽培桉树树种通常都造成了物种多样性的减少。     

中国竹类物种的多样性

全世界约有竹类植物1 500多种。中国是世界上竹类物种多样性最丰富的国家。截止目前,中国实际按照《国际植物命名法规》（ICBN）公开发表的竹类植物有44属、762种,约占世界竹类种数的50%以上。这其中不包括55变种、147变型、5个杂交竹,计207个种下分类群以及竹类栽培品种和许多存疑竹类。文章详细列出了中国已公开发表的762种竹类植物名称,显示了中国竹类物种的多样性。     

赫章县森林植物区系及天然森林植被类型

赫章县拥有丰富的森林植物资源，已初步查明的木本植物有62科203属600多种，组成了北亚热带气候环境下的各种典型次生森林群落，在人为破坏状态下发生着向裸地逆行演替并存在着珍稀植物绝灭的严峻现实。本文探讨了该县的木本植物区系组成，并依照植被分类原则，以群落外貌及其建群种为基础，按群系(或群丛组)为单位划分了典型常见的天然林群落类型，对群落外貌、层片结构特征等作了简单描述。